Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron. It began far back in prehistory. The earliest surviving iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, were made from meteoriticiron-nickel. It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the 2nd millennium BC iron was being produced from iron ores from China to Africa south of the Sahara. The use of wrought iron (worked iron) was known by the 1st millennium BC. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel.
Steel (with a carbon content between pig iron and wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity as an alloy. Its process of production, Wootz, was exported before the 4th century BC to ancient China, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Archaeological evidence of cast iron appears in 5th century BC China. New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century. During the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, that involved blowing air through molten pig iron to burn off carbon, and so to produce mild steel. This and other 19th-century and later processes have displaced the use of wrought iron. Today, wrought iron is no longer produced.
During his tour, he was briefed on a range of state-of-the-art products and advanced equipment used in the steel and iron industry ... He also commended Expo Centre Sharjah’s capability of drawing new global exhibitors in the steel and iron industry.
</p><p>Recognised as a key hub for the steel and iron industry in the Middle East and Africa as well as a preferred destination for specialised heavy industries, the zone accommodates over ...
LKAB is an international group that sells sustainable iron ore, minerals and special products and leading the green transformation of the iron and steel industry by developing carbon-free processes and products like sponge iron.
To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
... industries ... To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
... with stone and “Industry & Earth” as the theme ... The second design has a brick base with a stone name plate as well as a cross-iron sculpture symbolizing “Industry & Earth”.
The risks of wrestling have been captured on the big screen by movies such as The Wrestler (2008) and, most recently, IronClaw (2024) ... These articles tackle the challenges of the arts and heritage industry – and celebrate the wins, too.
The factory, which is currently under construction, is expected to apply to the Ministry of Industry and Technology (Ministry of Industry and Trade) for a licence to produce rebar and operate in the iron and steel sector in the first half of 2025.
During the tour, the chairman met several exhibitors and representatives of local and international companies and pavilions, and was briefed on a range of cutting-edge products and advanced equipment used in the steel and iron industry.
In particular, the United States became the main consumer of Ukrainian pig iron, mainly due to the resumption of maritime logistics for Ukrainian cargoes of the steel and mining industry.
To build The Belt and Road \"iron and steel industry business cooperation platform, Lange steel network organized a series of international busin.....TUBE, WIRE, METAL AND WELDING ..
The original Daniel Pratt Gin Company, mill pond, dam, and industrial village spurred development across Alabama in the mid-1800s in industry, banking, railroads, production of iron and coal, education, and the arts.".
