Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law first introduced the legislation as a Bill in November 1922. The Act's purpose was to deal with a range of consequences arising from the impending creation of the Irish Free State. The Act also had to make provisions for Northern Ireland which would be appropriate depending on whether (i) Northern Ireland decided to remain part of the new Free State after its establishment or (ii) chose to opt back into the United Kingdom (as was widely anticipated). In regard to Northern Ireland, The Times recalled that there was "no doubt" that Northern Ireland would opt to rejoin the United Kingdom. The Act amended the Government of Ireland Act 1920 in certain respects.
Slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies. Organized political and social movements to end slavery began in the mid-18th century. The sentiments of the American Revolution and the equality evoked by the Declaration of Independence rallied many black Americans toward the revolutionary cause and their own hopes of emancipation. Others joined the British army, encouraged by British promises of freedom in exchange for military service. Free black men also fought in the Revolution on both sides (see Black Patriot and Black Loyalist).
Free state is a term occasionally used in the official titles of some states.
In principle the title asserts and emphasises the freedom of the state in question, but what this actually means varies greatly in different contexts:
Sometimes it asserts sovereignty or independence (and with that, lack of foreign domination).
Sometimes it asserts autonomy within a larger nation-state.
Sometimes it is used as a synonym for republic but not all "free states" have been republics. While the historical German free states and the Orange Free State were republican in form, the Congo and Irish Free States were governed under forms of monarchy. The republican sense derives from libera res publica (literally, "free state")', a term used by Roman historians for the period of the Roman republic.
Overview
Republican England
English Parliament, in the act forming the Commonwealth of England of 1649 to 1660, declared that "England is confirmed to be a Commonwealth and Free State and shall from henceforth be Governed as a Commonwealth and Free State." The Commonwealth had a republican constitution.
GAUMONT GRAPHIC NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
Full Description:
SLATE INFORMATION: Dublin City Hall Taken over by Civilian Guards
IRELAND: Dublin: City Hall:
EXT
SV corner of City Hall. Flags exchanged in the presence of Alderman Cosgrave representing the corporation.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, architecture
LS, SV three men in civilians dress raising flag.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, nationalism
LS three military officers stand at foot of steps, men in civilian dress standing behind them, the officers move off.
Home Rule, Irish i...
published: 20 Oct 2020
Operation Downfall | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio article...
GAUMONT GRAPHIC NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
I...
GAUMONT GRAPHIC NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
Full Description:
SLATE INFORMATION: Dublin City Hall Taken over by Civilian Guards
IRELAND: Dublin: City Hall:
EXT
SV corner of City Hall. Flags exchanged in the presence of Alderman Cosgrave representing the corporation.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, architecture
LS, SV three men in civilians dress raising flag.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, nationalism
LS three military officers stand at foot of steps, men in civilian dress standing behind them, the officers move off.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
SV, MV Alderman Cosgrave standing with military officer.
William Thomas Cosgrave, Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
Background: Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
FILM ID: VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Archive: Reuters
Archive managed by: British Pathé
GAUMONT GRAPHIC NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
Full Description:
SLATE INFORMATION: Dublin City Hall Taken over by Civilian Guards
IRELAND: Dublin: City Hall:
EXT
SV corner of City Hall. Flags exchanged in the presence of Alderman Cosgrave representing the corporation.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, architecture
LS, SV three men in civilians dress raising flag.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, nationalism
LS three military officers stand at foot of steps, men in civilian dress standing behind them, the officers move off.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
SV, MV Alderman Cosgrave standing with military officer.
William Thomas Cosgrave, Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
Background: Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
FILM ID: VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Archive: Reuters
Archive managed by: British Pathé
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written languag...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.
GAUMONT GRAPHIC NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
Full Description:
SLATE INFORMATION: Dublin City Hall Taken over by Civilian Guards
IRELAND: Dublin: City Hall:
EXT
SV corner of City Hall. Flags exchanged in the presence of Alderman Cosgrave representing the corporation.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, architecture
LS, SV three men in civilians dress raising flag.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, nationalism
LS three military officers stand at foot of steps, men in civilian dress standing behind them, the officers move off.
Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
SV, MV Alderman Cosgrave standing with military officer.
William Thomas Cosgrave, Home Rule, Irish independence, The Troubles, Dail Eireann, British Army, Unionists
Background: Irish civilians exchange the Union Jack for the new flag of the Irish Free State
FILM ID: VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA8QFEGO2M090JQ7F451DA0NMSH-IRISH-FREE-STATE-ESTABLISHED
Archive: Reuters
Archive managed by: British Pathé
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.