The Metayage system (French:métayage, Spanish:aparcería, Italian:mezzadria) is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of sharecropping. Another class of land tenancy in France is named fermage, whereby the rent is paid annually in banknotes.
Origin and function
Métayage was available under Roman law, although it was not in widespread use. It proved useful after the emancipation of Roman slaves as the newly freed peasants had no land or cash (the same phenomenon happened in Brazil and the USA when slavery was banned).
In what is now northern Italy and southeastern France, the post Black Death population explosion of the late Middle Ages combined with the relative lack of free land made métayage an attractive system for both landowner and farmer. Once institutionalized, it continued long into the 18th Century although the base causes had been relieved by emigration to the New World..
Métayage was used early in the Middle Ages in northern France and the Rhinelands, where burgeoning prosperity encouraged large-scale vineyard planting, similar to what the ancient Romans had accomplished utilizing slave labor. The hyperinflation that followed the influx of Incan-American gold made Métayage preferable to cash tenancy and wage labour for both parties. Called complant, a laborer (in French prendeur) would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French bailleur). The prendeur would have ownership of the vines and the bailleur would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the Champagne region.Bailleur was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in Switzerland.
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published: 05 Dec 2018
Why metayage
If technology is a critical component of your business, Intellectual Property plays a vital role in your growth. Achieving your business goals using IP as a tool requires a completely different mindset and team to take you through each stage of the IP lifecycle and achieve your business goals such as differentiation from competition and maximising valuation and profits. Metayage IP Strategy Consulting LLP is your end to end IP lifecycle partner.
published: 10 Oct 2016
Introduction to Metayage IP
If you are a technology startup, Intellectual Property is critical to your business, whether it is for raising funds, generating sustainable competitive advantage, or even to get acquired by a large company. Metayage IP enables deep technology startups to maximize their IP asset value and increase competitive advantage.
published: 07 Jul 2020
Metayage Law
This video is very important for all LLB student and a lawyer and also important who would like to admit LLB so if you see this video. you can improve your law experience.
published: 26 Sep 2016
How did the Metayage System Operate In The Caribbean | Tobago Plantstions | Caribbean History |
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Video Notes:
Did you know that on February 10, 1890 the first Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago defended the rights of Tobago’s peasant class in a landmark metayer case.
According to Dr. Eric Williams’ History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, the first Chief Justice of the newly amalgamated Trinidad and Tobago handed down a judgment in a matter concerning the metayage system.
The matter was brought by 73 year old metayer Joseph Franks against the Castara estate owner RB Anderson. The estate, as most estates in Tobago, was oper...
published: 10 Feb 2022
Metayage IP Strategy
IP Audit and IP Training for Technology companies with R&D teams.
published: 01 Sep 2019
MÉTAYAGE AGRICOLE : voici ce qu'il faut savoir avant de le faire!!!
published: 29 Nov 2021
HOW TO PRONOUNCE METAYAGE? #metayage
METAYAGE - How do you really pronounce Metayage? Find out here in 2023
How do you pronounce 'metayage'?
What is the correct pronunciation of 'metayage'?
Can you provide alternative pronunciations for 'metayage'?
How do you say 'metayage' in English?
What are some common mispronunciations of 'metayage'?
METAYAGE Meaning And Definition:
Metayage is a farming system where the landowner provides the land and the tenant farmer provides the labor.
The landowner and the tenant farmer then share the harvested produce in an agreed-upon ratio.
METAYAGE Pronunciation:
To pronounce 'metayage', say /meh-ta-yahzh/.
Other alternative pronunciations include /meh-tuh-yahj/ and /meh-ta-yahj/.
Use METAYAGE In Your Speech:
1. The metayage system was widely used in France during the Middle Ages
2. In metayage...
published: 09 Feb 2017
Metayage
Provided to YouTube by Symphonic Distribution
Metayage · Dornick Favored
Nailrod Nervous
℗ 2023 Dornick Favored
Released on: 2023-04-07
Writer: Dwain Aboulahoud
Auto-generated by YouTube.
published: 07 Apr 2023
Testimonial for Metayage IP from Vinuth
Vinuth Tulasi, founder of a software product startup recommends Metayage IP Strategy Consulting LLP for Patent application preparation
Everyday, new ideas are born and startup companies are formed. Metayage takes ideas through their journey to reach their destination. Speedy patent grants gener...
Everyday, new ideas are born and startup companies are formed. Metayage takes ideas through their journey to reach their destination. Speedy patent grants generate value and competitive advantage. We provide expertise and guidance on targeting international markets. We bridge gaps between ideas and execution. Get in touch with me for your IP Strategy!
Everyday, new ideas are born and startup companies are formed. Metayage takes ideas through their journey to reach their destination. Speedy patent grants generate value and competitive advantage. We provide expertise and guidance on targeting international markets. We bridge gaps between ideas and execution. Get in touch with me for your IP Strategy!
If technology is a critical component of your business, Intellectual Property plays a vital role in your growth. Achieving your business goals using IP as a too...
If technology is a critical component of your business, Intellectual Property plays a vital role in your growth. Achieving your business goals using IP as a tool requires a completely different mindset and team to take you through each stage of the IP lifecycle and achieve your business goals such as differentiation from competition and maximising valuation and profits. Metayage IP Strategy Consulting LLP is your end to end IP lifecycle partner.
If technology is a critical component of your business, Intellectual Property plays a vital role in your growth. Achieving your business goals using IP as a tool requires a completely different mindset and team to take you through each stage of the IP lifecycle and achieve your business goals such as differentiation from competition and maximising valuation and profits. Metayage IP Strategy Consulting LLP is your end to end IP lifecycle partner.
If you are a technology startup, Intellectual Property is critical to your business, whether it is for raising funds, generating sustainable competitive advanta...
If you are a technology startup, Intellectual Property is critical to your business, whether it is for raising funds, generating sustainable competitive advantage, or even to get acquired by a large company. Metayage IP enables deep technology startups to maximize their IP asset value and increase competitive advantage.
If you are a technology startup, Intellectual Property is critical to your business, whether it is for raising funds, generating sustainable competitive advantage, or even to get acquired by a large company. Metayage IP enables deep technology startups to maximize their IP asset value and increase competitive advantage.
This video is very important for all LLB student and a lawyer and also important who would like to admit LLB so if you see this video. you can improve your law...
This video is very important for all LLB student and a lawyer and also important who would like to admit LLB so if you see this video. you can improve your law experience.
This video is very important for all LLB student and a lawyer and also important who would like to admit LLB so if you see this video. you can improve your law experience.
SUBSCRIBE to the Devonne Adanna Experience:
https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnYouTube
Tap here for unique product finds that help my family enjoy paradise in Tobag...
SUBSCRIBE to the Devonne Adanna Experience:
https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnYouTube
Tap here for unique product finds that help my family enjoy paradise in Tobago:
https://solo.to/devonneadanna
Check out my most popular video here:
https://bit.ly/3ywkju5
Video Notes:
Did you know that on February 10, 1890 the first Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago defended the rights of Tobago’s peasant class in a landmark metayer case.
According to Dr. Eric Williams’ History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, the first Chief Justice of the newly amalgamated Trinidad and Tobago handed down a judgment in a matter concerning the metayage system.
The matter was brought by 73 year old metayer Joseph Franks against the Castara estate owner RB Anderson. The estate, as most estates in Tobago, was operating under the Metairie system in which Anderson, as landowner allowed Franks, deemed a tenant, to use the land in return for a share of the crops Frank produced on that land.
In addition to being a metayer farmer, Franks drew wages as the carpenter for the estate. Anderson quite suddenly decided to charge rent for Franks' provision ground against the terms of his agreement as a metayer, and to stop his wages as a carpenter, and ultimately turned him off the estate by a simple notice to quit. Franks thereupon sued Anderson for damages.
The Chief Justice concluded that an arrangement of that nature raised the actual cultivator of the soil into a very different position from that of a mere labourer. He had become a contributor to a common fund with the proprietor and shared with him the profits or loss
of the enterprise.
IN Sir Gorrie’s estimation, the fact that no time was specified for the arrangement between Franks and Anderson to come to an end it must mean that both parties desired it to continue so long as the conditions were fulfilled. That is, that Franks could plant without paying rent to Anderson and Anderson could get half of Franks’ crops without paying him wages. Further the CJ stated that if either party desired the arrangement to come to an end they would have to do so via the court.
Gorrie ruled in Franks favour and his judgment was celebrated by Tobago’s peasant class who began seeking redress in the courts in droves. However, Tobago’s plantocracy took it as a slap in the face and lobbied the governor of Trinidad and Tobago to put an end to Gorrie as they believed his judgments were placing Tobago on the brink of anarchy.
Get deeper into the Devonne Adanna Experience at my Solo.to link here: https://solo.to/devonneadanna
---
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---
Devonne Adanna is a multi-hyphenate content creator from the island of Tobago. On this channel you can expect to find This Day In Tobago History | Brain Farts | Info about the My Karibe Influencer program
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--
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#thisdayintobagohistory #devonneadanna #distobagogyul #WhatisTobagolike
#doyouknowtobago #tobago #tobagopeople #tobagobusiness #trinidad #trinidadandtobago #tobagolanguage #trinidadlanguage #tobagobeaches #africandiaspora #landmarkcases #metayagesystem #caribbeanhistory #caribbeandiaspora #historyoftobago #trinidadinfluencer #tobagoinfluencer
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SUBSCRIBE to the Devonne Adanna Experience:
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Tap here for unique product finds that help my family enjoy paradise in Tobago:
https://solo.to/devonneadanna
Check out my most popular video here:
https://bit.ly/3ywkju5
Video Notes:
Did you know that on February 10, 1890 the first Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago defended the rights of Tobago’s peasant class in a landmark metayer case.
According to Dr. Eric Williams’ History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, the first Chief Justice of the newly amalgamated Trinidad and Tobago handed down a judgment in a matter concerning the metayage system.
The matter was brought by 73 year old metayer Joseph Franks against the Castara estate owner RB Anderson. The estate, as most estates in Tobago, was operating under the Metairie system in which Anderson, as landowner allowed Franks, deemed a tenant, to use the land in return for a share of the crops Frank produced on that land.
In addition to being a metayer farmer, Franks drew wages as the carpenter for the estate. Anderson quite suddenly decided to charge rent for Franks' provision ground against the terms of his agreement as a metayer, and to stop his wages as a carpenter, and ultimately turned him off the estate by a simple notice to quit. Franks thereupon sued Anderson for damages.
The Chief Justice concluded that an arrangement of that nature raised the actual cultivator of the soil into a very different position from that of a mere labourer. He had become a contributor to a common fund with the proprietor and shared with him the profits or loss
of the enterprise.
IN Sir Gorrie’s estimation, the fact that no time was specified for the arrangement between Franks and Anderson to come to an end it must mean that both parties desired it to continue so long as the conditions were fulfilled. That is, that Franks could plant without paying rent to Anderson and Anderson could get half of Franks’ crops without paying him wages. Further the CJ stated that if either party desired the arrangement to come to an end they would have to do so via the court.
Gorrie ruled in Franks favour and his judgment was celebrated by Tobago’s peasant class who began seeking redress in the courts in droves. However, Tobago’s plantocracy took it as a slap in the face and lobbied the governor of Trinidad and Tobago to put an end to Gorrie as they believed his judgments were placing Tobago on the brink of anarchy.
Get deeper into the Devonne Adanna Experience at my Solo.to link here: https://solo.to/devonneadanna
---
Check Out These Playlist
Dis Tobago Gyul Playlist : https://bit.ly/3DbVg28
Dev Reviews Playlist: https://bit.ly/3jaWIKj
Helpful Tools Playlist:
---
LET'S GET SOCIAL:
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Medium: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnMedium
Pinterest: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnPinterest
Podcast: http://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnPodcast
---
Devonne Adanna is a multi-hyphenate content creator from the island of Tobago. On this channel you can expect to find This Day In Tobago History | Brain Farts | Info about the My Karibe Influencer program
SUBSCRIBE so you never miss another video: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnYouTube
--
For businesses inquiries we're available at: [email protected]
#thisdayintobagohistory #devonneadanna #distobagogyul #WhatisTobagolike
#doyouknowtobago #tobago #tobagopeople #tobagobusiness #trinidad #trinidadandtobago #tobagolanguage #trinidadlanguage #tobagobeaches #africandiaspora #landmarkcases #metayagesystem #caribbeanhistory #caribbeandiaspora #historyoftobago #trinidadinfluencer #tobagoinfluencer
#Tobago #tobagolove #tobagolocal #Caribbeanculture #868 #trinbago #trinidadandtobago🇹🇹
METAYAGE - How do you really pronounce Metayage? Find out here in 2023
How do you pronounce 'metayage'?
What is the correct pronunciation of 'metayage'?
Can yo...
METAYAGE - How do you really pronounce Metayage? Find out here in 2023
How do you pronounce 'metayage'?
What is the correct pronunciation of 'metayage'?
Can you provide alternative pronunciations for 'metayage'?
How do you say 'metayage' in English?
What are some common mispronunciations of 'metayage'?
METAYAGE Meaning And Definition:
Metayage is a farming system where the landowner provides the land and the tenant farmer provides the labor.
The landowner and the tenant farmer then share the harvested produce in an agreed-upon ratio.
METAYAGE Pronunciation:
To pronounce 'metayage', say /meh-ta-yahzh/.
Other alternative pronunciations include /meh-tuh-yahj/ and /meh-ta-yahj/.
Use METAYAGE In Your Speech:
1. The metayage system was widely used in France during the Middle Ages
2. In metayage, the landowner and tenant farmer share the risks and rewards of agricultural production
3. Under metayage, the landowner may provide additional inputs like seeds and tools
4. The metayage system was prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa as well
5. The metayage system allowed small-scale farmers to access land resources without owning it themselves
Please answer in comments for the most popular METAYAGE questions:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of metayage?
2. How does metayage differ from sharecropping?
3. What are some examples of countries where metayage is still practiced?
4. How did the metayage system contribute to rural economies?
5. What are some alternatives to metayage in agricultural production?
#farming #sharecropping #landowner #agricultural #labor #agrarian #farm #crop #harvest #land #rural #agriculture #traditional #tenant
Last updated: October, 2023
METAYAGE - How do you really pronounce Metayage? Find out here in 2023
How do you pronounce 'metayage'?
What is the correct pronunciation of 'metayage'?
Can you provide alternative pronunciations for 'metayage'?
How do you say 'metayage' in English?
What are some common mispronunciations of 'metayage'?
METAYAGE Meaning And Definition:
Metayage is a farming system where the landowner provides the land and the tenant farmer provides the labor.
The landowner and the tenant farmer then share the harvested produce in an agreed-upon ratio.
METAYAGE Pronunciation:
To pronounce 'metayage', say /meh-ta-yahzh/.
Other alternative pronunciations include /meh-tuh-yahj/ and /meh-ta-yahj/.
Use METAYAGE In Your Speech:
1. The metayage system was widely used in France during the Middle Ages
2. In metayage, the landowner and tenant farmer share the risks and rewards of agricultural production
3. Under metayage, the landowner may provide additional inputs like seeds and tools
4. The metayage system was prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa as well
5. The metayage system allowed small-scale farmers to access land resources without owning it themselves
Please answer in comments for the most popular METAYAGE questions:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of metayage?
2. How does metayage differ from sharecropping?
3. What are some examples of countries where metayage is still practiced?
4. How did the metayage system contribute to rural economies?
5. What are some alternatives to metayage in agricultural production?
#farming #sharecropping #landowner #agricultural #labor #agrarian #farm #crop #harvest #land #rural #agriculture #traditional #tenant
Last updated: October, 2023
Provided to YouTube by Symphonic Distribution
Metayage · Dornick Favored
Nailrod Nervous
℗ 2023 Dornick Favored
Released on: 2023-04-07
Writer: Dwain Aboul...
Provided to YouTube by Symphonic Distribution
Metayage · Dornick Favored
Nailrod Nervous
℗ 2023 Dornick Favored
Released on: 2023-04-07
Writer: Dwain Aboulahoud
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Provided to YouTube by Symphonic Distribution
Metayage · Dornick Favored
Nailrod Nervous
℗ 2023 Dornick Favored
Released on: 2023-04-07
Writer: Dwain Aboulahoud
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Everyday, new ideas are born and startup companies are formed. Metayage takes ideas through their journey to reach their destination. Speedy patent grants generate value and competitive advantage. We provide expertise and guidance on targeting international markets. We bridge gaps between ideas and execution. Get in touch with me for your IP Strategy!
If technology is a critical component of your business, Intellectual Property plays a vital role in your growth. Achieving your business goals using IP as a tool requires a completely different mindset and team to take you through each stage of the IP lifecycle and achieve your business goals such as differentiation from competition and maximising valuation and profits. Metayage IP Strategy Consulting LLP is your end to end IP lifecycle partner.
If you are a technology startup, Intellectual Property is critical to your business, whether it is for raising funds, generating sustainable competitive advantage, or even to get acquired by a large company. Metayage IP enables deep technology startups to maximize their IP asset value and increase competitive advantage.
This video is very important for all LLB student and a lawyer and also important who would like to admit LLB so if you see this video. you can improve your law experience.
SUBSCRIBE to the Devonne Adanna Experience:
https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnYouTube
Tap here for unique product finds that help my family enjoy paradise in Tobago:
https://solo.to/devonneadanna
Check out my most popular video here:
https://bit.ly/3ywkju5
Video Notes:
Did you know that on February 10, 1890 the first Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago defended the rights of Tobago’s peasant class in a landmark metayer case.
According to Dr. Eric Williams’ History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago, the first Chief Justice of the newly amalgamated Trinidad and Tobago handed down a judgment in a matter concerning the metayage system.
The matter was brought by 73 year old metayer Joseph Franks against the Castara estate owner RB Anderson. The estate, as most estates in Tobago, was operating under the Metairie system in which Anderson, as landowner allowed Franks, deemed a tenant, to use the land in return for a share of the crops Frank produced on that land.
In addition to being a metayer farmer, Franks drew wages as the carpenter for the estate. Anderson quite suddenly decided to charge rent for Franks' provision ground against the terms of his agreement as a metayer, and to stop his wages as a carpenter, and ultimately turned him off the estate by a simple notice to quit. Franks thereupon sued Anderson for damages.
The Chief Justice concluded that an arrangement of that nature raised the actual cultivator of the soil into a very different position from that of a mere labourer. He had become a contributor to a common fund with the proprietor and shared with him the profits or loss
of the enterprise.
IN Sir Gorrie’s estimation, the fact that no time was specified for the arrangement between Franks and Anderson to come to an end it must mean that both parties desired it to continue so long as the conditions were fulfilled. That is, that Franks could plant without paying rent to Anderson and Anderson could get half of Franks’ crops without paying him wages. Further the CJ stated that if either party desired the arrangement to come to an end they would have to do so via the court.
Gorrie ruled in Franks favour and his judgment was celebrated by Tobago’s peasant class who began seeking redress in the courts in droves. However, Tobago’s plantocracy took it as a slap in the face and lobbied the governor of Trinidad and Tobago to put an end to Gorrie as they believed his judgments were placing Tobago on the brink of anarchy.
Get deeper into the Devonne Adanna Experience at my Solo.to link here: https://solo.to/devonneadanna
---
Check Out These Playlist
Dis Tobago Gyul Playlist : https://bit.ly/3DbVg28
Dev Reviews Playlist: https://bit.ly/3jaWIKj
Helpful Tools Playlist:
---
LET'S GET SOCIAL:
FB: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnFacebook
Instagram: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaonInstagram
Twitter: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnTwitter
LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnLinkedIn
Medium: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnMedium
Pinterest: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnPinterest
Podcast: http://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnPodcast
---
Devonne Adanna is a multi-hyphenate content creator from the island of Tobago. On this channel you can expect to find This Day In Tobago History | Brain Farts | Info about the My Karibe Influencer program
SUBSCRIBE so you never miss another video: https://bit.ly/DevonneAdannaOnYouTube
--
For businesses inquiries we're available at: [email protected]
#thisdayintobagohistory #devonneadanna #distobagogyul #WhatisTobagolike
#doyouknowtobago #tobago #tobagopeople #tobagobusiness #trinidad #trinidadandtobago #tobagolanguage #trinidadlanguage #tobagobeaches #africandiaspora #landmarkcases #metayagesystem #caribbeanhistory #caribbeandiaspora #historyoftobago #trinidadinfluencer #tobagoinfluencer
#Tobago #tobagolove #tobagolocal #Caribbeanculture #868 #trinbago #trinidadandtobago🇹🇹
METAYAGE - How do you really pronounce Metayage? Find out here in 2023
How do you pronounce 'metayage'?
What is the correct pronunciation of 'metayage'?
Can you provide alternative pronunciations for 'metayage'?
How do you say 'metayage' in English?
What are some common mispronunciations of 'metayage'?
METAYAGE Meaning And Definition:
Metayage is a farming system where the landowner provides the land and the tenant farmer provides the labor.
The landowner and the tenant farmer then share the harvested produce in an agreed-upon ratio.
METAYAGE Pronunciation:
To pronounce 'metayage', say /meh-ta-yahzh/.
Other alternative pronunciations include /meh-tuh-yahj/ and /meh-ta-yahj/.
Use METAYAGE In Your Speech:
1. The metayage system was widely used in France during the Middle Ages
2. In metayage, the landowner and tenant farmer share the risks and rewards of agricultural production
3. Under metayage, the landowner may provide additional inputs like seeds and tools
4. The metayage system was prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa as well
5. The metayage system allowed small-scale farmers to access land resources without owning it themselves
Please answer in comments for the most popular METAYAGE questions:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of metayage?
2. How does metayage differ from sharecropping?
3. What are some examples of countries where metayage is still practiced?
4. How did the metayage system contribute to rural economies?
5. What are some alternatives to metayage in agricultural production?
#farming #sharecropping #landowner #agricultural #labor #agrarian #farm #crop #harvest #land #rural #agriculture #traditional #tenant
Last updated: October, 2023
Provided to YouTube by Symphonic Distribution
Metayage · Dornick Favored
Nailrod Nervous
℗ 2023 Dornick Favored
Released on: 2023-04-07
Writer: Dwain Aboulahoud
Auto-generated by YouTube.
The Metayage system (French:métayage, Spanish:aparcería, Italian:mezzadria) is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce, as a kind of sharecropping. Another class of land tenancy in France is named fermage, whereby the rent is paid annually in banknotes.
Origin and function
Métayage was available under Roman law, although it was not in widespread use. It proved useful after the emancipation of Roman slaves as the newly freed peasants had no land or cash (the same phenomenon happened in Brazil and the USA when slavery was banned).
In what is now northern Italy and southeastern France, the post Black Death population explosion of the late Middle Ages combined with the relative lack of free land made métayage an attractive system for both landowner and farmer. Once institutionalized, it continued long into the 18th Century although the base causes had been relieved by emigration to the New World..
Métayage was used early in the Middle Ages in northern France and the Rhinelands, where burgeoning prosperity encouraged large-scale vineyard planting, similar to what the ancient Romans had accomplished utilizing slave labor. The hyperinflation that followed the influx of Incan-American gold made Métayage preferable to cash tenancy and wage labour for both parties. Called complant, a laborer (in French prendeur) would offer to plant and tend to an uncultivated parcel of land belonging to a land owner (in French bailleur). The prendeur would have ownership of the vines and the bailleur would receive anywhere from a third to two-thirds of the vines' production in exchange for the use of his soil. This system was used extensively in planting the Champagne region.Bailleur was also used as the name for the proprietor under métayage. The contract still exists today in Switzerland.