Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
The causes and mechanisms of the fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He started an ongoing historiographical discussion about what caused the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the reduced power of the remaining Eastern Empire, in the 4th–5th centuries. Gibbon was not the first to speculate on why the Empire collapsed, but he was the first to give a well-researched and well-referenced account. Many theories of causality have been explored. In 1984, Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell, and new theories emerged thereafter. Gibbon himself explored ideas of internal decline (the disintegration of political, economic, military, and other social institutions, civil wars) and of attacks from outside the Empire. "From the eighteenth century onward," historian Glen Bowersock wrote, "we have been obsessed with the fall: it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline, and, hence, as a symbol for our own fears."
The Roman Empire (Latin:Imperium Rōmānum; Classical Latin:[ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː]Ancient and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The extended city of Rome was the largest city in the world c.100 BC–c.400 AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was now unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.
The Roman Empire usually refers to the post-republican, autocratic government period of Roman civilization (centered on Rome and its successor capitals on the Italian peninsula) from 27 BC to 395 AD.
Roman Empire may also refer to:
Ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD), the entire period of ancient Roman civilization
Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC), the period of the ancient Roman civilization when its government operated as a republic
The Forgotten Giant Disaster Of The Late Roman Empire.
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published: 03 Nov 2024
What did Late Romans think of Early Romans?
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published: 26 Feb 2024
Late Roman Empire: The Decline of Cities
Rome was an empire of cities and its decline as an empire was accompanied by a decline of its great cities. However, there were new monumental structures being built in old cities and a few cities increased in importance due to imperial largess.
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published: 11 May 2020
Was the late Roman army weak and ineffective? #shorts
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published: 07 Sep 2022
Why the late Romans wanted their Empire to fall!
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published: 25 Jan 2023
How Was Life For Pagans In The Late Roman Empire?
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published: 17 May 2024
What do we even mean when we say "Late Roman Empire"?
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published: 02 Mar 2023
Beyond The Fall Of Rome - The 1000 Year Death Of The Roman Empire
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- The Last Romans -
11:38 - Valentinian
18:05 - Valens
22:32 - Stilicho
28:58 - Constantius III
32:48 - Bonifacius
37:46 - Aetius
45:05 - Majorian
48:54 - Anthemius
54:26 - Ambrosius Aurelianus
57:42 - Julius Nepos
01:01:04 - Syagrius
01:04:20 - Boethius
01:08:33 - Cassiodorus
01:11:22- Belisarius
01:14:34 - Gregory the Great
01:17:27 - Tiberius Petastius
01:19:03 - Constantine VI
01:21:55 - Constantine XI Palaiologos
01:24:04 - David II Komnenos
01:25:34 - Leonardo III Tocco
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published: 20 Oct 2023
History of Roman Empire?
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marki...
published: 16 Nov 2024
Ten Minute History - The Fall of Rome (Short Documentary)
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This episode of Ten Minute History (like a documentary, only shorter) covers the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It deals with the division of the empire by Theodosius I and the rule of his successors Honorius and Arcadius. Honorius' reign saw Britannia leave the empire and the first sack of Rome in about 800 years. The borders of the empire continued to weaken under his successors in the west as the East held on in the face of barbarian groups like the Huns or the Vandals. In the end, ...
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Rome was an empire of cities and its decline as an empire was accompanied by a decline of its great cities. However, there were new monumental structures being ...
Rome was an empire of cities and its decline as an empire was accompanied by a decline of its great cities. However, there were new monumental structures being built in old cities and a few cities increased in importance due to imperial largess.
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Rome was an empire of cities and its decline as an empire was accompanied by a decline of its great cities. However, there were new monumental structures being built in old cities and a few cities increased in importance due to imperial largess.
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These are all excellent books if you are like me, absolutely fascinated by the transition of Rome from late antiquity to the early medieval period.
📚 One of our favorite books about the Fall of the Roman Empire, "The Fall of Rome" by Bryan Ward-Perkins: https://amzn.to/3FXeDNg
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These are all excellent books if you are like me, absolutely fascinated by the transition of Rome from late antiquity to the early medieval period.
📚 One of our favorite books about the Fall of the Roman Empire, "The Fall of Rome" by Bryan Ward-Perkins: https://amzn.to/3FXeDNg
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1. "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages" by Ferdinand Gregorovius https://amzn.to/3yOvjEd
2. "Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308" by Richard Krautheimer https://amzn.to/3yyChgp
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These are all excellent books if you are like me, absolutely fascinated by the transition of Rome from late antiquity to the early medieval period.
📚 One of our favorite books about the Fall of the Roman Empire, "The Fall of Rome" by Bryan Ward-Perkins: https://amzn.to/3FXeDNg
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--- The first 100 people to use code HISTORYTIME at the link below will get 60% off of
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- The Last Romans -
11:38 - Va...
--- The first 100 people to use code HISTORYTIME at the link below will get 60% off of
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- The Last Romans -
11:38 - Valentinian
18:05 - Valens
22:32 - Stilicho
28:58 - Constantius III
32:48 - Bonifacius
37:46 - Aetius
45:05 - Majorian
48:54 - Anthemius
54:26 - Ambrosius Aurelianus
57:42 - Julius Nepos
01:01:04 - Syagrius
01:04:20 - Boethius
01:08:33 - Cassiodorus
01:11:22- Belisarius
01:14:34 - Gregory the Great
01:17:27 - Tiberius Petastius
01:19:03 - Constantine VI
01:21:55 - Constantine XI Palaiologos
01:24:04 - David II Komnenos
01:25:34 - Leonardo III Tocco
— The script for this video was researched and developed by Maiorianus. YouTube's foremost channel for all things Fall of Rome & 5th Century AD. Check out his epic videos here:-
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- The Last Romans -
11:38 - Valentinian
18:05 - Valens
22:32 - Stilicho
28:58 - Constantius III
32:48 - Bonifacius
37:46 - Aetius
45:05 - Majorian
48:54 - Anthemius
54:26 - Ambrosius Aurelianus
57:42 - Julius Nepos
01:01:04 - Syagrius
01:04:20 - Boethius
01:08:33 - Cassiodorus
01:11:22- Belisarius
01:14:34 - Gregory the Great
01:17:27 - Tiberius Petastius
01:19:03 - Constantine VI
01:21:55 - Constantine XI Palaiologos
01:24:04 - David II Komnenos
01:25:34 - Leonardo III Tocco
— The script for this video was researched and developed by Maiorianus. YouTube's foremost channel for all things Fall of Rome & 5th Century AD. Check out his epic videos here:-
@Maiorianus_Sebastian
— History Time is produced by Pete Kelly. Check out his self-titled channel for epic adventures to the world's greatest archaeological sites:-
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I've compiled a reading list of my favourite history books via the Amazon influencer program. If you do choose to purchase any of these incredible sources of information then Amazon will send me a tiny fraction of the earnings (as long as you do it through the link) (this means more and better content in the future) I'll keep adding to and updating the list as time goes on:-
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The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ru...
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor. The vast Roman territories were organized into senatorial provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and imperial provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by legates.[19]
The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit. 'Roman Peace'). Rome reached its greatest territorial extent under Trajan (r. 98–117 AD), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r. 180–192). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 50-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions. The Gallic and Palmyrene empires broke away from the state and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire, which was later reunified under Aurelian (r. 270–275). The civil wars ended with the victory of Diocletian (r. 284–305), who set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West. Constantine the Great (r. 306–337), the first Christian emperor, moved the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium in 330, and renamed it Constantinople. The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453.[f]
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor. The vast Roman territories were organized into senatorial provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and imperial provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by legates.[19]
The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit. 'Roman Peace'). Rome reached its greatest territorial extent under Trajan (r. 98–117 AD), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r. 180–192). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 50-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions. The Gallic and Palmyrene empires broke away from the state and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire, which was later reunified under Aurelian (r. 270–275). The civil wars ended with the victory of Diocletian (r. 284–305), who set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West. Constantine the Great (r. 306–337), the first Christian emperor, moved the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium in 330, and renamed it Constantinople. The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453.[f]
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Special Thanks to the following Patrons for their support on Patreon...
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This episode of Ten Minute History (like a documentary, only shorter) covers the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It deals with the division of the empire by Theodosius I and the rule of his successors Honorius and Arcadius. Honorius' reign saw Britannia leave the empire and the first sack of Rome in about 800 years. The borders of the empire continued to weaken under his successors in the west as the East held on in the face of barbarian groups like the Huns or the Vandals. In the end, the Western Roman Empire would disappear in 476 ushering in a new age of smaller kingdoms in Europe.
Recommended books:
Chris Wickham - The Inheritance of Rome. Phenomenal book which covers the decline of the Roman Empire in the west (and also the East) and details what happened in the aftermath of its fall.
Peter Brown - The World of Late Antiquity. One of the classics surrounding the period. Be aware that it is starting to show its age but frankly there aren't loads of great introductory overview materials like this for the period so it's still very valuable.
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Special Thanks to the following Patrons for their support on Patreon:
Chris Fatta
Joshua
Mitchell Wildoer
Mason Cox
William Foster
Thomas Mitchell
Perry Gagne
Shaun Pullin
Anon
Spencer Smith
Matt M
Rbj
This episode of Ten Minute History (like a documentary, only shorter) covers the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It deals with the division of the empire by Theodosius I and the rule of his successors Honorius and Arcadius. Honorius' reign saw Britannia leave the empire and the first sack of Rome in about 800 years. The borders of the empire continued to weaken under his successors in the west as the East held on in the face of barbarian groups like the Huns or the Vandals. In the end, the Western Roman Empire would disappear in 476 ushering in a new age of smaller kingdoms in Europe.
Recommended books:
Chris Wickham - The Inheritance of Rome. Phenomenal book which covers the decline of the Roman Empire in the west (and also the East) and details what happened in the aftermath of its fall.
Peter Brown - The World of Late Antiquity. One of the classics surrounding the period. Be aware that it is starting to show its age but frankly there aren't loads of great introductory overview materials like this for the period so it's still very valuable.
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Paper on the AD 365 Crete earthquake and tsunami:
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Enter the code "Maiorianus" to get a 20% discount on every purchase. The ideal present for any fan of Rome 😉!
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Rome was an empire of cities and its decline as an empire was accompanied by a decline of its great cities. However, there were new monumental structures being built in old cities and a few cities increased in importance due to imperial largess.
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📚 BEST BOOKS ON ROMAN HISTORY: 📚
1. "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages" by Ferdinand Gregorovius https://amzn.to/3yOvjEd
2. "Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308" by Richard Krautheimer https://amzn.to/3yyChgp
3. "Rome: An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present" by Rabun Taylor https://amzn.to/322ClsZ
These are all excellent books if you are like me, absolutely fascinated by the transition of Rome from late antiquity to the early medieval period.
📚 One of our favorite books about the Fall of the Roman Empire, "The Fall of Rome" by Bryan Ward-Perkins: https://amzn.to/3FXeDNg
The wonderful background music is by Adrian von Ziegler: https://youtu.be/USz9cwVSaqg
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⚔️ SPQR Shop, excellent hand-crafted Roman rings and other items:
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🔗 Share the video with anyone who might be interested (it helps a ton!)
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📚 My favorite novel about the late Roman Empire, "Julian" by Gore Vidal: https://amzn.to/3mZwOdJ
📚 BEST BOOKS ON ROMAN HISTORY: 📚
1. "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages" by Ferdinand Gregorovius https://amzn.to/3yOvjEd
2. "Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308" by Richard Krautheimer https://amzn.to/3yyChgp
3. "Rome: An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present" by Rabun Taylor https://amzn.to/322ClsZ
These are all excellent books if you are like me, absolutely fascinated by the transition of Rome from late antiquity to the early medieval period.
📚 One of our favorite books about the Fall of the Roman Empire, "The Fall of Rome" by Bryan Ward-Perkins: https://amzn.to/3FXeDNg
The wonderful background music is by Adrian von Ziegler: https://youtu.be/USz9cwVSaqg
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- The Last Romans -
11:38 - Valentinian
18:05 - Valens
22:32 - Stilicho
28:58 - Constantius III
32:48 - Bonifacius
37:46 - Aetius
45:05 - Majorian
48:54 - Anthemius
54:26 - Ambrosius Aurelianus
57:42 - Julius Nepos
01:01:04 - Syagrius
01:04:20 - Boethius
01:08:33 - Cassiodorus
01:11:22- Belisarius
01:14:34 - Gregory the Great
01:17:27 - Tiberius Petastius
01:19:03 - Constantine VI
01:21:55 - Constantine XI Palaiologos
01:24:04 - David II Komnenos
01:25:34 - Leonardo III Tocco
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The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
By 100 BC, Rome had expanded its rule to most of the Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilized by civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power (imperium) and the new title of Augustus, marking his accession as the first Roman emperor. The vast Roman territories were organized into senatorial provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and imperial provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by legates.[19]
The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit. 'Roman Peace'). Rome reached its greatest territorial extent under Trajan (r. 98–117 AD), but a period of increasing trouble and decline began under Commodus (r. 180–192). In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a 50-year crisis that threatened its existence due to civil war, plagues and barbarian invasions. The Gallic and Palmyrene empires broke away from the state and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire, which was later reunified under Aurelian (r. 270–275). The civil wars ended with the victory of Diocletian (r. 284–305), who set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West. Constantine the Great (r. 306–337), the first Christian emperor, moved the imperial seat from Rome to Byzantium in 330, and renamed it Constantinople. The Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in 476 by Odoacer, the Western Empire finally collapsed. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium with Constantinople as its sole capital, until the city's fall in 1453.[f]
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This episode of Ten Minute History (like a documentary, only shorter) covers the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. It deals with the division of the empire by Theodosius I and the rule of his successors Honorius and Arcadius. Honorius' reign saw Britannia leave the empire and the first sack of Rome in about 800 years. The borders of the empire continued to weaken under his successors in the west as the East held on in the face of barbarian groups like the Huns or the Vandals. In the end, the Western Roman Empire would disappear in 476 ushering in a new age of smaller kingdoms in Europe.
Recommended books:
Chris Wickham - The Inheritance of Rome. Phenomenal book which covers the decline of the Roman Empire in the west (and also the East) and details what happened in the aftermath of its fall.
Peter Brown - The World of Late Antiquity. One of the classics surrounding the period. Be aware that it is starting to show its age but frankly there aren't loads of great introductory overview materials like this for the period so it's still very valuable.
Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
The causes and mechanisms of the fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He started an ongoing historiographical discussion about what caused the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, and the reduced power of the remaining Eastern Empire, in the 4th–5th centuries. Gibbon was not the first to speculate on why the Empire collapsed, but he was the first to give a well-researched and well-referenced account. Many theories of causality have been explored. In 1984, Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell, and new theories emerged thereafter. Gibbon himself explored ideas of internal decline (the disintegration of political, economic, military, and other social institutions, civil wars) and of attacks from outside the Empire. "From the eighteenth century onward," historian Glen Bowersock wrote, "we have been obsessed with the fall: it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline, and, hence, as a symbol for our own fears."
[SixXx] When the clock strikes 6 we strike and strike quick Let me hear it loud say it I'd die for my clique [Hystwise] This ya' boy right here Hystwizzle Yo' what's the chance of you survivin' once spits dampen ya' eyelids Damage ya' iris rupture glands ya' plannin' to cry with Trample your squadron leave ample time to respond with Calmly I vomit the sickest quotes the god in the makin' What? Precision what? fathom my gimmick this tiny voice is monstrous It pass as a concious inside a walkman Rivals often testin' Hyst push VI aside Spits hittin' high bitch who's quick to die Fist to ya' stomach I'll have guys spittin' they lunches Anyone who rap rhyme or spit can get they Tampons Ripped bronzed and reinserted among the emergin' forces bitch You can't fuck around with Culture VI [R.E.U.] Ayo' the patterns have shifted the techtonic plates have reversed And now they floatin off the face of the earth You have been given the curse of the one embracin' me first Muscle strands emerge resemblin' masonry work Basically you catch the Madagascar hissing cockroach injection Speach ceases when you notice you can't stop the throat infection deadin' ya' parts barge in a stadium with a jar of Urianium Shrapnell's caught in ya cranium I guess you got alot on your mind So I'm a just AHHH! nigga Culture! stop and rewind When I'm slayin' rappers cuz only science display the factors Cuz I write raps so that they rhyme when you play 'em backwards What? you can't fuck around with Culture VI [Brolik] Dehydrated but I'm still spittin' B J the black Jesus fly description I flow sick you can't You can't find a prescription it's unfortune Caught my first body killed my own seed abortion H2O on any track scorchin' Gimme an el a couple of minutes to get my thoughts in Strugglin' with alcoholism I can't control it Drinkin' like 28 Days Sandra Bollick Gangster but I still can admit when I'm afraid Watch me ride a beat like a surfer ride a wave Oh man body lookin' like Conan Plus I'm a dread like I'm part of Dave Mathews band I'm still young half of 46 Still wanna come Brolik and Culture VI Oh I ain't nice yeah right ya' gotta get ya' ears fixed You can't fuck around with Culture VI [Juganot] Juganot with bare hands disassemblin' brick walls my clique Depicts spear chuckin' Spics with crossbows And big balls goin' to war with bare toes And ripped clothes eliminating enemy tri folds Forget it don't try to set it you'll regret it Commentators never seen a K O so poetic You'll be needin' some local anesthetic cuz your pathetic Beggin' for a medic with a double doctrines and prosthetics No wins all you got is 20 pounds worth of screws and pins Connectin' mechanical limbs verbal whirlwinds Make heads spin then I rip skeletal frames and veins What remains is loose skin Rap prodigy lyrical anomoly The majority of emcees get dizzy tryin' to follow me Complex down to the cerebral cortex