Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio broadcasting which came into popular use starting with the invention of the crystal detector in 1906. Before this, all forms of electronic communication, radio, telephone, and telegraph, were "one-to-one", with the message intended for a single recipient. The term "broadcasting", borrowed from the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about, was coined by either KDKA manager Frank Conrad or RCA historian George Clark around 1920 to distinguish this new activity of "one-to-many" communication; a single radio station transmitting to multiple listeners.
Over the air Broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though in practice radio and television transmissions take place using both wires and radio waves. The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes a wide range of practices, from relatively private exchanges such as public radio, community radio and commercial radio, public television, and commercial television.
Television Broadcasts Limited, commonly known as TVB, was founded as the first wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong. TVB runs five free-to-air television channels in Hong Kong, and is one of two free-to-air terrestrial television broadcasters in Hong Kong, and one of the largest commercial Chinese programme producers in the world. It commenced broadcasting on 19 November 1967. It has a staff of about 4,500. Its commercial rival for free-to-air terrestrial television broadcasts is Asia Television (ATV), whilst the government-owned Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) produces television programmes, but does not itself broadcast them.
When TVB first began broadcasting, to distinguish it from the cable television broadcaster, Rediffusion Television, it was commonly known as "Wireless Television" (無綫電視Cantonese: mou4 sin3 din6 si6) in Chinese. It is still usually referred to with that name, although there is more than one terrestrial television station now. The company's previous chairman was Sir Run Run Shaw.
Lost television broadcasts are composed of mostly early television programs and series that for various reasons cannot be accounted for in personal collections or studio archives.
Reasons for loss
A significant amount of early television programming is not lost but rather was never recorded in the first place. Early broadcasting in all genres was live, sometimes performed repeatedly, because there was no means to record the broadcast or because content itself was reasoned to have little monetary or historical value. In the United Kingdom, much early programming was lost due to contractual demands by the actors' union to limit the rescreening of recorded performances.
Apart from Phonovision experiments by John Logie Baird, and some 280 rolls of 35mm film containing a number of Paul Nipkow television station broadcastings, no recordings of transmissions from 1939 or earlier are known to exist.
In 1947, Kinescope films became a viable method of recording broadcasts, but programs were only sporadically filmed or preserved. Tele-snaps of British television broadcasts also began in 1947 but are necessarily incomplete. Magnetic videotape technologies became a viable method to record and distribute material in 1956. Televised programming (especially that which was not considered viable for reruns) was still considered disposable, however, and what was recorded was routinely destroyed by wiping and reusing the tapes, until the rise of the home video industry in the late 1970s.
Viral students na nagpakita ng kahusayan sa Radio Broadcasting
Balikan natin ang viral na performance ng mga estudyante sa Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School sa broadcasting piece sa ginanap na PressConference.
published: 01 Nov 2022
TV Broadcasting RSPC OBB
di nakapasok graphics q sa nspc bwhahaha zg langz ^_^
published: 16 Jul 2023
KJM Presents: Maypangdan Elem. School Radio Broadcasting Team (English)
Watch the full video of the team's practice days before their actual performance during the National Schools Press Conference held at Lingayen, Pangasinan in 2019.
They are elementary pupils from the Maypangdan Elementary School in Borongan City, Eastern Samar.
Ted Failon featured their story on one of his episodes of the program Failon Ngayon along with the Radio Broadcasting Team from the Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School (ESNCHS) that went viral on facebook reaching almost 12 million views and several hundreds of thousands reactions after 1 year.
Here's the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eK0MX2OpMI&t=1s
Enjoy!
Please support this channel by Subscribing, Commenting and Sharing this video to your friends as we will continue to discover more talented students fr...
published: 29 Nov 2020
Good Morning America Full Broadcast — Saturday, February 15, 2025
ABC's Marcus Moore is in Tel Aviv with the latest on the Israeli and Palestinian hostage-prisoner exchange; Our weather team is tracking the storms putting 90 million Americans under weather alerts as flash flooding and snow sweep the country; Hockey brothers and first-time teammates Brady and Matthew Tkachuk join us as they gear up for the "NHL Four Nations Face Off Tournament;" and more on ABC’s Good Morning America.
—––
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://abcnews.visitlink.me/59aJ1G
Watch 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events on ABC News Live: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0PZCe-kwQ&ab_channel=ABCNews
Watch full episodes of World News Tonight with David Muir here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQOa26lW-uI8ixlVw1NWu_l4Eh8iZW_qN&feature=shared
Read ABC News ...
published: 15 Feb 2025
TV Broadcasting English Category DSPC 2018
Esperanza National High School TV Broadcasting (English Category). The team bagged the following awards:
DSPC Level
-1st Place
RSPC Level
-Best in Technical Application
-Best in Graphics Application
-7th Placer
NSPC level
-Technical member (won 3rd Best in Technical Application)
Don't Forget to Subscribe for tutorials.
published: 11 Feb 2019
anchor intro
anchor intro
published: 28 Aug 2016
ABC World News Tonight with David Muir Full Broadcast - Feb. 13, 2025
Mary Bruce has details on the Trump administration beginning mass layoffs across federal agencies, which is expected to impact thousands of employees, sources told ABC News; Matt Gutman reports on the third major storm to race across the U.S. this week, causing highway pileups and threatening mudslides in parts of California; Tom Soufi Burridge has the latest on the car that slammed into a crowd of protesters in Munich, Germany, injuring at least 30 people – including children; and more on tonight’s broadcast of World News Tonight with David Muir.
00:00 Intro
03:16 Mass layoffs begin at multiple federal agencies
06:57 Cross-country storm triggers highway pileups and the threat of major mudslides
09:27 Powerful storm that slammed the West to bring wintry mix to Northeast by weekend
10:18...
published: 14 Feb 2025
TV Broadcasting(English) DSPC2019- Saint Charles Academy
published: 03 Sep 2020
SoLu Broadcasting
What a privilege it is to be your host. Pour your sarsaparilla high and enjoy the affair.
published: 16 Feb 2025
CHAMPION🥇|| DMLMHS || RADIO BROADCASTING (FILIPINO) || SECONDARY
#RadioBroadcasting
#CampusJournalism
#RadioScriptwriting
Division Schools Press Conference (DSPC 2023)
Theme: "From Campus Journalism to Real-World Journalism: Shaping Minds from Schools to Societies"
May 18-19, 2023
DMLMHS
Covered Court
#DSPC2023
#CampusJournalism
#SilayCity
Balikan natin ang viral na performance ng mga estudyante sa Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School sa broadcasting piece sa ginanap na PressConference...
Balikan natin ang viral na performance ng mga estudyante sa Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School sa broadcasting piece sa ginanap na PressConference.
Balikan natin ang viral na performance ng mga estudyante sa Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School sa broadcasting piece sa ginanap na PressConference.
Watch the full video of the team's practice days before their actual performance during the National Schools Press Conference held at Lingayen, Pangasinan in 20...
Watch the full video of the team's practice days before their actual performance during the National Schools Press Conference held at Lingayen, Pangasinan in 2019.
They are elementary pupils from the Maypangdan Elementary School in Borongan City, Eastern Samar.
Ted Failon featured their story on one of his episodes of the program Failon Ngayon along with the Radio Broadcasting Team from the Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School (ESNCHS) that went viral on facebook reaching almost 12 million views and several hundreds of thousands reactions after 1 year.
Here's the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eK0MX2OpMI&t=1s
Enjoy!
Please support this channel by Subscribing, Commenting and Sharing this video to your friends as we will continue to discover more talented students from different schools.
We will be featuring some local talents and stories as well, so stay tuned. Click the bell icon next to the subscribe button.
Thank you.
- KJM Promotions
Watch the full video of the team's practice days before their actual performance during the National Schools Press Conference held at Lingayen, Pangasinan in 2019.
They are elementary pupils from the Maypangdan Elementary School in Borongan City, Eastern Samar.
Ted Failon featured their story on one of his episodes of the program Failon Ngayon along with the Radio Broadcasting Team from the Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School (ESNCHS) that went viral on facebook reaching almost 12 million views and several hundreds of thousands reactions after 1 year.
Here's the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eK0MX2OpMI&t=1s
Enjoy!
Please support this channel by Subscribing, Commenting and Sharing this video to your friends as we will continue to discover more talented students from different schools.
We will be featuring some local talents and stories as well, so stay tuned. Click the bell icon next to the subscribe button.
Thank you.
- KJM Promotions
ABC's Marcus Moore is in Tel Aviv with the latest on the Israeli and Palestinian hostage-prisoner exchange; Our weather team is tracking the storms putting 90 m...
ABC's Marcus Moore is in Tel Aviv with the latest on the Israeli and Palestinian hostage-prisoner exchange; Our weather team is tracking the storms putting 90 million Americans under weather alerts as flash flooding and snow sweep the country; Hockey brothers and first-time teammates Brady and Matthew Tkachuk join us as they gear up for the "NHL Four Nations Face Off Tournament;" and more on ABC’s Good Morning America.
—––
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://abcnews.visitlink.me/59aJ1G
Watch 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events on ABC News Live: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0PZCe-kwQ&ab_channel=ABCNews
Watch full episodes of World News Tonight with David Muir here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQOa26lW-uI8ixlVw1NWu_l4Eh8iZW_qN&feature=shared
Read ABC News reports online: http://abcnews.go.com
ABC News Digital is your daily source of breaking national and world news, exclusive interviews and 24/7 live streaming coverage. ABC News is the home to the #1 evening newscast “World News Tonight” with David Muir, “Good Morning America,” “20/20,” “Nightline,” “This Week” with George Stephanopoulos, “ABC News Live Prime” with Linsey Davis, plus the daily news podcast “Start Here.”
—––
Connect with ABC News on social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ABCNews
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcnews
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcnews
X: https://twitter.com/ABC
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcnews
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/abcnews
ABC's Marcus Moore is in Tel Aviv with the latest on the Israeli and Palestinian hostage-prisoner exchange; Our weather team is tracking the storms putting 90 million Americans under weather alerts as flash flooding and snow sweep the country; Hockey brothers and first-time teammates Brady and Matthew Tkachuk join us as they gear up for the "NHL Four Nations Face Off Tournament;" and more on ABC’s Good Morning America.
—––
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://abcnews.visitlink.me/59aJ1G
Watch 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events on ABC News Live: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0PZCe-kwQ&ab_channel=ABCNews
Watch full episodes of World News Tonight with David Muir here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQOa26lW-uI8ixlVw1NWu_l4Eh8iZW_qN&feature=shared
Read ABC News reports online: http://abcnews.go.com
ABC News Digital is your daily source of breaking national and world news, exclusive interviews and 24/7 live streaming coverage. ABC News is the home to the #1 evening newscast “World News Tonight” with David Muir, “Good Morning America,” “20/20,” “Nightline,” “This Week” with George Stephanopoulos, “ABC News Live Prime” with Linsey Davis, plus the daily news podcast “Start Here.”
—––
Connect with ABC News on social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ABCNews
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcnews
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcnews
X: https://twitter.com/ABC
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcnews
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/abcnews
Esperanza National High School TV Broadcasting (English Category). The team bagged the following awards:
DSPC Level
-1st Place
RSPC Level
-Best in Technical A...
Esperanza National High School TV Broadcasting (English Category). The team bagged the following awards:
DSPC Level
-1st Place
RSPC Level
-Best in Technical Application
-Best in Graphics Application
-7th Placer
NSPC level
-Technical member (won 3rd Best in Technical Application)
Don't Forget to Subscribe for tutorials.
Esperanza National High School TV Broadcasting (English Category). The team bagged the following awards:
DSPC Level
-1st Place
RSPC Level
-Best in Technical Application
-Best in Graphics Application
-7th Placer
NSPC level
-Technical member (won 3rd Best in Technical Application)
Don't Forget to Subscribe for tutorials.
Mary Bruce has details on the Trump administration beginning mass layoffs across federal agencies, which is expected to impact thousands of employees, sources t...
Mary Bruce has details on the Trump administration beginning mass layoffs across federal agencies, which is expected to impact thousands of employees, sources told ABC News; Matt Gutman reports on the third major storm to race across the U.S. this week, causing highway pileups and threatening mudslides in parts of California; Tom Soufi Burridge has the latest on the car that slammed into a crowd of protesters in Munich, Germany, injuring at least 30 people – including children; and more on tonight’s broadcast of World News Tonight with David Muir.
00:00 Intro
03:16 Mass layoffs begin at multiple federal agencies
06:57 Cross-country storm triggers highway pileups and the threat of major mudslides
09:27 Powerful storm that slammed the West to bring wintry mix to Northeast by weekend
10:18 Car attack in Munich, Germany injures at least 30, including children
11:57 Senate confirms prominent vaccine skeptic RFK Jr. as health secretary
14:04 Trump: "I trust" Russian Pres. Putin wants peace with Ukraine
15:52 New York's top federal prosecutor resigns after being told to drop NYC Mayor Adams’ case
16:17 U.S. aircraft carrier collides with ship in Mediterranean Sea
2-16:58 Dramatic new images show military jet crash into San Diego Bay
17:11 New study finds some Americans were infected with bird flu without even knowing it
3-17:36 Woman gives birth on NYC subway train with assistance from passengers
17:48 Incredible video shows moment kayaker is swallowed by huge whale
18:12 America Strong: High school referee in Pennsylvania retires after 51 years
ABC World News Tonight with David Muir delivers the news that matters most. Watch to get the latest news stories and headlines from around the world.
Follow ABC World News Tonight on...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcworldnewstonight/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcworldnews
X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/ABCWorldNews
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WorldNewsTonight
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcworldnewstonight
ABC News is your trusted source for breaking news, analysis, exclusive interviews, headlines, and videos: https://abcnews.go.com/
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://bit.ly/2vZb6yP
Watch full episodes on Hulu: http://abcn.ws/3bzvQQn
#WorldNewsTonight #DavidMuir #News #ABCNews
Mary Bruce has details on the Trump administration beginning mass layoffs across federal agencies, which is expected to impact thousands of employees, sources told ABC News; Matt Gutman reports on the third major storm to race across the U.S. this week, causing highway pileups and threatening mudslides in parts of California; Tom Soufi Burridge has the latest on the car that slammed into a crowd of protesters in Munich, Germany, injuring at least 30 people – including children; and more on tonight’s broadcast of World News Tonight with David Muir.
00:00 Intro
03:16 Mass layoffs begin at multiple federal agencies
06:57 Cross-country storm triggers highway pileups and the threat of major mudslides
09:27 Powerful storm that slammed the West to bring wintry mix to Northeast by weekend
10:18 Car attack in Munich, Germany injures at least 30, including children
11:57 Senate confirms prominent vaccine skeptic RFK Jr. as health secretary
14:04 Trump: "I trust" Russian Pres. Putin wants peace with Ukraine
15:52 New York's top federal prosecutor resigns after being told to drop NYC Mayor Adams’ case
16:17 U.S. aircraft carrier collides with ship in Mediterranean Sea
2-16:58 Dramatic new images show military jet crash into San Diego Bay
17:11 New study finds some Americans were infected with bird flu without even knowing it
3-17:36 Woman gives birth on NYC subway train with assistance from passengers
17:48 Incredible video shows moment kayaker is swallowed by huge whale
18:12 America Strong: High school referee in Pennsylvania retires after 51 years
ABC World News Tonight with David Muir delivers the news that matters most. Watch to get the latest news stories and headlines from around the world.
Follow ABC World News Tonight on...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcworldnewstonight/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcworldnews
X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/ABCWorldNews
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WorldNewsTonight
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcworldnewstonight
ABC News is your trusted source for breaking news, analysis, exclusive interviews, headlines, and videos: https://abcnews.go.com/
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://bit.ly/2vZb6yP
Watch full episodes on Hulu: http://abcn.ws/3bzvQQn
#WorldNewsTonight #DavidMuir #News #ABCNews
東華三院一直秉承「救病拯危、安老復康、興學育才、扶幼導青」的使命精神,服務香港市民,也希望各界善長繼續透過《歡樂滿東華》鼎力支持。2024 年籌款晚會於 12 月 7 日舉行,由「阿姐」汪明荃、陳百祥、鄧梓峰等擔綱司儀;雷安娜、區瑞強、曾比特、尹光、譚耀文等星級歌手愛心獻聲;阿姐夥拍羅家英、蓋鳴暉攜手吳美英帶來粵劇演出。眾多善心滿滿的藝人亦特地準備了包括拉巴士、揈水髮、拉丁舞的精彩表演,呼籲觀眾踴躍捐輸。
一個APP睇晒所有TVB節目 ➔ https://bit.ly/4bK0Ady
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Roku ➔ https://bit.ly/4bwS8P5
【緊貼北美TVB最新消息】 官方網站:https://bit.ly/3wJQAlB
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立刻訂閱我們的頻道,並開啟提示功能,馬上得知最新上載內容!
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Amazon Fire TV ➔ https://amzn.to/3yENT5...
Balikan natin ang viral na performance ng mga estudyante sa Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School sa broadcasting piece sa ginanap na PressConference.
Watch the full video of the team's practice days before their actual performance during the National Schools Press Conference held at Lingayen, Pangasinan in 2019.
They are elementary pupils from the Maypangdan Elementary School in Borongan City, Eastern Samar.
Ted Failon featured their story on one of his episodes of the program Failon Ngayon along with the Radio Broadcasting Team from the Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School (ESNCHS) that went viral on facebook reaching almost 12 million views and several hundreds of thousands reactions after 1 year.
Here's the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eK0MX2OpMI&t=1s
Enjoy!
Please support this channel by Subscribing, Commenting and Sharing this video to your friends as we will continue to discover more talented students from different schools.
We will be featuring some local talents and stories as well, so stay tuned. Click the bell icon next to the subscribe button.
Thank you.
- KJM Promotions
ABC's Marcus Moore is in Tel Aviv with the latest on the Israeli and Palestinian hostage-prisoner exchange; Our weather team is tracking the storms putting 90 million Americans under weather alerts as flash flooding and snow sweep the country; Hockey brothers and first-time teammates Brady and Matthew Tkachuk join us as they gear up for the "NHL Four Nations Face Off Tournament;" and more on ABC’s Good Morning America.
—––
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://abcnews.visitlink.me/59aJ1G
Watch 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events on ABC News Live: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0PZCe-kwQ&ab_channel=ABCNews
Watch full episodes of World News Tonight with David Muir here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQOa26lW-uI8ixlVw1NWu_l4Eh8iZW_qN&feature=shared
Read ABC News reports online: http://abcnews.go.com
ABC News Digital is your daily source of breaking national and world news, exclusive interviews and 24/7 live streaming coverage. ABC News is the home to the #1 evening newscast “World News Tonight” with David Muir, “Good Morning America,” “20/20,” “Nightline,” “This Week” with George Stephanopoulos, “ABC News Live Prime” with Linsey Davis, plus the daily news podcast “Start Here.”
—––
Connect with ABC News on social media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ABCNews
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcnews
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcnews
X: https://twitter.com/ABC
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcnews
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/abcnews
Esperanza National High School TV Broadcasting (English Category). The team bagged the following awards:
DSPC Level
-1st Place
RSPC Level
-Best in Technical Application
-Best in Graphics Application
-7th Placer
NSPC level
-Technical member (won 3rd Best in Technical Application)
Don't Forget to Subscribe for tutorials.
Mary Bruce has details on the Trump administration beginning mass layoffs across federal agencies, which is expected to impact thousands of employees, sources told ABC News; Matt Gutman reports on the third major storm to race across the U.S. this week, causing highway pileups and threatening mudslides in parts of California; Tom Soufi Burridge has the latest on the car that slammed into a crowd of protesters in Munich, Germany, injuring at least 30 people – including children; and more on tonight’s broadcast of World News Tonight with David Muir.
00:00 Intro
03:16 Mass layoffs begin at multiple federal agencies
06:57 Cross-country storm triggers highway pileups and the threat of major mudslides
09:27 Powerful storm that slammed the West to bring wintry mix to Northeast by weekend
10:18 Car attack in Munich, Germany injures at least 30, including children
11:57 Senate confirms prominent vaccine skeptic RFK Jr. as health secretary
14:04 Trump: "I trust" Russian Pres. Putin wants peace with Ukraine
15:52 New York's top federal prosecutor resigns after being told to drop NYC Mayor Adams’ case
16:17 U.S. aircraft carrier collides with ship in Mediterranean Sea
2-16:58 Dramatic new images show military jet crash into San Diego Bay
17:11 New study finds some Americans were infected with bird flu without even knowing it
3-17:36 Woman gives birth on NYC subway train with assistance from passengers
17:48 Incredible video shows moment kayaker is swallowed by huge whale
18:12 America Strong: High school referee in Pennsylvania retires after 51 years
ABC World News Tonight with David Muir delivers the news that matters most. Watch to get the latest news stories and headlines from around the world.
Follow ABC World News Tonight on...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/abcworldnewstonight/
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@abcworldnews
X (formerly Twitter): https://twitter.com/ABCWorldNews
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/WorldNewsTonight
Threads: https://www.threads.net/@abcworldnewstonight
ABC News is your trusted source for breaking news, analysis, exclusive interviews, headlines, and videos: https://abcnews.go.com/
Subscribe to ABC News on YouTube: https://bit.ly/2vZb6yP
Watch full episodes on Hulu: http://abcn.ws/3bzvQQn
#WorldNewsTonight #DavidMuir #News #ABCNews
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio broadcasting which came into popular use starting with the invention of the crystal detector in 1906. Before this, all forms of electronic communication, radio, telephone, and telegraph, were "one-to-one", with the message intended for a single recipient. The term "broadcasting", borrowed from the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about, was coined by either KDKA manager Frank Conrad or RCA historian George Clark around 1920 to distinguish this new activity of "one-to-many" communication; a single radio station transmitting to multiple listeners.
Over the air Broadcasting is usually associated with radio and television, though in practice radio and television transmissions take place using both wires and radio waves. The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes a wide range of practices, from relatively private exchanges such as public radio, community radio and commercial radio, public television, and commercial television.