-
Journey Through Time: A Look Into Pre-Colonial Philippines
Take a journey through time and explore the pre-colonial history of the Philippines. From the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesians to the rise of complex societies and chiefdoms.
0:00 Intro
0:43 Early Migration
3:09 Emergence of Societies
4:52 Influence of Cultures
5:32 The Rise of Complex Societies
6:04 Social transformations
6:46 The Islamic Period
8:33 Philippine Trade & Commerce
10:26 Summary
Images
Butuan Ivory Seal. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 June 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butuan_Ivory_Seal.jpg
CRMC Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 July 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CRMC_Mosque.jpg
Grand Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 July 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg
Humanf...
published: 18 Mar 2023
-
Pre-colonial Philippines & Things you might not know about our history | Our Philippines
The pre-colonial Philippines
Discover the lives of our ancestors before the Spaniards conquered our land. Refresh your memory about the Datus, Maharlikas, Timawas, Alipins, and the Babaylans of our pre-colonial era.
-This channel contains commentary topics about History, Literature, Politics, Religion, etc.
- New videos every Monday.
- Do not forget to subscribe for more videos like this.
Follow us
Official FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/ourphilippin...
Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC79O...
Disclaimer:
Images and videos that may have been used anywhere in this material are based on fair use policy, mostly belonged to the public domain, and allows clips to be used for commentary purposes. No infringement on copyrights intended.
Some images used might not be the a...
published: 21 Jun 2020
-
Ancient Kingdoms of Pre-Colonial Philippines
Prior to the Spanish colonization, there were flourished great ancient kingdoms and states in ancient Philippines.
Among these ancient kingdoms are the trader-mercenaries of Lusong, the golden kingdom of Butuan, the mysterious kingdom of Ma-i, tattoed warriors of Visaya, to the powerful sultanates of southern Philippines.
published: 20 Nov 2021
-
Pre Colonial Philippines explained in 2 minutes
In this video we will explain what was life for Filipinos before the Spanish rule, into 2 minutes
Subscribe to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/PilipinasFactsTV/featured
Follow me on social media
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/waki.batungbacal
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/joaquin_batungbacal/
#precolonialphilippines #precolonialphilippinesmusic #precolonialphilippinesclothing #precolonialphilippinesculture
#precolonialphilippinesweapons #precolonialphilippineshistory #precolonialphilippinesdocumentary #precolonialphilippinesbabaylan #lapulapu
published: 27 May 2021
-
Pre-Colonial Africa and the Myth of a Savage Continent | satenmadpun
Thanks for watching, guys! Remember to like, subscribe, hit the bell and share! I really appreciate the support 😊
Patreon: patreon.com/satenmadpun
PayPal: paypal.me/satenmadpun
Twitch: http://twitch.tv/satenmadpun
Twitter: https://twitter.com/femboysaten
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pallasvenuskaska/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@satenmadpun?lang=en
Discord: http://discord.gg/A6ue39V (I'm here a lot so if you'd like to talk to me, here would be the best place to try to find me)
Sources:
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney (book all about the Myth of Africa as a Savage Continent): https://www.amazon.com/Europe-Underdeveloped-Africa-Walter-Rodney/dp/0882580965
Mansa Musa is the richest person ever-https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-hist...
published: 04 Apr 2020
-
Why precolonial Africa didn't have the wheel
"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much because it is racialist as because it is circular: Africans are supposed to have ignored the wheel because they were unenterprising, and the evidence that they were unenterprising is that they failed to adopt the wheel."
---Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), p. 257
0:00 Introduction
1:34 What's so special about wheels, anyway?
6:02 Why didn't Europe adopt the camel?
8:02 Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse
9:32 Arid areas of East and Southern Africa without the tsetse
10:30 Appeal to Africa specialists
11:08 Cigarettes and pennies
FOOTNOTES...
published: 24 Feb 2023
-
Life in pre-colonial Africa
Welcome back to another video friends, and thanks for watching. Today we will present to you Life in Pre-colonial Africa
Precolonial Africa refers to the period before European colonial powers established control over the continent, which began in the late 19th century.
During this time, the continent of Africa was home to a diverse range of societies and cultures, each with its history, traditions, and ways of life.
In the early period of pre-colonial Africa, most societies were organized around kinship and family structures.
Trade also played a significant role in pre-colonial Africa, with various trading networks and routes connecting different regions of the continent, as well as linking Africa to the broader world.
Religion and belief systems were also an important part of pre-c...
published: 05 Mar 2023
-
Mga KAHARIAN sa Pilipinas noong PRE-COLONIAL ERA (Tondo, Sulu, Sugbu, etc.) | History Guy Explains
HISTORY-RELATED KEYWORDS
Pre-colonial Philippines
Datu Pagbuaya
Datu Sumakwel
Lakandula
Rajah Sulayman
Sultan Qudarat
Rajamuda Lumaya
Maraming Salamat sa iyong panonood!! Ikinagagalak ko na makitang mayroon pa ring mga taong nais matuto ng totoong kasaysayan.
Kung nagustuhan mo aking video, pindutin lamang ang subscribe button para sa mas marami pang video.
Samantala, kung naibigan mo ang video, tiyak na maiibigan mo rin ang iba ko pang video: (pindutin lamang ang link at makapupunta ka na sa video)
KWENTO NG BAWAT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION SA PILIPINAS 🇵🇭:
https://youtu.be/jFmyfN4-who
ANG UNANG BISE PRESIDENTE NG PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/VxWls839LLg
KWENTO NG UNANG ELEKSYON SA PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/jVVicmJGkS0
KASAYSAYAN NG CAVITE:
https://youtu.be/alAkioFEEag
KASAYSAYAN NG...
published: 21 Nov 2022
-
Pre-Colonial Philippine Warrior Attire: Distinctive Dress and Adornments
In pre-colonial Philippines, warriors were easily identified by their distinctive attire and adornments. Men typically wore a collarless jacket called a "kanggan" and a loincloth called a "bahag." Warriors adorned themselves with protective gear made of hardwood, carabao hide, or woven fibers, and carried weapons like spears, kris swords, and shields. Tattoos, especially among the Visayans, indicated their battle prowess, with more tattoos signifying higher status. Ornate ornaments, headdresses, and body tattoos further marked their rank and achievements in battle, with variations across different regions such as Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
published: 06 Jul 2024
-
What Is “Pre-Colonial” Cooking?
"What Is 'Pre-Colonial' Cooking?" Seattle-based chef Hillel Echo-Hawk focuses on traditional Pawnee foods, before Columbus and colonization, which means no dairy, no chicken, no processed sugar, all foods that led to an increase in obesity among Native people. Her catering company, which emphasizes hiring an all-Native staff, is preparing for its largest gig ever, a Seattle arts event for 100+ people, serving Native cuisine like Pawnee blue corn mush with Ojibwe maple syrup, honey Lakota popcorn, cedar-cooked tepary beans with pine roasted butternut squash, and sweet potatoes with pecans. After a late night of work, zero sleep, and seemingly everything going wrong, will Hillel and her team be able to pull the event off?
What Is “Pre-Colonial” Cooking? | alter-NATIVE: Kitchen Ep. 5
Learn ...
published: 19 Nov 2019
12:53
Journey Through Time: A Look Into Pre-Colonial Philippines
Take a journey through time and explore the pre-colonial history of the Philippines. From the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesians to the rise of complex s...
Take a journey through time and explore the pre-colonial history of the Philippines. From the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesians to the rise of complex societies and chiefdoms.
0:00 Intro
0:43 Early Migration
3:09 Emergence of Societies
4:52 Influence of Cultures
5:32 The Rise of Complex Societies
6:04 Social transformations
6:46 The Islamic Period
8:33 Philippine Trade & Commerce
10:26 Summary
Images
Butuan Ivory Seal. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 June 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butuan_Ivory_Seal.jpg
CRMC Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 July 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CRMC_Mosque.jpg
Grand Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 July 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg
Humanfolk. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 September 2006, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humanfolk.JPG
Ibong Adarna. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 June 2011, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibong_Adarna_by_Nat_Lamina.jpg
Kulintang. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 July 2007, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulintang_04.jpg
LA REGION ME.NA.SA. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 October 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LA_REGION_ME.NA.SA..jpg
Mactan Shrine Painting. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 December 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MactanShrinePainting2.jpg
Maguindanao Map Maximum Extent. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 November 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaguindanaoMapMaximumExtent.png
Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 November 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malay_Archipelago_in_Southeast_Asia.svg
Manggugubat. Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manggugubat.jpg
Manunggul Jar. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg
Map of Sunda and Sahul. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul_2.png
Map of the Sultanate of Sulu. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png
Negritos or Aetas. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosquejo_del_archipi%C3%A9lago_filipino_1885_%22Negritos_o_Aetas%22_(3817431370).jpg
Putative migration waves out of Africa. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Putative_migration_waves_out_of_Africa.png
Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Haji_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Mosque.jpg
Tondo (Maynila) map. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondonamayan1450.png
Tulay Mosque. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulay_Mosque.jpg
Visible Earth. NASA, visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/58176/philippines
If we've used any of your artwork, images, or maps, just reach out to us and we'll be more than happy to give you the proper credit.
Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound
https://wn.com/Journey_Through_Time_A_Look_Into_Pre_Colonial_Philippines
Take a journey through time and explore the pre-colonial history of the Philippines. From the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesians to the rise of complex societies and chiefdoms.
0:00 Intro
0:43 Early Migration
3:09 Emergence of Societies
4:52 Influence of Cultures
5:32 The Rise of Complex Societies
6:04 Social transformations
6:46 The Islamic Period
8:33 Philippine Trade & Commerce
10:26 Summary
Images
Butuan Ivory Seal. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 June 2012, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butuan_Ivory_Seal.jpg
CRMC Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 July 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CRMC_Mosque.jpg
Grand Mosque. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 July 2009, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg
Humanfolk. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 September 2006, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humanfolk.JPG
Ibong Adarna. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 June 2011, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibong_Adarna_by_Nat_Lamina.jpg
Kulintang. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 July 2007, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulintang_04.jpg
LA REGION ME.NA.SA. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 17 October 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LA_REGION_ME.NA.SA..jpg
Mactan Shrine Painting. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 December 2018, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MactanShrinePainting2.jpg
Maguindanao Map Maximum Extent. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 24 November 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaguindanaoMapMaximumExtent.png
Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia. Wikimedia Commons, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 November 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malay_Archipelago_in_Southeast_Asia.svg
Manggugubat. Wikimedia Commons, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manggugubat.jpg
Manunggul Jar. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg
Map of Sunda and Sahul. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul_2.png
Map of the Sultanate of Sulu. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sultanate_of_Sulu.png
Negritos or Aetas. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosquejo_del_archipi%C3%A9lago_filipino_1885_%22Negritos_o_Aetas%22_(3817431370).jpg
Putative migration waves out of Africa. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Putative_migration_waves_out_of_Africa.png
Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_Haji_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Mosque.jpg
Tondo (Maynila) map. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tondonamayan1450.png
Tulay Mosque. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulay_Mosque.jpg
Visible Earth. NASA, visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/58176/philippines
If we've used any of your artwork, images, or maps, just reach out to us and we'll be more than happy to give you the proper credit.
Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound
- published: 18 Mar 2023
- views: 262653
10:48
Pre-colonial Philippines & Things you might not know about our history | Our Philippines
The pre-colonial Philippines
Discover the lives of our ancestors before the Spaniards conquered our land. Refresh your memory about the Datus, Maharlikas, Timaw...
The pre-colonial Philippines
Discover the lives of our ancestors before the Spaniards conquered our land. Refresh your memory about the Datus, Maharlikas, Timawas, Alipins, and the Babaylans of our pre-colonial era.
-This channel contains commentary topics about History, Literature, Politics, Religion, etc.
- New videos every Monday.
- Do not forget to subscribe for more videos like this.
Follow us
Official FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/ourphilippin...
Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC79O...
Disclaimer:
Images and videos that may have been used anywhere in this material are based on fair use policy, mostly belonged to the public domain, and allows clips to be used for commentary purposes. No infringement on copyrights intended.
Some images used might not be the actual pictures of the places, events mentioned, or people. This is only to replicate and give you a visual on what is being narrated in the video.
ALL rights and credits belong to the rightful owner of the images and clips used in this material.
#OurPhilippines #PrecolonialEra
https://wn.com/Pre_Colonial_Philippines_Things_You_Might_Not_Know_About_Our_History_|_Our_Philippines
The pre-colonial Philippines
Discover the lives of our ancestors before the Spaniards conquered our land. Refresh your memory about the Datus, Maharlikas, Timawas, Alipins, and the Babaylans of our pre-colonial era.
-This channel contains commentary topics about History, Literature, Politics, Religion, etc.
- New videos every Monday.
- Do not forget to subscribe for more videos like this.
Follow us
Official FB Page: https://www.facebook.com/ourphilippin...
Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC79O...
Disclaimer:
Images and videos that may have been used anywhere in this material are based on fair use policy, mostly belonged to the public domain, and allows clips to be used for commentary purposes. No infringement on copyrights intended.
Some images used might not be the actual pictures of the places, events mentioned, or people. This is only to replicate and give you a visual on what is being narrated in the video.
ALL rights and credits belong to the rightful owner of the images and clips used in this material.
#OurPhilippines #PrecolonialEra
- published: 21 Jun 2020
- views: 193470
6:34
Ancient Kingdoms of Pre-Colonial Philippines
Prior to the Spanish colonization, there were flourished great ancient kingdoms and states in ancient Philippines.
Among these ancient kingdoms are the trader-...
Prior to the Spanish colonization, there were flourished great ancient kingdoms and states in ancient Philippines.
Among these ancient kingdoms are the trader-mercenaries of Lusong, the golden kingdom of Butuan, the mysterious kingdom of Ma-i, tattoed warriors of Visaya, to the powerful sultanates of southern Philippines.
https://wn.com/Ancient_Kingdoms_Of_Pre_Colonial_Philippines
Prior to the Spanish colonization, there were flourished great ancient kingdoms and states in ancient Philippines.
Among these ancient kingdoms are the trader-mercenaries of Lusong, the golden kingdom of Butuan, the mysterious kingdom of Ma-i, tattoed warriors of Visaya, to the powerful sultanates of southern Philippines.
- published: 20 Nov 2021
- views: 33408
2:19
Pre Colonial Philippines explained in 2 minutes
In this video we will explain what was life for Filipinos before the Spanish rule, into 2 minutes
Subscribe to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/PilipinasF...
In this video we will explain what was life for Filipinos before the Spanish rule, into 2 minutes
Subscribe to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/PilipinasFactsTV/featured
Follow me on social media
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/waki.batungbacal
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/joaquin_batungbacal/
#precolonialphilippines #precolonialphilippinesmusic #precolonialphilippinesclothing #precolonialphilippinesculture
#precolonialphilippinesweapons #precolonialphilippineshistory #precolonialphilippinesdocumentary #precolonialphilippinesbabaylan #lapulapu
https://wn.com/Pre_Colonial_Philippines_Explained_In_2_Minutes
In this video we will explain what was life for Filipinos before the Spanish rule, into 2 minutes
Subscribe to my channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/PilipinasFactsTV/featured
Follow me on social media
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/waki.batungbacal
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/joaquin_batungbacal/
#precolonialphilippines #precolonialphilippinesmusic #precolonialphilippinesclothing #precolonialphilippinesculture
#precolonialphilippinesweapons #precolonialphilippineshistory #precolonialphilippinesdocumentary #precolonialphilippinesbabaylan #lapulapu
- published: 27 May 2021
- views: 81465
32:38
Pre-Colonial Africa and the Myth of a Savage Continent | satenmadpun
Thanks for watching, guys! Remember to like, subscribe, hit the bell and share! I really appreciate the support 😊
Patreon: patreon.com/satenmadpun
PayPal: pay...
Thanks for watching, guys! Remember to like, subscribe, hit the bell and share! I really appreciate the support 😊
Patreon: patreon.com/satenmadpun
PayPal: paypal.me/satenmadpun
Twitch: http://twitch.tv/satenmadpun
Twitter: https://twitter.com/femboysaten
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pallasvenuskaska/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@satenmadpun?lang=en
Discord: http://discord.gg/A6ue39V (I'm here a lot so if you'd like to talk to me, here would be the best place to try to find me)
Sources:
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney (book all about the Myth of Africa as a Savage Continent): https://www.amazon.com/Europe-Underdeveloped-Africa-Walter-Rodney/dp/0882580965
Mansa Musa is the richest person ever-https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa
I got a lot of info about Mali from here- https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false
Mali’s decentralised government- https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PWOct2006.pdf
Genetic diversity of Africa- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791/
Slavery in Pre-Colonial Africa-https://www.ducksters.com/history/africa/slavery_in_ancient_africa.php
https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/slaverybeforetrade
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/africa_article_01.shtml
https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/1/245/144113?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Ottoman invasion of Sudan/the Funj Sultanate-https://www.jstor.org/stable/23258896?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Adal-Abyssinian War-https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856679?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Papal Bull against the Muslims and “pagans”- https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/church-s-condoning-of-evil-goes-way-back-1.610881
Surgery in Bunyoro-https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-this-african-kingdom-performed-its-first-cesarean-section-in-1879
Africa’s population boom-https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity
Story of Benin-https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/18/story-of-cities-5-benin-city-edo-nigeria-mighty-medieval-capital-lost-without-trace
#Precolonialafrica #africa #history
https://wn.com/Pre_Colonial_Africa_And_The_Myth_Of_A_Savage_Continent_|_Satenmadpun
Thanks for watching, guys! Remember to like, subscribe, hit the bell and share! I really appreciate the support 😊
Patreon: patreon.com/satenmadpun
PayPal: paypal.me/satenmadpun
Twitch: http://twitch.tv/satenmadpun
Twitter: https://twitter.com/femboysaten
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/pallasvenuskaska/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@satenmadpun?lang=en
Discord: http://discord.gg/A6ue39V (I'm here a lot so if you'd like to talk to me, here would be the best place to try to find me)
Sources:
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney (book all about the Myth of Africa as a Savage Continent): https://www.amazon.com/Europe-Underdeveloped-Africa-Walter-Rodney/dp/0882580965
Mansa Musa is the richest person ever-https://www.history.com/news/who-was-the-richest-man-in-history-mansa-musa
I got a lot of info about Mali from here- https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false
Mali’s decentralised government- https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/PWOct2006.pdf
Genetic diversity of Africa- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791/
Slavery in Pre-Colonial Africa-https://www.ducksters.com/history/africa/slavery_in_ancient_africa.php
https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/slaverybeforetrade
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/africa_article_01.shtml
https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/1/245/144113?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Ottoman invasion of Sudan/the Funj Sultanate-https://www.jstor.org/stable/23258896?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Adal-Abyssinian War-https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856679?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Papal Bull against the Muslims and “pagans”- https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/church-s-condoning-of-evil-goes-way-back-1.610881
Surgery in Bunyoro-https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-this-african-kingdom-performed-its-first-cesarean-section-in-1879
Africa’s population boom-https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/africas-population-boom-burden-or-opportunity
Story of Benin-https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/18/story-of-cities-5-benin-city-edo-nigeria-mighty-medieval-capital-lost-without-trace
#Precolonialafrica #africa #history
- published: 04 Apr 2020
- views: 109858
12:13
Why precolonial Africa didn't have the wheel
"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much be...
"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much because it is racialist as because it is circular: Africans are supposed to have ignored the wheel because they were unenterprising, and the evidence that they were unenterprising is that they failed to adopt the wheel."
---Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), p. 257
0:00 Introduction
1:34 What's so special about wheels, anyway?
6:02 Why didn't Europe adopt the camel?
8:02 Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse
9:32 Arid areas of East and Southern Africa without the tsetse
10:30 Appeal to Africa specialists
11:08 Cigarettes and pennies
FOOTNOTES
[1] K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 110
[2] W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), vol. 1, p. 22
Edward Whiting Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 34
William H. McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels, or Eurasian Transportation in Historical Perspective,” American Historical Review, 92, no. 5 (December 1987), pp. 1111-13
For a somewhat contrasting view (that still shows water transport to be cheaper than land), see James Masschaele, “Transport Costs in Medieval England,” in The Economic History Review, 46, no. 2 (May 1993), pp. 266-79
[3] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, pp. 8-9
[4] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, p. 5
McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” p. 1111
[5] McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” pp. 1123-25
Yi-Rong Ann Hsu, Clifton W. Pannell, and James O. Wheeler, “The Development and Structure of Transportation Networks in Taiwan: 1600–1972,” in China’s Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, ed. Ronald G. Knapp (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), p. 165
Heather Sutherland, “Geography as Destiny? The Role of Water in Southeast Asian History,” in A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories, ed. Peter Boomgaard, Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 240 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007), pp. 27–70
For an overview of maritime trade in this region, see Ng Chin-keong, Boundaries and Beyond: China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times (Singapore: NUS Press, 2017), chapter 1.
[6] Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 22-25
A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 72
[7] Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), pp. 257-58
[8] T. A. M. Nash, Africa’s Bane: The Tsetse Fly (London: Collins, 1969)
Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Ralph A. Austen and Daniel Headrick, “The Role of Technology in the African Past,” African Studies Review, 26, no. 3/4 (September 1983), pp. 170-171
Marcella Alsan, “The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development,” American Economic Review, 105, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 382–410 (passim)
See also Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” p. 253
[9] Paul Starkey, “A World-Wide View of Animal Traction Highlighting Some Key Issues in Eastern and Southern Africa,” in Improving Animal Traction Technology: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) (Wageningen, The Netherlands: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), 1994), p. 74
THUMBNAIL CREDITS
Composite satellite image of Africa by NASA, public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(satellite_image).jpg
https://wn.com/Why_Precolonial_Africa_Didn't_Have_The_Wheel
"The conventional notion that Africans failed to employ the wheel because of lack of initiative or intelligence is intellectually unsatisfactory, not so much because it is racialist as because it is circular: Africans are supposed to have ignored the wheel because they were unenterprising, and the evidence that they were unenterprising is that they failed to adopt the wheel."
---Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), p. 257
0:00 Introduction
1:34 What's so special about wheels, anyway?
6:02 Why didn't Europe adopt the camel?
8:02 Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse
9:32 Arid areas of East and Southern Africa without the tsetse
10:30 Appeal to Africa specialists
11:08 Cigarettes and pennies
FOOTNOTES
[1] K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 110
[2] W. T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), vol. 1, p. 22
Edward Whiting Fox, History in Geographic Perspective: The Other France (New York: Norton, 1971), p. 34
William H. McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels, or Eurasian Transportation in Historical Perspective,” American Historical Review, 92, no. 5 (December 1987), pp. 1111-13
For a somewhat contrasting view (that still shows water transport to be cheaper than land), see James Masschaele, “Transport Costs in Medieval England,” in The Economic History Review, 46, no. 2 (May 1993), pp. 266-79
[3] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, pp. 8-9
[4] Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, p. 5
McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” p. 1111
[5] McNeill, “The Eccentricity of Wheels,” pp. 1123-25
Yi-Rong Ann Hsu, Clifton W. Pannell, and James O. Wheeler, “The Development and Structure of Transportation Networks in Taiwan: 1600–1972,” in China’s Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, ed. Ronald G. Knapp (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), p. 165
Heather Sutherland, “Geography as Destiny? The Role of Water in Southeast Asian History,” in A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories, ed. Peter Boomgaard, Verhandelingen van Het Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 240 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007), pp. 27–70
For an overview of maritime trade in this region, see Ng Chin-keong, Boundaries and Beyond: China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times (Singapore: NUS Press, 2017), chapter 1.
[6] Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 22-25
A. G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), p. 72
[7] Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Robin Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 50, no. 3 (1980), pp. 257-58
[8] T. A. M. Nash, Africa’s Bane: The Tsetse Fly (London: Collins, 1969)
Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, pp. 71-75
Ralph A. Austen and Daniel Headrick, “The Role of Technology in the African Past,” African Studies Review, 26, no. 3/4 (September 1983), pp. 170-171
Marcella Alsan, “The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development,” American Economic Review, 105, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 382–410 (passim)
See also Law, “Wheeled Transport in Pre-Colonial West Africa,” p. 253
[9] Paul Starkey, “A World-Wide View of Animal Traction Highlighting Some Key Issues in Eastern and Southern Africa,” in Improving Animal Traction Technology: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) (Wageningen, The Netherlands: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), 1994), p. 74
THUMBNAIL CREDITS
Composite satellite image of Africa by NASA, public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(satellite_image).jpg
- published: 24 Feb 2023
- views: 378649
13:25
Life in pre-colonial Africa
Welcome back to another video friends, and thanks for watching. Today we will present to you Life in Pre-colonial Africa
Precolonial Africa refers to the perio...
Welcome back to another video friends, and thanks for watching. Today we will present to you Life in Pre-colonial Africa
Precolonial Africa refers to the period before European colonial powers established control over the continent, which began in the late 19th century.
During this time, the continent of Africa was home to a diverse range of societies and cultures, each with its history, traditions, and ways of life.
In the early period of pre-colonial Africa, most societies were organized around kinship and family structures.
Trade also played a significant role in pre-colonial Africa, with various trading networks and routes connecting different regions of the continent, as well as linking Africa to the broader world.
Religion and belief systems were also an important part of pre-colonial African societies. Without further ado let’s dive into the events that characterized Pre-colonial Africa
https://wn.com/Life_In_Pre_Colonial_Africa
Welcome back to another video friends, and thanks for watching. Today we will present to you Life in Pre-colonial Africa
Precolonial Africa refers to the period before European colonial powers established control over the continent, which began in the late 19th century.
During this time, the continent of Africa was home to a diverse range of societies and cultures, each with its history, traditions, and ways of life.
In the early period of pre-colonial Africa, most societies were organized around kinship and family structures.
Trade also played a significant role in pre-colonial Africa, with various trading networks and routes connecting different regions of the continent, as well as linking Africa to the broader world.
Religion and belief systems were also an important part of pre-colonial African societies. Without further ado let’s dive into the events that characterized Pre-colonial Africa
- published: 05 Mar 2023
- views: 19892
8:11
Mga KAHARIAN sa Pilipinas noong PRE-COLONIAL ERA (Tondo, Sulu, Sugbu, etc.) | History Guy Explains
HISTORY-RELATED KEYWORDS
Pre-colonial Philippines
Datu Pagbuaya
Datu Sumakwel
Lakandula
Rajah Sulayman
Sultan Qudarat
Rajamuda Lumaya
Maraming Salamat sa iyon...
HISTORY-RELATED KEYWORDS
Pre-colonial Philippines
Datu Pagbuaya
Datu Sumakwel
Lakandula
Rajah Sulayman
Sultan Qudarat
Rajamuda Lumaya
Maraming Salamat sa iyong panonood!! Ikinagagalak ko na makitang mayroon pa ring mga taong nais matuto ng totoong kasaysayan.
Kung nagustuhan mo aking video, pindutin lamang ang subscribe button para sa mas marami pang video.
Samantala, kung naibigan mo ang video, tiyak na maiibigan mo rin ang iba ko pang video: (pindutin lamang ang link at makapupunta ka na sa video)
KWENTO NG BAWAT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION SA PILIPINAS 🇵🇭:
https://youtu.be/jFmyfN4-who
ANG UNANG BISE PRESIDENTE NG PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/VxWls839LLg
KWENTO NG UNANG ELEKSYON SA PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/jVVicmJGkS0
KASAYSAYAN NG CAVITE:
https://youtu.be/alAkioFEEag
KASAYSAYAN NG BULACAN:
https://youtu.be/jzT5n4XgyFo
KASAYSAYAN NG LAGUNA:
https://youtu.be/ytc36EcnyG8
KASAYSAYAN NG BATAAN:
https://youtu.be/gmNtROTvWyo
TIMELINE NG NOLI ME TANGERE AT EL FILIBUSTERISMO:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=RpkoFe6kt40&feature=share&utm_source=EKLEiJECCKjOmKnC5IiRIQ
Boses ng bawat Pangulo ng Pilipinas:
https://youtu.be/NRznDNfVjdg
MGA KAHARIAN NOONG PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES:
https://youtu.be/6QxE0gsyf6g
ANG AGAWAN SA SOUTH CHINA SEA 🇵🇭🇨🇳:
https://youtu.be/hxkizsZqAec
Maging MEMBER ng Channel at makatanggap ng maraming advantage, katulad ng mga early access to new videos at member-only polls:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4yEZIsaYloRHq5BvV1Royw/join
Kung mahilig ka naman sa mga English-explained history, tiyak ring magugustuhan mo ang mga videong ito:
Why Greenland is part of Denmark?:
https://youtu.be/CKl4cJ7nQSU
Bir Tawil: A Land that Nobody Wants:
https://youtu.be/I5CNOT2Fnqo
Is Russia and Soviet Union same?:
https://youtu.be/DldDKm4OLJY
Why are there so many Guineas?:
https://youtu.be/pzHF2V-CBd0
HOW COUNTRIES CHOOSE THEIR CAPITAL:
https://youtu.be/WXLr3bNP0w4
WHY SOME COUNTRIES HAS NO CAPITAL:
https://youtu.be/23xj8XdwDMc
4 WARS IN ONE PICTURE:
https://youtu.be/JkXEqkP7kbw
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1500:
https://youtu.be/JWs_woNKm9U
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1501:
https://youtu.be/EuWFlYvaYg0
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1502:
https://youtu.be/RilNDUfPOso
https://wn.com/Mga_Kaharian_Sa_Pilipinas_Noong_Pre_Colonial_Era_(Tondo,_Sulu,_Sugbu,_Etc.)_|_History_Guy_Explains
HISTORY-RELATED KEYWORDS
Pre-colonial Philippines
Datu Pagbuaya
Datu Sumakwel
Lakandula
Rajah Sulayman
Sultan Qudarat
Rajamuda Lumaya
Maraming Salamat sa iyong panonood!! Ikinagagalak ko na makitang mayroon pa ring mga taong nais matuto ng totoong kasaysayan.
Kung nagustuhan mo aking video, pindutin lamang ang subscribe button para sa mas marami pang video.
Samantala, kung naibigan mo ang video, tiyak na maiibigan mo rin ang iba ko pang video: (pindutin lamang ang link at makapupunta ka na sa video)
KWENTO NG BAWAT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION SA PILIPINAS 🇵🇭:
https://youtu.be/jFmyfN4-who
ANG UNANG BISE PRESIDENTE NG PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/VxWls839LLg
KWENTO NG UNANG ELEKSYON SA PILIPINAS:
https://youtu.be/jVVicmJGkS0
KASAYSAYAN NG CAVITE:
https://youtu.be/alAkioFEEag
KASAYSAYAN NG BULACAN:
https://youtu.be/jzT5n4XgyFo
KASAYSAYAN NG LAGUNA:
https://youtu.be/ytc36EcnyG8
KASAYSAYAN NG BATAAN:
https://youtu.be/gmNtROTvWyo
TIMELINE NG NOLI ME TANGERE AT EL FILIBUSTERISMO:
https://youtube.com/watch?v=RpkoFe6kt40&feature=share&utm_source=EKLEiJECCKjOmKnC5IiRIQ
Boses ng bawat Pangulo ng Pilipinas:
https://youtu.be/NRznDNfVjdg
MGA KAHARIAN NOONG PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES:
https://youtu.be/6QxE0gsyf6g
ANG AGAWAN SA SOUTH CHINA SEA 🇵🇭🇨🇳:
https://youtu.be/hxkizsZqAec
Maging MEMBER ng Channel at makatanggap ng maraming advantage, katulad ng mga early access to new videos at member-only polls:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4yEZIsaYloRHq5BvV1Royw/join
Kung mahilig ka naman sa mga English-explained history, tiyak ring magugustuhan mo ang mga videong ito:
Why Greenland is part of Denmark?:
https://youtu.be/CKl4cJ7nQSU
Bir Tawil: A Land that Nobody Wants:
https://youtu.be/I5CNOT2Fnqo
Is Russia and Soviet Union same?:
https://youtu.be/DldDKm4OLJY
Why are there so many Guineas?:
https://youtu.be/pzHF2V-CBd0
HOW COUNTRIES CHOOSE THEIR CAPITAL:
https://youtu.be/WXLr3bNP0w4
WHY SOME COUNTRIES HAS NO CAPITAL:
https://youtu.be/23xj8XdwDMc
4 WARS IN ONE PICTURE:
https://youtu.be/JkXEqkP7kbw
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1500:
https://youtu.be/JWs_woNKm9U
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1501:
https://youtu.be/EuWFlYvaYg0
1 Year in 1 Minute: Year 1502:
https://youtu.be/RilNDUfPOso
- published: 21 Nov 2022
- views: 98260
0:57
Pre-Colonial Philippine Warrior Attire: Distinctive Dress and Adornments
In pre-colonial Philippines, warriors were easily identified by their distinctive attire and adornments. Men typically wore a collarless jacket called a "kangga...
In pre-colonial Philippines, warriors were easily identified by their distinctive attire and adornments. Men typically wore a collarless jacket called a "kanggan" and a loincloth called a "bahag." Warriors adorned themselves with protective gear made of hardwood, carabao hide, or woven fibers, and carried weapons like spears, kris swords, and shields. Tattoos, especially among the Visayans, indicated their battle prowess, with more tattoos signifying higher status. Ornate ornaments, headdresses, and body tattoos further marked their rank and achievements in battle, with variations across different regions such as Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
https://wn.com/Pre_Colonial_Philippine_Warrior_Attire_Distinctive_Dress_And_Adornments
In pre-colonial Philippines, warriors were easily identified by their distinctive attire and adornments. Men typically wore a collarless jacket called a "kanggan" and a loincloth called a "bahag." Warriors adorned themselves with protective gear made of hardwood, carabao hide, or woven fibers, and carried weapons like spears, kris swords, and shields. Tattoos, especially among the Visayans, indicated their battle prowess, with more tattoos signifying higher status. Ornate ornaments, headdresses, and body tattoos further marked their rank and achievements in battle, with variations across different regions such as Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
- published: 06 Jul 2024
- views: 1042
5:09
What Is “Pre-Colonial” Cooking?
"What Is 'Pre-Colonial' Cooking?" Seattle-based chef Hillel Echo-Hawk focuses on traditional Pawnee foods, before Columbus and colonization, which means no dair...
"What Is 'Pre-Colonial' Cooking?" Seattle-based chef Hillel Echo-Hawk focuses on traditional Pawnee foods, before Columbus and colonization, which means no dairy, no chicken, no processed sugar, all foods that led to an increase in obesity among Native people. Her catering company, which emphasizes hiring an all-Native staff, is preparing for its largest gig ever, a Seattle arts event for 100+ people, serving Native cuisine like Pawnee blue corn mush with Ojibwe maple syrup, honey Lakota popcorn, cedar-cooked tepary beans with pine roasted butternut squash, and sweet potatoes with pecans. After a late night of work, zero sleep, and seemingly everything going wrong, will Hillel and her team be able to pull the event off?
What Is “Pre-Colonial” Cooking? | alter-NATIVE: Kitchen Ep. 5
Learn more about "Independent Lens":
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/independentlens
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/IndependentLens
Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/independentlens/
Chief Operating Officer
Tom Mikkelsen Wolf
Executive in Charge of Production
Amber Ellis
Vice President of Human Resources
Michelle Palmer
Senior Vice President Current Series and Programming
Maitee Cueva
Senior Vice President of Development
Matthew Vafiadis
Vice President of Development
Scott Cushing
Line Producer
Stephen Nugent
Head of Rights and Clearances
Mona Card
Deliverables Associate Producer
Ernesto Araica
Production Coordinators
Daisha Jimenez
Kurt Murphy
Assistant Production Coordinator
Eliyannah Amirah Yisrael
Head of Post Production
Brian McCarthy
Senior Post Supervisor
Travis DeCola
Online Editor
Eduardo Magaña
Audio Supervisors
John McFadden
Orin Shochat
Marc Tallet
Equipment Manager
Herb Collins
Equipment Coordinator
Blake Jacobs
Music Provided By
David Benjamin Steinberg
Ashikpas Maxiwa – Savage (ft. Chef Skips)
Soft White Sixties – Brick by Brick
Soft White Sixties – Queen of the Press Club
This program was produced by WORLD OF WONDER PRODUCTIONS, INC., which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2019 WORLD OF WONDER PRODUCTIONS, INC. All Rights Reserved
https://wn.com/What_Is_“Pre_Colonial”_Cooking
"What Is 'Pre-Colonial' Cooking?" Seattle-based chef Hillel Echo-Hawk focuses on traditional Pawnee foods, before Columbus and colonization, which means no dairy, no chicken, no processed sugar, all foods that led to an increase in obesity among Native people. Her catering company, which emphasizes hiring an all-Native staff, is preparing for its largest gig ever, a Seattle arts event for 100+ people, serving Native cuisine like Pawnee blue corn mush with Ojibwe maple syrup, honey Lakota popcorn, cedar-cooked tepary beans with pine roasted butternut squash, and sweet potatoes with pecans. After a late night of work, zero sleep, and seemingly everything going wrong, will Hillel and her team be able to pull the event off?
What Is “Pre-Colonial” Cooking? | alter-NATIVE: Kitchen Ep. 5
Learn more about "Independent Lens":
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/independentlens
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/IndependentLens
Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/independentlens/
Chief Operating Officer
Tom Mikkelsen Wolf
Executive in Charge of Production
Amber Ellis
Vice President of Human Resources
Michelle Palmer
Senior Vice President Current Series and Programming
Maitee Cueva
Senior Vice President of Development
Matthew Vafiadis
Vice President of Development
Scott Cushing
Line Producer
Stephen Nugent
Head of Rights and Clearances
Mona Card
Deliverables Associate Producer
Ernesto Araica
Production Coordinators
Daisha Jimenez
Kurt Murphy
Assistant Production Coordinator
Eliyannah Amirah Yisrael
Head of Post Production
Brian McCarthy
Senior Post Supervisor
Travis DeCola
Online Editor
Eduardo Magaña
Audio Supervisors
John McFadden
Orin Shochat
Marc Tallet
Equipment Manager
Herb Collins
Equipment Coordinator
Blake Jacobs
Music Provided By
David Benjamin Steinberg
Ashikpas Maxiwa – Savage (ft. Chef Skips)
Soft White Sixties – Brick by Brick
Soft White Sixties – Queen of the Press Club
This program was produced by WORLD OF WONDER PRODUCTIONS, INC., which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2019 WORLD OF WONDER PRODUCTIONS, INC. All Rights Reserved
- published: 19 Nov 2019
- views: 18160