The voltage required to initiate and sustain discharge is dependent on the pressure and composition of the fill gas and geometry of the tube. Although the envelope is typically glass, power tubes often use ceramics, and military tubes often use glass-lined metal. Both hot cathode and cold cathode type devices are encountered.
Gases in use
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is used in tubes used for very fast switching, e.g. some thyratrons, dekatrons, and krytrons, where very steep edges are required. The build-up and recovery times of hydrogen are much shorter than in other gases. Hydrogen thyratrons are usually hot-cathode. Hydrogen (and deuterium) can be stored in the tube in the form of a metal hydride, heated with an auxiliary filament; hydrogen by heating such storage element can be used to replenish cleaned-up gas, and even to adjust the pressure as needed for a thyratron operation at a given voltage.
Electric discharges can convey substantial energy to the electrodes at the ends of the discharge. A spark gap is used in internal combustion engines to ignite the fuel/air mixture on every power stroke. Spark gaps are also used to switch heavy currents in a Marx generator and to protect electrical appratus. In electric discharge machining, multiple tiny electric arcs are used to erode a conductive workpiece to a finished shape. Arc welding is used to assemble heavy steel structures, where the base metal is heated to melting by the heat of the arc. An electric arc furnace sustains arc currents of tens of thousands of amperes and is used for steelmaking and production of alloys and other products.
On this channel you can get education and knowledge for general issues and topics
published: 24 Dec 2015
Cathode Ray Tube | www.MyInterAcademy.com
This video demonstrate the concept of Discovery of Electron and its properties by using cathode ray tube.
Watch more related videos on My Inter Academy channel: https://www.youtube.com/MyInterAcademypk/videos
published: 22 Feb 2018
Gas Discharge Tubes
Not all "neon lights" use neon. Here we look at discharge tubes of the noble gases and hydrogen.
published: 20 Jun 2020
1945 “PRINCIPLES OF GAS FILLED TUBES” VACUUM TUBES RADIO TECHNICIAN TRAINING FILM 44124
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This animated film presents the theories of ionization as they are applied to gas filled or vacuum tubes. It was produced by the Division of Visual Arts of the U.S. Office of Education (:14). It opens with a display of a vacuum diode in which electrons are emitted by a cathode (:43) and attracted by a positively charged anode (:44). The number of electrons depend on the amount emitted from the cathode, the potential difference between the anode and the cathode and the negative space charge from the electrons in the stream (:52). The negative space charge lim...
published: 18 Oct 2020
Introduction to Gas-Filled Detectors
published: 02 Dec 2010
Gas-Filled Detectors: Ionization and Gas Amplification
published: 03 Dec 2010
Noble Gas Glow Tubes
Found a few tubes filled with Noble Gases, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, using them with my Mini Magnifier Coil, and Spectroscope.
published: 15 May 2021
Video Demonstration Discharge Tubes
published: 31 Aug 2013
Natural Gas Daily Forecast, Technical Analysis for July 30, 2024 by Bruce Powers, CMT, FX Empire
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After testing recent support levels, natural gas rallied, signaling a bullish reversal and potential rise in prices.
For the full article:
https://www.fxempire.com/forecasts/article/natural-gas-price-forecast-bullish-reversal-may-lead-to-rising-prices-1449883/
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This video demonstrate the concept of Discovery of Electron and its properties by using cathode ray tube.
Watch more related videos on My Inter Academy channel...
This video demonstrate the concept of Discovery of Electron and its properties by using cathode ray tube.
Watch more related videos on My Inter Academy channel: https://www.youtube.com/MyInterAcademypk/videos
This video demonstrate the concept of Discovery of Electron and its properties by using cathode ray tube.
Watch more related videos on My Inter Academy channel: https://www.youtube.com/MyInterAcademypk/videos
Browse our products on Amazon: https://amzn.to/2YILTSD
Love our channel? Help us save and post more orphaned films! Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon...
Browse our products on Amazon: https://amzn.to/2YILTSD
Love our channel? Help us save and post more orphaned films! Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/PeriscopeFilm Even a really tiny contribution can make a difference.
This animated film presents the theories of ionization as they are applied to gas filled or vacuum tubes. It was produced by the Division of Visual Arts of the U.S. Office of Education (:14). It opens with a display of a vacuum diode in which electrons are emitted by a cathode (:43) and attracted by a positively charged anode (:44). The number of electrons depend on the amount emitted from the cathode, the potential difference between the anode and the cathode and the negative space charge from the electrons in the stream (:52). The negative space charge limits the flow of the electrons from the cathode to the anode (1:22). In order to reduce it’s limiting effect, a small amount of mercury vapor or an inert gas is added (1:33) making it a gas filled tube (1:41). When the cathode is heated electrons are emitted (1:48). Electrons will return the to cathode if there is no positive potential in the anode (1:56). When a small amount of positive potential is included, electrons will move to the anode (2:08). Electrons move from cathode to anode and atoms of gas move around randomly (2:28). The tube will begin to glow and the current will increase if the anode potential is increased enough (2:40). The tube is said to fire or discharge (2:50). Within the tube, electrons collide with the atoms of gas causing a temporary disturbance of the orbit of the gas atoms (3:05) though they return to normal orbit quickly. Light is released during these collisions (3:35). Some of the electrons moving quickly enough, may force electrons from the atoms (3:51) and these become positive ions (3:59). The electrons removed may then collide with other atoms producing more ions (4:21) in a process is known as ionization (4:29). Ions are attracted to the cathode (4:37), gain electrons and become neutral atoms again (4:42). The negative space charge of the electrons near the cathode limits flow (4:53). A positive presence has the opposite effect (5:01). Each ion counter acts the space charge of the electrons over time, thus neutralizing the negative space charge (5:31). Due to this, two areas develop: the cathode sheath (6:08) and the plasma region (6:15). Simultaneously within the cathode sheath, electrons omitted by the cathode are accelerated towards the anode (6:27) and the electron field accelerates the positive ions towards the cathode (6:38). Neutral atoms within the plasma move slowly (7:07) and electrons exit the plasma through the anode (7:16). The voltage drop across the circuit is small (7:27). If the anode voltage is increased enough to begin ionization of the gas, neutralization of the negative space charge causes an increase (8:06). Due to this, a current limiting device is added (8:23). Adjustment of the resistance changes the current (8:36). To halt the current flow, the anode potential either has to be reduced almost to zero or be made negative (9:06). When an alternating voltage is applied, the anode will be alternately positive and negative (9:25). During the positive half cycle the tube conducts (9:41) and during the negative half cycle there is no current flow (9:45). The addition of a grid to this tube changes it to a gas filled triode also known as a thyratron (10:11). When the grid is provided with a high negative charge the tube cannot conduct when the anode potential is applied (10:21). A negative space charge prevents the flow of electrons across the tube (10:31) and if it is made less negative, electrons will again flow. With further reductions, the electron flow increases (10:51) until the tube fires, gas is ionized, light is emitted and the current increases (11:03). This is accompanied by the formation of the cathode sheath and the plasma region (11:24). A negative grid attracts positive ions (11:34). The sheath of positive ions neutralizes the negative space of the grid (11:41). When the tube fires, the grid can no longer adjust or stop the current (12:05). Before the grid can act as a control again, the anode current has to be stopped (12:30). The thyratron can be used as a rectifier for the addition of an alternating voltage (12:43) though the tube will only be conducting for part of the time. When the grid is made more negative, the tube conducts for smaller portions of time (13:17). The thyratron provides a way to control the current in the anode (13:28). The grid in the gas filled tube is only able to start the current (13:36). A brief summary (13:56) and the end (14:30).
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k/4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com
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Love our channel? Help us save and post more orphaned films! Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/PeriscopeFilm Even a really tiny contribution can make a difference.
This animated film presents the theories of ionization as they are applied to gas filled or vacuum tubes. It was produced by the Division of Visual Arts of the U.S. Office of Education (:14). It opens with a display of a vacuum diode in which electrons are emitted by a cathode (:43) and attracted by a positively charged anode (:44). The number of electrons depend on the amount emitted from the cathode, the potential difference between the anode and the cathode and the negative space charge from the electrons in the stream (:52). The negative space charge limits the flow of the electrons from the cathode to the anode (1:22). In order to reduce it’s limiting effect, a small amount of mercury vapor or an inert gas is added (1:33) making it a gas filled tube (1:41). When the cathode is heated electrons are emitted (1:48). Electrons will return the to cathode if there is no positive potential in the anode (1:56). When a small amount of positive potential is included, electrons will move to the anode (2:08). Electrons move from cathode to anode and atoms of gas move around randomly (2:28). The tube will begin to glow and the current will increase if the anode potential is increased enough (2:40). The tube is said to fire or discharge (2:50). Within the tube, electrons collide with the atoms of gas causing a temporary disturbance of the orbit of the gas atoms (3:05) though they return to normal orbit quickly. Light is released during these collisions (3:35). Some of the electrons moving quickly enough, may force electrons from the atoms (3:51) and these become positive ions (3:59). The electrons removed may then collide with other atoms producing more ions (4:21) in a process is known as ionization (4:29). Ions are attracted to the cathode (4:37), gain electrons and become neutral atoms again (4:42). The negative space charge of the electrons near the cathode limits flow (4:53). A positive presence has the opposite effect (5:01). Each ion counter acts the space charge of the electrons over time, thus neutralizing the negative space charge (5:31). Due to this, two areas develop: the cathode sheath (6:08) and the plasma region (6:15). Simultaneously within the cathode sheath, electrons omitted by the cathode are accelerated towards the anode (6:27) and the electron field accelerates the positive ions towards the cathode (6:38). Neutral atoms within the plasma move slowly (7:07) and electrons exit the plasma through the anode (7:16). The voltage drop across the circuit is small (7:27). If the anode voltage is increased enough to begin ionization of the gas, neutralization of the negative space charge causes an increase (8:06). Due to this, a current limiting device is added (8:23). Adjustment of the resistance changes the current (8:36). To halt the current flow, the anode potential either has to be reduced almost to zero or be made negative (9:06). When an alternating voltage is applied, the anode will be alternately positive and negative (9:25). During the positive half cycle the tube conducts (9:41) and during the negative half cycle there is no current flow (9:45). The addition of a grid to this tube changes it to a gas filled triode also known as a thyratron (10:11). When the grid is provided with a high negative charge the tube cannot conduct when the anode potential is applied (10:21). A negative space charge prevents the flow of electrons across the tube (10:31) and if it is made less negative, electrons will again flow. With further reductions, the electron flow increases (10:51) until the tube fires, gas is ionized, light is emitted and the current increases (11:03). This is accompanied by the formation of the cathode sheath and the plasma region (11:24). A negative grid attracts positive ions (11:34). The sheath of positive ions neutralizes the negative space of the grid (11:41). When the tube fires, the grid can no longer adjust or stop the current (12:05). Before the grid can act as a control again, the anode current has to be stopped (12:30). The thyratron can be used as a rectifier for the addition of an alternating voltage (12:43) though the tube will only be conducting for part of the time. When the grid is made more negative, the tube conducts for smaller portions of time (13:17). The thyratron provides a way to control the current in the anode (13:28). The grid in the gas filled tube is only able to start the current (13:36). A brief summary (13:56) and the end (14:30).
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k/4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com
This video is sponsored by Exness, the world's largest retail broker, offering Ultra-fast Execution with no overnight fees. Click the link to elevate your tradi...
This video is sponsored by Exness, the world's largest retail broker, offering Ultra-fast Execution with no overnight fees. Click the link to elevate your trading experience: https://bit.ly/Exness-TradeOnline
After testing recent support levels, natural gas rallied, signaling a bullish reversal and potential rise in prices.
For the full article:
https://www.fxempire.com/forecasts/article/natural-gas-price-forecast-bullish-reversal-may-lead-to-rising-prices-1449883/
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This video is sponsored by Exness, the world's largest retail broker, offering Ultra-fast Execution with no overnight fees. Click the link to elevate your trading experience: https://bit.ly/Exness-TradeOnline
After testing recent support levels, natural gas rallied, signaling a bullish reversal and potential rise in prices.
For the full article:
https://www.fxempire.com/forecasts/article/natural-gas-price-forecast-bullish-reversal-may-lead-to-rising-prices-1449883/
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This video demonstrate the concept of Discovery of Electron and its properties by using cathode ray tube.
Watch more related videos on My Inter Academy channel: https://www.youtube.com/MyInterAcademypk/videos
Browse our products on Amazon: https://amzn.to/2YILTSD
Love our channel? Help us save and post more orphaned films! Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/PeriscopeFilm Even a really tiny contribution can make a difference.
This animated film presents the theories of ionization as they are applied to gas filled or vacuum tubes. It was produced by the Division of Visual Arts of the U.S. Office of Education (:14). It opens with a display of a vacuum diode in which electrons are emitted by a cathode (:43) and attracted by a positively charged anode (:44). The number of electrons depend on the amount emitted from the cathode, the potential difference between the anode and the cathode and the negative space charge from the electrons in the stream (:52). The negative space charge limits the flow of the electrons from the cathode to the anode (1:22). In order to reduce it’s limiting effect, a small amount of mercury vapor or an inert gas is added (1:33) making it a gas filled tube (1:41). When the cathode is heated electrons are emitted (1:48). Electrons will return the to cathode if there is no positive potential in the anode (1:56). When a small amount of positive potential is included, electrons will move to the anode (2:08). Electrons move from cathode to anode and atoms of gas move around randomly (2:28). The tube will begin to glow and the current will increase if the anode potential is increased enough (2:40). The tube is said to fire or discharge (2:50). Within the tube, electrons collide with the atoms of gas causing a temporary disturbance of the orbit of the gas atoms (3:05) though they return to normal orbit quickly. Light is released during these collisions (3:35). Some of the electrons moving quickly enough, may force electrons from the atoms (3:51) and these become positive ions (3:59). The electrons removed may then collide with other atoms producing more ions (4:21) in a process is known as ionization (4:29). Ions are attracted to the cathode (4:37), gain electrons and become neutral atoms again (4:42). The negative space charge of the electrons near the cathode limits flow (4:53). A positive presence has the opposite effect (5:01). Each ion counter acts the space charge of the electrons over time, thus neutralizing the negative space charge (5:31). Due to this, two areas develop: the cathode sheath (6:08) and the plasma region (6:15). Simultaneously within the cathode sheath, electrons omitted by the cathode are accelerated towards the anode (6:27) and the electron field accelerates the positive ions towards the cathode (6:38). Neutral atoms within the plasma move slowly (7:07) and electrons exit the plasma through the anode (7:16). The voltage drop across the circuit is small (7:27). If the anode voltage is increased enough to begin ionization of the gas, neutralization of the negative space charge causes an increase (8:06). Due to this, a current limiting device is added (8:23). Adjustment of the resistance changes the current (8:36). To halt the current flow, the anode potential either has to be reduced almost to zero or be made negative (9:06). When an alternating voltage is applied, the anode will be alternately positive and negative (9:25). During the positive half cycle the tube conducts (9:41) and during the negative half cycle there is no current flow (9:45). The addition of a grid to this tube changes it to a gas filled triode also known as a thyratron (10:11). When the grid is provided with a high negative charge the tube cannot conduct when the anode potential is applied (10:21). A negative space charge prevents the flow of electrons across the tube (10:31) and if it is made less negative, electrons will again flow. With further reductions, the electron flow increases (10:51) until the tube fires, gas is ionized, light is emitted and the current increases (11:03). This is accompanied by the formation of the cathode sheath and the plasma region (11:24). A negative grid attracts positive ions (11:34). The sheath of positive ions neutralizes the negative space of the grid (11:41). When the tube fires, the grid can no longer adjust or stop the current (12:05). Before the grid can act as a control again, the anode current has to be stopped (12:30). The thyratron can be used as a rectifier for the addition of an alternating voltage (12:43) though the tube will only be conducting for part of the time. When the grid is made more negative, the tube conducts for smaller portions of time (13:17). The thyratron provides a way to control the current in the anode (13:28). The grid in the gas filled tube is only able to start the current (13:36). A brief summary (13:56) and the end (14:30).
This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k/4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com
This video is sponsored by Exness, the world's largest retail broker, offering Ultra-fast Execution with no overnight fees. Click the link to elevate your trading experience: https://bit.ly/Exness-TradeOnline
After testing recent support levels, natural gas rallied, signaling a bullish reversal and potential rise in prices.
For the full article:
https://www.fxempire.com/forecasts/article/natural-gas-price-forecast-bullish-reversal-may-lead-to-rising-prices-1449883/
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The voltage required to initiate and sustain discharge is dependent on the pressure and composition of the fill gas and geometry of the tube. Although the envelope is typically glass, power tubes often use ceramics, and military tubes often use glass-lined metal. Both hot cathode and cold cathode type devices are encountered.
Gases in use
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is used in tubes used for very fast switching, e.g. some thyratrons, dekatrons, and krytrons, where very steep edges are required. The build-up and recovery times of hydrogen are much shorter than in other gases. Hydrogen thyratrons are usually hot-cathode. Hydrogen (and deuterium) can be stored in the tube in the form of a metal hydride, heated with an auxiliary filament; hydrogen by heating such storage element can be used to replenish cleaned-up gas, and even to adjust the pressure as needed for a thyratron operation at a given voltage.
The rapid response mechanism utilizes advanced semiconductor technologies like metal oxide varistors (MOVs) and gas discharge tubes to instantaneously detect and divert excess electrical energy ...Zhejiang Mulang ElectricCo., Ltd.
The lightning-quick protection mechanism utilizes advanced semiconductor technologies like gas discharge tubes and metal oxide varistors to instantaneously detect and redirect excess electrical energy ...Zhejiang Mulang ElectricCo., Ltd.
The lightning-quick protection mechanism utilizes advanced semiconductor technologies like gas discharge tubes and metal oxide varistors to instantaneously detect and redirect excess electrical energy ...Zhejiang Mulang ElectricCo., Ltd.
Take her High Voltage dress, for example. It was constructed from thousands of transparent laser cut acrylic glass chevrons connected by hand through flexible silicone tubes into a three dimension electrically discharged silhouette ... READ MORE ... .
Crookes conducted fundamental research in the field of vacuum, developing electrical discharge tubes known as “Crookes tubes” ... the foundation for the subsequent invention of the X-ray tube.
The Memry business will add extensive electric discharge machining capabilities, additional laser processing, centerless grinding, and nitinol tubing, sheet, and wire fabrication.
From a technical standpoint, the Plasma pedal works by using a tube as a medium for an electrical discharge to happen. The discharge gap is much wider and built into the tube, with a spark gap of 35mm.
The Memry business will add extensive electric discharge machining (EDM) capabilities, as well as additional laser processing, centerless grinding, nitinol tubing, sheet, and wire fabrication.
Hasler Electrical Telegraph... The first two practical electric telegraphs appeared at almost the same time ... Volta's electric battery in Como, Italy ... but fluorescent and other electric discharge lamps generate light from arcs in gas-filled tubes.