-
Enzyme yeast cells Dr. Wolz in Zell Oxygen: what makes them so unique?
Zell oxygen preparations have been very successful for many years. However, they are somewhat in need of explanation: What are enzyme-yeast cells? And why are they so special?
This explanatory film explains this in a fun way and very understandable the peculiarity of the enzyme yeast cells in the Zell oxygen preparations.
published: 15 Nov 2017
-
Cooperativity | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
Created by Ross Firestone.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loops?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions g...
published: 12 Feb 2014
-
The Life Changing Magic of ENZYME CLEANERS! 🐱 Get Rid of Cat Pee Smell!
Makers Microfiber Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
When it comes to tackling stubborn stains and odors, enzyme cleaners are a cleaning superstar! But what exactly is an enzyme cleaner, and how do enzyme cleaners work? Are they safe to use and what's the best way to use an enzyme cleaner? All good questions! So in this video, I'm going to go through everything you need to know about enzyme cleaners.
Bac-Out Enzyme Cleaner: http://amzn.to/2GiYO5n
COMMENT QUESTION: What's the toughest stain you've encountered, and how did you get rid of it?
Subscribe for a Cleaner Life! http://bit.ly/CMSYT17
*** FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM! ***
Clean My Space: http://bit.ly/CMSIG18
Melissa: http://bit.ly/MelissaMakerInsta
Chad: http://bit.ly/ChadReynoldsInsta
*** START YOUR JOURNEY TO A CLEANER LIFE! ***
...
published: 27 Jan 2018
-
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes are really important proteins that speed up the rates of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis.
The enzymes and substrates are always moving, and occasionally they collide at the right speed and orientation so that the substrate fits into the enzyme at the active site. Collision theory dictates that collisions must occur with sufficient energy and in a specific orientation for a reaction to occur.
Enzymes are specialised; their active site matches the shape of the specific substrate that they react with. The enzyme and the substrate fit together using a lock and key mechanism. Once the substrate is in the active site, the reaction takes place. The required product is produced and the enzyme releases itself ...
published: 19 Jul 2017
-
Electron Transport Chain (Music Video)
Buy the Biomania AP Bio Test Prep App: http://tinyurl.com/y2kllqg7
Students: Learn biology at https://www.sciencemusicvideos.com
Buy my songs at https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/glenn-wolkenfeld/555040717 or on Amazon at http://tinyurl.com/pvt5kbb
Teachers: get curriculum at my website and at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Glenn-Wolkenfeld-1
Follow mr.w_science on instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mr.w_science/
LYRICS
Welcome to this story about cell energy
The goal is explaining how cells make ATP
It happens in the mitochondria which you can think of
As the cell’s energy factory
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles,
An inner membrane and an outer one as well
The mitochondrial matrix is the fluid inside
It’s where reactions like Krebs cycle reside
Glycolysis ...
published: 20 Aug 2014
2:51
Enzyme yeast cells Dr. Wolz in Zell Oxygen: what makes them so unique?
Zell oxygen preparations have been very successful for many years. However, they are somewhat in need of explanation: What are enzyme-yeast cells? And why are t...
Zell oxygen preparations have been very successful for many years. However, they are somewhat in need of explanation: What are enzyme-yeast cells? And why are they so special?
This explanatory film explains this in a fun way and very understandable the peculiarity of the enzyme yeast cells in the Zell oxygen preparations.
https://wn.com/Enzyme_Yeast_Cells_Dr._Wolz_In_Zell_Oxygen_What_Makes_Them_So_Unique
Zell oxygen preparations have been very successful for many years. However, they are somewhat in need of explanation: What are enzyme-yeast cells? And why are they so special?
This explanatory film explains this in a fun way and very understandable the peculiarity of the enzyme yeast cells in the Zell oxygen preparations.
- published: 15 Nov 2017
- views: 3050
4:26
Cooperativity | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
Created by Ross Firestone.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-...
Created by Ross Firestone.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loops?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
https://wn.com/Cooperativity_|_Biomolecules_|_Mcat_|_Khan_Academy
Created by Ross Firestone.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loops?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
- published: 12 Feb 2014
- views: 191515
7:10
The Life Changing Magic of ENZYME CLEANERS! 🐱 Get Rid of Cat Pee Smell!
Makers Microfiber Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
When it comes to tackling stubborn stains and odors, enzyme cleaners are a cleaning superstar! But what exa...
Makers Microfiber Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
When it comes to tackling stubborn stains and odors, enzyme cleaners are a cleaning superstar! But what exactly is an enzyme cleaner, and how do enzyme cleaners work? Are they safe to use and what's the best way to use an enzyme cleaner? All good questions! So in this video, I'm going to go through everything you need to know about enzyme cleaners.
Bac-Out Enzyme Cleaner: http://amzn.to/2GiYO5n
COMMENT QUESTION: What's the toughest stain you've encountered, and how did you get rid of it?
Subscribe for a Cleaner Life! http://bit.ly/CMSYT17
*** FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM! ***
Clean My Space: http://bit.ly/CMSIG18
Melissa: http://bit.ly/MelissaMakerInsta
Chad: http://bit.ly/ChadReynoldsInsta
*** START YOUR JOURNEY TO A CLEANER LIFE! ***
YouTube: http://bit.ly/CMSYT17
Blog: http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceBlog
Maker's Microfibre Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
Facebook: http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceFB18
Melissa's Channel: http://bit.ly/MelissaMakerYT18
Chad's Channel: http://bit.ly/CheckYourLevelsYT
** This is NOT a sponsored video and all opinions are our own!
Other questions that are answered in this video:
How to get rid of cat pee smell?
What's the best carpet stain remover?
How to remove cat urine smell?
Questions? Comments?
We'd love to hear from you - say hello down below!
https://wn.com/The_Life_Changing_Magic_Of_Enzyme_Cleaners_🐱_Get_Rid_Of_Cat_Pee_Smell
Makers Microfiber Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
When it comes to tackling stubborn stains and odors, enzyme cleaners are a cleaning superstar! But what exactly is an enzyme cleaner, and how do enzyme cleaners work? Are they safe to use and what's the best way to use an enzyme cleaner? All good questions! So in this video, I'm going to go through everything you need to know about enzyme cleaners.
Bac-Out Enzyme Cleaner: http://amzn.to/2GiYO5n
COMMENT QUESTION: What's the toughest stain you've encountered, and how did you get rid of it?
Subscribe for a Cleaner Life! http://bit.ly/CMSYT17
*** FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM! ***
Clean My Space: http://bit.ly/CMSIG18
Melissa: http://bit.ly/MelissaMakerInsta
Chad: http://bit.ly/ChadReynoldsInsta
*** START YOUR JOURNEY TO A CLEANER LIFE! ***
YouTube: http://bit.ly/CMSYT17
Blog: http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceBlog
Maker's Microfibre Cloths: http://bit.ly/makersclean
Facebook: http://bit.ly/CleanMySpaceFB18
Melissa's Channel: http://bit.ly/MelissaMakerYT18
Chad's Channel: http://bit.ly/CheckYourLevelsYT
** This is NOT a sponsored video and all opinions are our own!
Other questions that are answered in this video:
How to get rid of cat pee smell?
What's the best carpet stain remover?
How to remove cat urine smell?
Questions? Comments?
We'd love to hear from you - say hello down below!
- published: 27 Jan 2018
- views: 212787
4:12
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes are really important proteins that speed up the rates of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration and pr...
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes are really important proteins that speed up the rates of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis.
The enzymes and substrates are always moving, and occasionally they collide at the right speed and orientation so that the substrate fits into the enzyme at the active site. Collision theory dictates that collisions must occur with sufficient energy and in a specific orientation for a reaction to occur.
Enzymes are specialised; their active site matches the shape of the specific substrate that they react with. The enzyme and the substrate fit together using a lock and key mechanism. Once the substrate is in the active site, the reaction takes place. The required product is produced and the enzyme releases itself and carries on moving around.
The enzyme could be: protease, which breaks down proteins into amino acids; carbohydrase which breaks down carbohydrates into glucose; or lipase which breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerols.
Hydrogen peroxide is often formed as a result of reactions in cells, and if it is left to build up it is harmful. Luckily, we have catalase enzymes that are really fast. They break the hydrogen peroxide down into the harmless water and oxygen.
Equally, enzymes can help build up molecules like this… but the process is still exactly the same.
Whilst enzymes do fantastic things, they are sensitive. Each enzyme has optimum conditions under which it works best. Firstly, there needs to be enough substrate around - they need a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction that they catalyse. If there is too little substrate, then the rate of reaction is slowed. Sometimes, if there is too much product around, the reaction slows because the enzymes and substrates have less chance of bumping into each other. So the product needs to be removed for a higher rate of reaction.
Enzymes also have optimum pH and temperature conditions. Up to a point, an increase in temperature causes an increased rate of reaction because there is more heat energy. More energy means more collisions. However, above a certain temperature the rate drops off due to denaturing. We will look at the effect of pH and temperature on enzymes in our video ‘Denaturation of Enzymes’. The pH and temperature optimum conditions are specific to the conditions in which they work in; an enzyme that works in the stomach, for example, would have a more acidic optimum pH.
And of course, there need to be enough enzymes around for the rate of reaction to be optimised.
So we know that enzymes and substrates fit together at the active site and form a ‘lock and key’ mechanism. The enzyme then releases the product and can be reused again. They are sensitive to temperature and pH, and there needs to be sufficient enzyme and substrate concentrations for reactions to occur.
Enzymes not only control all kinds of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration, digestion and protein synthesis, but we also make use of them in day to day life. Protease and lipase enzymes are used in biological washing powders to remove proteins and fats from stains in our clothes. We also use enzymes in our food and drink industries; pectinase is used to break down the cells in fruit when making fruit juice so that more juice is released.
JOIN US ON PATREON
https://www.patreon.com/fuseschool
SUBSCRIBE to the FuseSchool YouTube channel for many more educational videos. Our teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT.
VISIT us at www.fuseschool.org, where all of our videos are carefully organised into topics and specific orders, and to see what else we have on offer. Comment, like and share with other learners. You can both ask and answer questions, and teachers will get back to you.
These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid.
Find all of our Chemistry videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Find all of our Biology videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlQYSpKryVcEr3ERup5SxHl0
Find all of our Physics videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlTWm6Sr5uN2Uv5TXHiZUq8b
Find all of our Maths videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlTKBNbHH5u1SNnsrOaacKLu
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fuseschool/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseSchool
Access a deeper Learning Experience in the FuseSchool platform and app: www.fuseschool.org
Follow us: http://www.youtube.com/fuseschool
Befriend us: http://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
This is an Open Educational Resource. If you would like to use the video, please contact us: info@fuseschool.org
https://wn.com/Enzymes_|_Cells_|_Biology_|_Fuseschool
Enzymes | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool
Enzymes are really important proteins that speed up the rates of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis.
The enzymes and substrates are always moving, and occasionally they collide at the right speed and orientation so that the substrate fits into the enzyme at the active site. Collision theory dictates that collisions must occur with sufficient energy and in a specific orientation for a reaction to occur.
Enzymes are specialised; their active site matches the shape of the specific substrate that they react with. The enzyme and the substrate fit together using a lock and key mechanism. Once the substrate is in the active site, the reaction takes place. The required product is produced and the enzyme releases itself and carries on moving around.
The enzyme could be: protease, which breaks down proteins into amino acids; carbohydrase which breaks down carbohydrates into glucose; or lipase which breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerols.
Hydrogen peroxide is often formed as a result of reactions in cells, and if it is left to build up it is harmful. Luckily, we have catalase enzymes that are really fast. They break the hydrogen peroxide down into the harmless water and oxygen.
Equally, enzymes can help build up molecules like this… but the process is still exactly the same.
Whilst enzymes do fantastic things, they are sensitive. Each enzyme has optimum conditions under which it works best. Firstly, there needs to be enough substrate around - they need a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction that they catalyse. If there is too little substrate, then the rate of reaction is slowed. Sometimes, if there is too much product around, the reaction slows because the enzymes and substrates have less chance of bumping into each other. So the product needs to be removed for a higher rate of reaction.
Enzymes also have optimum pH and temperature conditions. Up to a point, an increase in temperature causes an increased rate of reaction because there is more heat energy. More energy means more collisions. However, above a certain temperature the rate drops off due to denaturing. We will look at the effect of pH and temperature on enzymes in our video ‘Denaturation of Enzymes’. The pH and temperature optimum conditions are specific to the conditions in which they work in; an enzyme that works in the stomach, for example, would have a more acidic optimum pH.
And of course, there need to be enough enzymes around for the rate of reaction to be optimised.
So we know that enzymes and substrates fit together at the active site and form a ‘lock and key’ mechanism. The enzyme then releases the product and can be reused again. They are sensitive to temperature and pH, and there needs to be sufficient enzyme and substrate concentrations for reactions to occur.
Enzymes not only control all kinds of reactions such as in photosynthesis, respiration, digestion and protein synthesis, but we also make use of them in day to day life. Protease and lipase enzymes are used in biological washing powders to remove proteins and fats from stains in our clothes. We also use enzymes in our food and drink industries; pectinase is used to break down the cells in fruit when making fruit juice so that more juice is released.
JOIN US ON PATREON
https://www.patreon.com/fuseschool
SUBSCRIBE to the FuseSchool YouTube channel for many more educational videos. Our teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT.
VISIT us at www.fuseschool.org, where all of our videos are carefully organised into topics and specific orders, and to see what else we have on offer. Comment, like and share with other learners. You can both ask and answer questions, and teachers will get back to you.
These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid.
Find all of our Chemistry videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Find all of our Biology videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlQYSpKryVcEr3ERup5SxHl0
Find all of our Physics videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlTWm6Sr5uN2Uv5TXHiZUq8b
Find all of our Maths videos here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLW0gavSzhMlTKBNbHH5u1SNnsrOaacKLu
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/fuseschool/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/fuseschool/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/fuseSchool
Access a deeper Learning Experience in the FuseSchool platform and app: www.fuseschool.org
Follow us: http://www.youtube.com/fuseschool
Befriend us: http://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
This is an Open Educational Resource. If you would like to use the video, please contact us: info@fuseschool.org
- published: 19 Jul 2017
- views: 933435
6:01
Electron Transport Chain (Music Video)
Buy the Biomania AP Bio Test Prep App: http://tinyurl.com/y2kllqg7
Students: Learn biology at https://www.sciencemusicvideos.com
Buy my songs at https://itunes....
Buy the Biomania AP Bio Test Prep App: http://tinyurl.com/y2kllqg7
Students: Learn biology at https://www.sciencemusicvideos.com
Buy my songs at https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/glenn-wolkenfeld/555040717 or on Amazon at http://tinyurl.com/pvt5kbb
Teachers: get curriculum at my website and at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Glenn-Wolkenfeld-1
Follow mr.w_science on instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mr.w_science/
LYRICS
Welcome to this story about cell energy
The goal is explaining how cells make ATP
It happens in the mitochondria which you can think of
As the cell’s energy factory
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles,
An inner membrane and an outer one as well
The mitochondrial matrix is the fluid inside
It’s where reactions like Krebs cycle reside
Glycolysis and Krebs make NADH
and FADH2 from energy in food
These electron carriers make their way
From the matrix to the inner membrane.
And that’s where you find the electron transport chain
It’s a series of enzymes embedded in the membrane,
Which take the electron carrier’s electrons
And uses their energy for pumping protons
CHORUS
The mitochondrial electron transport chain
Uses electron energy for pumping protons
From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
Increasing proton concentration in that place,
The only way the protons can escape
Is through a channel and an enzyme, ATP synthase.
Which uses diffusing protons’ kinetic energy
To make ATP, from ADP and P
The chain is a series of enzymes in a row
Each accepts electrons, then lets them go
To the next carrier in this transport chain.
It’s kind of organized like a bucket brigade
What drives electrons down this enzymatic series
Is the growing level of each carrier’s electronegativity
And to oxygen electrons ultimately fall
It’s the most electronegative of them all
It’s NADH that starts this run
Donating electrons to Complex number I
This powers active transport as protons are displaced.
And get pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
From Complex I electrons flow to
Ubiquinone, also known as “Q”
Which floats through the inner membrane happily
And brings its electrons to Complex III
And you can guess the function of Complex III .
It’s another proton pump using electron energy
Protons jam up in that intermembrane compartment
Like a hundred people in a one bedroom apartment!
CHORUS
Complex II is for FADH2
Which donates electrons, which then get passed to Q
Which once again passes them to Complex III
Which pumps protons using electron energy
From Complex III the electrons proceed
To another mobile carrier, Cytochrome C
Which donates the electrons to Complex IV
Another proton pump, could you ask for more?
After Complex IV electrons flow,
To oxygen which is ever so
Electronegative it pulls electrons down the chain,
Keeping them moving like the cars of a train.
And as O2 does this electron grabbing trick,
It also grabs protons from the matrix.
They all combine to form H2O
Electron transport chain, watch it go!
CHORUS
Now all these protons in the intermembrane space
Are trapped they can’t get out of that place
‘Cause protons are charged and could never get through
A phospholipid bilayer, they can’t diffuse
But like all particles, they’re dying to go
From where their concentration’s high to where it’s low
Stuck in the intermembrane space they're frustrated.
To diffuse to the matrix, they’re highly motivated.
And this gradient’s been made steeper by O2
Which absorbs protons from the matrix stew,
So from proton pumping, and oxygen’s actions.
Add another force, electrochemical attraction!
Think of all those trapped protons, each one’s positive.
The matrix, in comparison is negative.
Opposites attract, so the protons are dying
To get to matrix, oh how they’re trying!
There’s only one channel that let’s the protons pass,
And they use it like high school students busting out of class,
It’s a channel and an enzyme, it’s ATP synthase
The closer in this game, an energy ace
ATP synthase is embedded in the inner membrane
How it works is so cool it’s insane.
It’s got channels for diffusing protons running right through it.
When cells make ATP, well watch how they do it
The matrix side of ATP synthase has binding sites
For ADP and P which come in and bind.
And as ATP synthase lets protons barge through
Their kinetic energy gets put to use.
Like water through a turbine proton movement generates rotation.
Changing synthase’s binding site conformation.
Which catalyzes chemical bond formation.
ADP and P make ATP that energy sensation!
CHORUS
https://wn.com/Electron_Transport_Chain_(Music_Video)
Buy the Biomania AP Bio Test Prep App: http://tinyurl.com/y2kllqg7
Students: Learn biology at https://www.sciencemusicvideos.com
Buy my songs at https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/glenn-wolkenfeld/555040717 or on Amazon at http://tinyurl.com/pvt5kbb
Teachers: get curriculum at my website and at http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Glenn-Wolkenfeld-1
Follow mr.w_science on instagram: https://www.instagram.com/mr.w_science/
LYRICS
Welcome to this story about cell energy
The goal is explaining how cells make ATP
It happens in the mitochondria which you can think of
As the cell’s energy factory
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles,
An inner membrane and an outer one as well
The mitochondrial matrix is the fluid inside
It’s where reactions like Krebs cycle reside
Glycolysis and Krebs make NADH
and FADH2 from energy in food
These electron carriers make their way
From the matrix to the inner membrane.
And that’s where you find the electron transport chain
It’s a series of enzymes embedded in the membrane,
Which take the electron carrier’s electrons
And uses their energy for pumping protons
CHORUS
The mitochondrial electron transport chain
Uses electron energy for pumping protons
From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
Increasing proton concentration in that place,
The only way the protons can escape
Is through a channel and an enzyme, ATP synthase.
Which uses diffusing protons’ kinetic energy
To make ATP, from ADP and P
The chain is a series of enzymes in a row
Each accepts electrons, then lets them go
To the next carrier in this transport chain.
It’s kind of organized like a bucket brigade
What drives electrons down this enzymatic series
Is the growing level of each carrier’s electronegativity
And to oxygen electrons ultimately fall
It’s the most electronegative of them all
It’s NADH that starts this run
Donating electrons to Complex number I
This powers active transport as protons are displaced.
And get pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space
From Complex I electrons flow to
Ubiquinone, also known as “Q”
Which floats through the inner membrane happily
And brings its electrons to Complex III
And you can guess the function of Complex III .
It’s another proton pump using electron energy
Protons jam up in that intermembrane compartment
Like a hundred people in a one bedroom apartment!
CHORUS
Complex II is for FADH2
Which donates electrons, which then get passed to Q
Which once again passes them to Complex III
Which pumps protons using electron energy
From Complex III the electrons proceed
To another mobile carrier, Cytochrome C
Which donates the electrons to Complex IV
Another proton pump, could you ask for more?
After Complex IV electrons flow,
To oxygen which is ever so
Electronegative it pulls electrons down the chain,
Keeping them moving like the cars of a train.
And as O2 does this electron grabbing trick,
It also grabs protons from the matrix.
They all combine to form H2O
Electron transport chain, watch it go!
CHORUS
Now all these protons in the intermembrane space
Are trapped they can’t get out of that place
‘Cause protons are charged and could never get through
A phospholipid bilayer, they can’t diffuse
But like all particles, they’re dying to go
From where their concentration’s high to where it’s low
Stuck in the intermembrane space they're frustrated.
To diffuse to the matrix, they’re highly motivated.
And this gradient’s been made steeper by O2
Which absorbs protons from the matrix stew,
So from proton pumping, and oxygen’s actions.
Add another force, electrochemical attraction!
Think of all those trapped protons, each one’s positive.
The matrix, in comparison is negative.
Opposites attract, so the protons are dying
To get to matrix, oh how they’re trying!
There’s only one channel that let’s the protons pass,
And they use it like high school students busting out of class,
It’s a channel and an enzyme, it’s ATP synthase
The closer in this game, an energy ace
ATP synthase is embedded in the inner membrane
How it works is so cool it’s insane.
It’s got channels for diffusing protons running right through it.
When cells make ATP, well watch how they do it
The matrix side of ATP synthase has binding sites
For ADP and P which come in and bind.
And as ATP synthase lets protons barge through
Their kinetic energy gets put to use.
Like water through a turbine proton movement generates rotation.
Changing synthase’s binding site conformation.
Which catalyzes chemical bond formation.
ADP and P make ATP that energy sensation!
CHORUS
- published: 20 Aug 2014
- views: 739795