-
Electrochemical Gradient
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a membrane the potential change creates a hidden force that isn't always apparent.
PhET Simulation with membrane channels - https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/membrane-channels
ASU Nernst Goldman Simulator - http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Basis_of_Membra...
published: 16 Jan 2017
-
Electrochemical Gradient
The cell membrane functions as a barrier. Keeping some molecules and ions trapped within a cell while keeping others out. One feature of this division of resources inside and outside of the cell is the maintenance of an electrochemical gradient.
Ions that are critical for cell function including sodium and potassium are unable to diffuse across the membrane relying instead on movement by channels and transporters. Under normal conditions there is generally more sodium on the outside of a cell than inside. This creates a chemical or concentration gradient where sodium would flow across the cell membrane from outside to inside if it were given a path. Conversely, there is a lower concentration of potassium outside of the cell and more potassium inside. So its chemical gradient is in opposit...
published: 17 Aug 2020
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1.1 Cellular: Electrochemical Gradients
Next video: https://youtu.be/_fa9OGxWMUo
Creation of electrochemical gradients in cells
Resting membrane potential
Nernst Equation
Transport of substances
published: 01 Jun 2015
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Electrochemical gradients and secondary active transport | Khan Academy
Electrochemical gradient as a combination of chemical gradient (concentration gradient) and electrostatic potential; how a cell can use a molecule's electrochemical gradient to power secondary active transport in a symporter.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/uniporters-symporters-and-antiporters?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/sodium-potassium-pump-video?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Biology on Khan Academy: Life is beautiful! From atoms to cells, from genes to proteins, from populations to ecosystems, biology is the study of the fascinating and intricate sys...
published: 03 Aug 2015
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What is an Electrochemical Gradient? | Bio | Video Textbooks - Preview
Watch the full video at https://www.jove.com/v/10699?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
Explore our full biology video textbook at https://www.jove.com/science-education/jovecore?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
JoVE is the world-leading producer and provider of science videos with a mission to accelerate scientific research and education. Millions of scientists, educators and students across 1500+ High Schools, colleges and universities worldwide use JoVE’s library of 17,000+ videos for teaching, learning and research.
JoVE High Schools offers expert-created video textbooks, lab videos, science experiment videos, interactive assessments, and seamless integration into school systems. Th...
published: 24 Jul 2023
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Membrane Potential, Equilibrium Potential and Resting Potential, Animation
(USMLE topics) Understanding basics of ion movement and membrane voltage, equilibrium potential and resting potential.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked version of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Check out our new Alila Academy - AlilaAcademy(dot)com - complete video courses with quizzes, PDFs, and downloadable images.
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Membrane potential, or membrane voltage, refers to the DIFFERENCE of electric charges across a cell m...
published: 23 Apr 2018
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Physiology Fundamentals: Electrochemical Gradient
Clinical Cousins review the Electrochemical Gradient in their effective and concise "Minute to Master" series.
published: 13 Aug 2021
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Concentration Gradients VS Electrochemical Gradients | With Examples
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published: 25 Jan 2021
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Electrochemical Gradient
Donate here: http://www.aklectures.com/donate.php
Website video link: http://www.aklectures.com/lecture/electrochemical-gradient
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published: 30 Jul 2014
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Action Potential in the Neuron
This animation demonstrates the behavior of a typical neuron at its resting membrane potential, and when it reaches an action potential and fires, transmitting an electrochemical signal along the axon. It shows how the various components work in concert: Dendrites, cell body, axon, sodium and potassium ions, voltage-gated ion channels, the sodium-potassium pump, and myelin sheaths. It also shows the stages of an action potential: Polarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization.
The animation was co-developed by Harvard Extension School's Office of Digital Teaching and Learning, and instructors for the courses in neurobiology and human anatomy.
Learn more about Harvard Extension School: https://www.extension.harvard.edu/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ext_action-po...
published: 26 Mar 2018
5:56
Electrochemical Gradient
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a m...
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a membrane the potential change creates a hidden force that isn't always apparent.
PhET Simulation with membrane channels - https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/membrane-channels
ASU Nernst Goldman Simulator - http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sali%C3%A8re.svg
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_animal.jpg
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sali%C3%A8re.svg
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_animal.jpg
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg
https://wn.com/Electrochemical_Gradient
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the electrochemical gradient is a combination of the chemical and electrical gradient of ions. As ions move across a membrane the potential change creates a hidden force that isn't always apparent.
PhET Simulation with membrane channels - https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/membrane-channels
ASU Nernst Goldman Simulator - http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: http://www.freesound.org/people/CosmicD/sounds/72556/
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sali%C3%A8re.svg
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_animal.jpg
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg
Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png (2673×1876). (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Basis_of_Membrane_Potential.png
File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png - Wikimedia Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potassium-chloride-3D-ionic.png
GIBERT, J. P. (2016). Français : SalièreEnglish: Salt shakerDeutsch: SalzstreuerEspañol: SaleroItaliano: SalierePortuguês: SaleiroΕλληνικά: Αλατιέρα. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sali%C3%A8re.svg
Häggström, B. W. using this image in external sources it can be cited as:Blausen com staff “Blausen gallery 2014” W. J. of M. D. 15347/wjm/2014 010 I. 20018762 D. by M. (2014). English: The sodium-potassium pump and related diffusion of sodium and potassium between the extracellular and intracellular space. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png
Navarre, Z. I. of. (2016). English: A 3D rendering of an animal cell cut in half. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_animal.jpg
Somepics. (2015). English: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoid membrane of plant cells. I redrew and formatted it for a better quality SVG file. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg
The Nernst/Goldman Equation Simulator. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2016, from http://www.nernstgoldman.physiology.arizona.edu/
Villarreal, L. M. R. (2007). English: Example of primary active transport, where energy from hydrolysis of ATP is directly coupled to the movement of a specific substance across a membrane independent of any other species. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg
- published: 16 Jan 2017
- views: 186200
1:51
Electrochemical Gradient
The cell membrane functions as a barrier. Keeping some molecules and ions trapped within a cell while keeping others out. One feature of this division of resour...
The cell membrane functions as a barrier. Keeping some molecules and ions trapped within a cell while keeping others out. One feature of this division of resources inside and outside of the cell is the maintenance of an electrochemical gradient.
Ions that are critical for cell function including sodium and potassium are unable to diffuse across the membrane relying instead on movement by channels and transporters. Under normal conditions there is generally more sodium on the outside of a cell than inside. This creates a chemical or concentration gradient where sodium would flow across the cell membrane from outside to inside if it were given a path. Conversely, there is a lower concentration of potassium outside of the cell and more potassium inside. So its chemical gradient is in opposition to sodium's gradient.
However, ion concentration is not the only factor creating a gradient across the cell membrane. The separation of ions and molecules with positive and negative charges also means that there is an electrical gradient present. The prevalence of positively charged sodium ions outside of the cell and the abundance of negative charged proteins inside are two major factors that contribute to the overall difference in charge across the membrane.
Active transport uses energy to maintain the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane with specialized membrane proteins moving ions against their electrochemical gradients. Under specific conditions however, the ions are allowed to move with their gradients. Generating energy for processes like glucose transport and providing a means for specialized cells such as cardiac, muscle and neurons to generate electrical impulses.
https://wn.com/Electrochemical_Gradient
The cell membrane functions as a barrier. Keeping some molecules and ions trapped within a cell while keeping others out. One feature of this division of resources inside and outside of the cell is the maintenance of an electrochemical gradient.
Ions that are critical for cell function including sodium and potassium are unable to diffuse across the membrane relying instead on movement by channels and transporters. Under normal conditions there is generally more sodium on the outside of a cell than inside. This creates a chemical or concentration gradient where sodium would flow across the cell membrane from outside to inside if it were given a path. Conversely, there is a lower concentration of potassium outside of the cell and more potassium inside. So its chemical gradient is in opposition to sodium's gradient.
However, ion concentration is not the only factor creating a gradient across the cell membrane. The separation of ions and molecules with positive and negative charges also means that there is an electrical gradient present. The prevalence of positively charged sodium ions outside of the cell and the abundance of negative charged proteins inside are two major factors that contribute to the overall difference in charge across the membrane.
Active transport uses energy to maintain the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane with specialized membrane proteins moving ions against their electrochemical gradients. Under specific conditions however, the ions are allowed to move with their gradients. Generating energy for processes like glucose transport and providing a means for specialized cells such as cardiac, muscle and neurons to generate electrical impulses.
- published: 17 Aug 2020
- views: 32397
9:40
1.1 Cellular: Electrochemical Gradients
Next video: https://youtu.be/_fa9OGxWMUo
Creation of electrochemical gradients in cells
Resting membrane potential
Nernst Equation
Transport of substances
Next video: https://youtu.be/_fa9OGxWMUo
Creation of electrochemical gradients in cells
Resting membrane potential
Nernst Equation
Transport of substances
https://wn.com/1.1_Cellular_Electrochemical_Gradients
Next video: https://youtu.be/_fa9OGxWMUo
Creation of electrochemical gradients in cells
Resting membrane potential
Nernst Equation
Transport of substances
- published: 01 Jun 2015
- views: 97187
5:16
Electrochemical gradients and secondary active transport | Khan Academy
Electrochemical gradient as a combination of chemical gradient (concentration gradient) and electrostatic potential; how a cell can use a molecule's electrochem...
Electrochemical gradient as a combination of chemical gradient (concentration gradient) and electrostatic potential; how a cell can use a molecule's electrochemical gradient to power secondary active transport in a symporter.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/uniporters-symporters-and-antiporters?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/sodium-potassium-pump-video?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Biology on Khan Academy: Life is beautiful! From atoms to cells, from genes to proteins, from populations to ecosystems, biology is the study of the fascinating and intricate systems that make life possible. Dive in to learn more about the many branches of biology and why they are exciting and important. Covers topics seen in a high school or first-year college biology course.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy's Biology channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC82qE46vcTn7lP4tK_RHhdg?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
https://wn.com/Electrochemical_Gradients_And_Secondary_Active_Transport_|_Khan_Academy
Electrochemical gradient as a combination of chemical gradient (concentration gradient) and electrostatic potential; how a cell can use a molecule's electrochemical gradient to power secondary active transport in a symporter.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/uniporters-symporters-and-antiporters?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/v/sodium-potassium-pump-video?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=biology
Biology on Khan Academy: Life is beautiful! From atoms to cells, from genes to proteins, from populations to ecosystems, biology is the study of the fascinating and intricate systems that make life possible. Dive in to learn more about the many branches of biology and why they are exciting and important. Covers topics seen in a high school or first-year college biology course.
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy's Biology channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC82qE46vcTn7lP4tK_RHhdg?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
- published: 03 Aug 2015
- views: 217834
0:23
What is an Electrochemical Gradient? | Bio | Video Textbooks - Preview
Watch the full video at https://www.jove.com/v/10699?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
Explore our full biolo...
Watch the full video at https://www.jove.com/v/10699?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
Explore our full biology video textbook at https://www.jove.com/science-education/jovecore?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
JoVE is the world-leading producer and provider of science videos with a mission to accelerate scientific research and education. Millions of scientists, educators and students across 1500+ High Schools, colleges and universities worldwide use JoVE’s library of 17,000+ videos for teaching, learning and research.
JoVE High Schools offers expert-created video textbooks, lab videos, science experiment videos, interactive assessments, and seamless integration into school systems. These comprehensive learning resources help educators tackle teaching challenges, engage students, and meet curriculum requirements, enhancing the high school learning experience.
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The electrochemical gradient is the combination of both concentration and electrical gradients across a membrane.
In a cell, the plasma membrane functions as a barrier, keeping selective molecules and ions trapped inside while keeping others out.
This means that ions that are critical for cell function, such as sodium and potassium, cannot freely diffuse across the membrane.
https://wn.com/What_Is_An_Electrochemical_Gradient_|_Bio_|_Video_Textbooks_Preview
Watch the full video at https://www.jove.com/v/10699?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
Explore our full biology video textbook at https://www.jove.com/science-education/jovecore?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social_highschools&utm_campaign=highschools_youtube
JoVE is the world-leading producer and provider of science videos with a mission to accelerate scientific research and education. Millions of scientists, educators and students across 1500+ High Schools, colleges and universities worldwide use JoVE’s library of 17,000+ videos for teaching, learning and research.
JoVE High Schools offers expert-created video textbooks, lab videos, science experiment videos, interactive assessments, and seamless integration into school systems. These comprehensive learning resources help educators tackle teaching challenges, engage students, and meet curriculum requirements, enhancing the high school learning experience.
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The electrochemical gradient is the combination of both concentration and electrical gradients across a membrane.
In a cell, the plasma membrane functions as a barrier, keeping selective molecules and ions trapped inside while keeping others out.
This means that ions that are critical for cell function, such as sodium and potassium, cannot freely diffuse across the membrane.
- published: 24 Jul 2023
- views: 1410
4:15
Membrane Potential, Equilibrium Potential and Resting Potential, Animation
(USMLE topics) Understanding basics of ion movement and membrane voltage, equilibrium potential and resting potential.
Purchase a license to download a non-wa...
(USMLE topics) Understanding basics of ion movement and membrane voltage, equilibrium potential and resting potential.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked version of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Check out our new Alila Academy - AlilaAcademy(dot)com - complete video courses with quizzes, PDFs, and downloadable images.
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by: Ashley Fleming
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Membrane potential, or membrane voltage, refers to the DIFFERENCE of electric charges across a cell membrane. Most cells have a NEGATIVE transmembrane potential. Because membrane potential is defined RELATIVE to the exterior of the cell, the negative sign means the cell has MORE negative charges on the INSIDE.
There are 2 basic rules governing the movement of ions:
- they move from HIGHER to LOWER concentration, just like any other molecules;
- being CHARGE-bearing particles, ions also move AWAY from LIKE charges, and TOWARD OPPOSITE charges.
In the case of the cell membrane, there is a THIRD factor that controls ion movement: the PERMEABILITY of the membrane to different ions. Permeability is achieved by OPENING or CLOSING passageways for specific ions, called ION CHANNELS. Permeability can change when the cell adopts a DIFFERENT physiological state.
Consider this example: 2 solutions of different concentrations of sodium chloride are separated by a membrane. If the membrane is EQUALLY permeable to BOTH sodium and chloride, both ions will diffuse from higher to lower concentration and the 2 solutions will eventually have the same concentration. Note that the electric charges remain the same on both sides and membrane potential is zero.
Now let’s assume that the membrane is permeable ONLY to the positively-charged sodium ions, letting them flow down the concentration gradient, while BLOCKING the negatively-charged chloride ions from crossing to the other side. This would result in one solution becoming INCREASINGLY positive and the other INCREASINGLY negative. Since opposite charges attract and like charges repel, positive sodium ions are now under influence of TWO forces: DIFFUSION force drives them in one direction, while ELECTROSTATIC force drives them in the OPPOSITE direction. The equilibrium is reached when these 2 forces COMPLETELY counteract, at which point the NET movement of sodium is ZERO. Note that there is NOW a DIFFERENCE of electric charge across the membrane; there is ALSO a CONCENTRATION gradient of sodium. The two gradients are driving sodium in OPPOSITE directions with the EXACT SAME force. The voltage established at this point is called the EQUILIBRIUM potential for sodium. It’s the voltage required to MAINTAIN this particular concentration gradient and can be calculated as a function thereof.
A typical RESTING neuron maintains UNequal distributions of different ions across the cell membrane. These gradients are used to calculate their equilibrium potentials. The positive and negative signs represent the DIRECTION of membrane potential. Because sodium gradient is directed INTO the cell, its equilibrium potential must be POSITIVE to drive sodium OUT. Potassium has the REVERSE concentration gradient, hence NEGATIVE equilibrium potential. Chloride has the same INWARD concentration direction as sodium, but because it’s a negative charge, it requires a NEGATIVE environment inside the cell to push it OUT.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70mV. Notice that ONLY chloride has the equilibrium potential near this value. This means chloride is IN equilibrium in resting neurons, while sodium and potassium are NOT. This is because there is an ACTIVE transport to keep sodium and potassium OUT of equilibrium. This is carried out by the sodium-potassium PUMP which constantly brings potassium IN and pumps sodium OUT of the cell. The resulting resting potential, while costly to maintain, is essential to generation of action potentials when the cell is stimulated.
https://wn.com/Membrane_Potential,_Equilibrium_Potential_And_Resting_Potential,_Animation
(USMLE topics) Understanding basics of ion movement and membrane voltage, equilibrium potential and resting potential.
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Membrane potential, or membrane voltage, refers to the DIFFERENCE of electric charges across a cell membrane. Most cells have a NEGATIVE transmembrane potential. Because membrane potential is defined RELATIVE to the exterior of the cell, the negative sign means the cell has MORE negative charges on the INSIDE.
There are 2 basic rules governing the movement of ions:
- they move from HIGHER to LOWER concentration, just like any other molecules;
- being CHARGE-bearing particles, ions also move AWAY from LIKE charges, and TOWARD OPPOSITE charges.
In the case of the cell membrane, there is a THIRD factor that controls ion movement: the PERMEABILITY of the membrane to different ions. Permeability is achieved by OPENING or CLOSING passageways for specific ions, called ION CHANNELS. Permeability can change when the cell adopts a DIFFERENT physiological state.
Consider this example: 2 solutions of different concentrations of sodium chloride are separated by a membrane. If the membrane is EQUALLY permeable to BOTH sodium and chloride, both ions will diffuse from higher to lower concentration and the 2 solutions will eventually have the same concentration. Note that the electric charges remain the same on both sides and membrane potential is zero.
Now let’s assume that the membrane is permeable ONLY to the positively-charged sodium ions, letting them flow down the concentration gradient, while BLOCKING the negatively-charged chloride ions from crossing to the other side. This would result in one solution becoming INCREASINGLY positive and the other INCREASINGLY negative. Since opposite charges attract and like charges repel, positive sodium ions are now under influence of TWO forces: DIFFUSION force drives them in one direction, while ELECTROSTATIC force drives them in the OPPOSITE direction. The equilibrium is reached when these 2 forces COMPLETELY counteract, at which point the NET movement of sodium is ZERO. Note that there is NOW a DIFFERENCE of electric charge across the membrane; there is ALSO a CONCENTRATION gradient of sodium. The two gradients are driving sodium in OPPOSITE directions with the EXACT SAME force. The voltage established at this point is called the EQUILIBRIUM potential for sodium. It’s the voltage required to MAINTAIN this particular concentration gradient and can be calculated as a function thereof.
A typical RESTING neuron maintains UNequal distributions of different ions across the cell membrane. These gradients are used to calculate their equilibrium potentials. The positive and negative signs represent the DIRECTION of membrane potential. Because sodium gradient is directed INTO the cell, its equilibrium potential must be POSITIVE to drive sodium OUT. Potassium has the REVERSE concentration gradient, hence NEGATIVE equilibrium potential. Chloride has the same INWARD concentration direction as sodium, but because it’s a negative charge, it requires a NEGATIVE environment inside the cell to push it OUT.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70mV. Notice that ONLY chloride has the equilibrium potential near this value. This means chloride is IN equilibrium in resting neurons, while sodium and potassium are NOT. This is because there is an ACTIVE transport to keep sodium and potassium OUT of equilibrium. This is carried out by the sodium-potassium PUMP which constantly brings potassium IN and pumps sodium OUT of the cell. The resulting resting potential, while costly to maintain, is essential to generation of action potentials when the cell is stimulated.
- published: 23 Apr 2018
- views: 779821
1:37
Physiology Fundamentals: Electrochemical Gradient
Clinical Cousins review the Electrochemical Gradient in their effective and concise "Minute to Master" series.
Clinical Cousins review the Electrochemical Gradient in their effective and concise "Minute to Master" series.
https://wn.com/Physiology_Fundamentals_Electrochemical_Gradient
Clinical Cousins review the Electrochemical Gradient in their effective and concise "Minute to Master" series.
- published: 13 Aug 2021
- views: 137
1:59
Concentration Gradients VS Electrochemical Gradients | With Examples
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---TRANSCRIPT---
Thanks for stopping by, this is 2 Minute Classroom and today we are talking about concentration gradients vs electrochemical gradients. We’ll cover what they are and why they are so important to complete with examples.
A gradient in this context is a force caused by an imbalance of particles or compounds across a membrane. Easy right? It sounds complicated but just think of it like a dam.
We have a high concentration of water on one side of the dam and a low concentration of water on the other side. This high concentration of water causes a gradient force that can push turbines to generate electricity as the water flows through the dam.
In biology, the membranes are like the dam, keeping particles separated. In a concentration gradient, we are just separating particles or compounds such as water or glucose.
One general example of this is diffusion. Small uncharged particles flow across a cellular membrane to make sure both sides are balanced.
An electrochemical gradient is just a concentration gradient with charged particles. This adds a separation of charges across a membrane, making the gradient force stronger.
A common example of electrochemical gradients is the separation of hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain. This gradient is used to power the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes nearly all of our ATP.
Another classic example is the separation of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This separation of oppositely charged ions allows neurons to send signals throughout our body without which we could not function.
If you have a test coming up check out my test prep playlist. It will give you the tips you need to hit your goals. Speaking of goals I have a video goal-setting video just for students like you.
Thanks for watching and I’ll catch you next time.
https://wn.com/Concentration_Gradients_Vs_Electrochemical_Gradients_|_With_Examples
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---RECOMMENDED STUDY GUIDES---
Genetics: https://amzn.to/2BzK1S2
Biology I: https://amzn.to/2SasaIl
Biology II: https://amzn.to/2EKKGEv
Biology terminology: https://amzn.to/2BBHuXo
---VIDEOS AND PLAYLISTS---
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells: https://bit.ly/2QDqkOY
Plant cell vs Animal cell: https://bit.ly/2M10y6j
Smooth ER: https://bit.ly/2FpvYD4
Images adapted from Wikipedia and OpenStax Biology
DISCLAIMER: This video and description contain affiliate links, which means that if you click on some of the product links, I’ll receive a small commission. This helps support the channel and allows us to continue to make videos like this. Thank you for your support!
---TRANSCRIPT---
Thanks for stopping by, this is 2 Minute Classroom and today we are talking about concentration gradients vs electrochemical gradients. We’ll cover what they are and why they are so important to complete with examples.
A gradient in this context is a force caused by an imbalance of particles or compounds across a membrane. Easy right? It sounds complicated but just think of it like a dam.
We have a high concentration of water on one side of the dam and a low concentration of water on the other side. This high concentration of water causes a gradient force that can push turbines to generate electricity as the water flows through the dam.
In biology, the membranes are like the dam, keeping particles separated. In a concentration gradient, we are just separating particles or compounds such as water or glucose.
One general example of this is diffusion. Small uncharged particles flow across a cellular membrane to make sure both sides are balanced.
An electrochemical gradient is just a concentration gradient with charged particles. This adds a separation of charges across a membrane, making the gradient force stronger.
A common example of electrochemical gradients is the separation of hydrogen ions in the electron transport chain. This gradient is used to power the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes nearly all of our ATP.
Another classic example is the separation of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This separation of oppositely charged ions allows neurons to send signals throughout our body without which we could not function.
If you have a test coming up check out my test prep playlist. It will give you the tips you need to hit your goals. Speaking of goals I have a video goal-setting video just for students like you.
Thanks for watching and I’ll catch you next time.
- published: 25 Jan 2021
- views: 22898
9:31
Electrochemical Gradient
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https://wn.com/Electrochemical_Gradient
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- published: 30 Jul 2014
- views: 39602
13:12
Action Potential in the Neuron
This animation demonstrates the behavior of a typical neuron at its resting membrane potential, and when it reaches an action potential and fires, transmitting ...
This animation demonstrates the behavior of a typical neuron at its resting membrane potential, and when it reaches an action potential and fires, transmitting an electrochemical signal along the axon. It shows how the various components work in concert: Dendrites, cell body, axon, sodium and potassium ions, voltage-gated ion channels, the sodium-potassium pump, and myelin sheaths. It also shows the stages of an action potential: Polarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization.
The animation was co-developed by Harvard Extension School's Office of Digital Teaching and Learning, and instructors for the courses in neurobiology and human anatomy.
Learn more about Harvard Extension School: https://www.extension.harvard.edu/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ext_action-potential-in-the-neuron&utm_content=description
https://wn.com/Action_Potential_In_The_Neuron
This animation demonstrates the behavior of a typical neuron at its resting membrane potential, and when it reaches an action potential and fires, transmitting an electrochemical signal along the axon. It shows how the various components work in concert: Dendrites, cell body, axon, sodium and potassium ions, voltage-gated ion channels, the sodium-potassium pump, and myelin sheaths. It also shows the stages of an action potential: Polarization, depolarization, and hyperpolarization.
The animation was co-developed by Harvard Extension School's Office of Digital Teaching and Learning, and instructors for the courses in neurobiology and human anatomy.
Learn more about Harvard Extension School: https://www.extension.harvard.edu/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ext_action-potential-in-the-neuron&utm_content=description
- published: 26 Mar 2018
- views: 2798120