Similarity refers to the psychological nearness or proximity of two mental representations. It is one of the principles of grouping in Gestalt psychology According to Daniel Schachter "Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object" Research in cognitive psychology has taken a number of approaches to the concept of similarity. Each of them is related to a particular set of assumptions about knowledge representation.
Cognitive psychological approaches
Mental distance approaches
Mental distance approaches (Shepard, 1962) assume that mental representations can be conceptualized as some kind of mental space. Concepts are represented as points within the space. Similarity between concepts is a function of the distance between the concepts in space. Concepts represented by points that are near to each other are more psychologically similar than are points that are conceptually distant. A strength of this approach is there are many mathematical techniques for deriving spaces from data such as multidimensional scaling (Shepard, 1962) and latent semantic analysis (Laudauer & Dumais, 1997).
The self is the subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts. In phenomenology, it is conceived as what experiences, and there isn't any experiencing without an experiencer, the self. The self is therefore an "immediate given", an intrinsic dimension of the fact of experiencing phenomena. In some other trends of philosophy, the self is instead seen as requiring a reflexiveperceptionof oneself, the individual person, meaning the self in such a view is an object of consciousness.
The self has been studied extensively by philosophers and psychologists and is central to many world religions. With the recent rise in technology, the self has been discussed under various new emerging fields, such as Technoself Studies.
Philosophy
The philosophy of self seeks to describe essential qualities that constitute a person's uniqueness or essential being. There have been various approaches to defining these qualities. The self can be considered that being which is the source of consciousness, the agentresponsible for an individual's thoughts and actions, or the substantial nature of a person which endures and unifies consciousness over time.
HIDDEN ERROR: Usage of "Distribution" is not recognized
Stef Lang (born Stephanie Jane Lang, December 30, 1988) is a Canadiansinger, songwriter, and producer who resides in New York City. Originally from the Vancouver Island town of Ladysmith, BC, Lang left home at 17 to move to Vancouver, BC and pursue her musical career. Lang, often booking her own shows, played every pub, bar, club and café she could, while honing her songwriting craft and interning at a recording studio where she learned how to produce. Known for engaging performances and edgy lyrics, Lang released her first full-length album, The Underdog, in May 2010, distributed by Hipjoint Music/Universal Music Canada. Her hit single, Mr. Immature achieved mainstream success when it peaked at #5 on The Billboard Chart for Canadian Emerging Artists. Lang is known for her vocal feature on Canadian radio hit "Rollin" by Toronto's rapper ISH, which was released via Warner Music Group in 2012. In 2013, her vocals were featured on "Last Chance" by EDM artist Kaskade from his Grammy nominated album Atmosphere. Lang also co-wrote and was featured on the song "All These Wounds" by EDM artist Ilan Bluestone and BT, which was released May 25, 2015 on the Anjunabeats Worldwide05 Compilation. Lang's third full-length album is set to release in 2015 as a two-part EP series.
WWFS is best remembered for its previous incarnation, rock music-formatted WNEW-FM. The station shared the WNEW call letters between 1958 and 1986 with former sister AM station WNEW (1130kHz) and television station WNEW-TV (channel 5), with all being owned by Metromedia. After WNEW-TV was sold to the News Corporation in 1986 (and became WNYW), and the AM station was sold to Bloomberg L.P. in 1992 (and became WBBR), 102.7 FM retained the WNEW-FM callsign until it was changed in 2007. CBS Radio has since reused the WNEW call sign; the present-day WNEW-FM in the Washington, D.C., area is connected to this station only through their common ownership.
The 102.7 FM frequency was first assigned in the mid-1940s as WNJR-FM from Newark, New Jersey. Intended to be a simulcasting sister to WNJR (1430 AM, now WNSW), the FM station never made it to the air despite being granted several extensions of its construction permit. WNJR gave up and turned in the FM license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1953.
Similarity: Gestalt Principle for User Interface Design
User interface elements that share one or more traits (such as shape, color, size, etc.) will be seen by users as being similar and belonging together.
#GestaltPrinciples #UX #visualdesign
published: 04 Nov 2022
Persuasion Psychology: The Similarity Principle
Take a full course on the psychology of persuasion and influence!
"Master Persuasion Psychology": http://tiny.cc/ugstcy
"Influence People with Psychology": http://tiny.cc/9fstcy
Research in psychology shows that people are more persuaded people they LIKE. One proven way to increase likability is by highlighting shared interests. This video shows you more.
Please subscribe to the channel and leave a comment below!
Be a People Expert: http://BeAPeopleExpert.com
Courses: http://socialpsychonline.com/online-courses/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/So_Psych
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/socialpsychonline
published: 14 Jul 2016
2_1 Defining Similarity (Psychology 3130)
Part 1 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking"
published: 17 Jan 2022
2 2 Theories Of Similarity (Psychology 3130)
Part 2 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking". This lecture covers the main theories of similarity and how the mind might calculate the similarity. This lecture is a longer than some of the others, because I could not find a good way to break it into sections.
published: 17 Jan 2022
The Gestalt Principle of Similarity
Stop motion created by Craig Donaldson for the Media Foundation Ontario Graduate Certificate Program:
https://mediastudies.humber.ca/programs/media-foundation.html
published: 22 Apr 2019
Similarity | Individuals and Society | MCAT | Khan Academy
Created by Brooke Miller.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/harlow-monkey-experiments?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/physical-attraction?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kin...
IBDP Psychology | Core | Biological approach | Genetics | Genetic similarity
Explore the intriguing connection between genetics and behavior with our deep dive into "Genetic Similarity" from the IBDP Psychology curriculum. This video unpacks how genetic factors influence our actions and traits, providing a clear understanding for students and enthusiasts alike. Stay tuned and visit www.learnbyheart.io to access the complete book in the nearest future and further your understanding of psychology's fascinating facets!
Timestamps:
00:00 Start
01:24 Heritability
4:11 Decoding Heritability
5:11 Equal Environment Assumption (EEA)
6:04 Heritability of Depression
www.learnbyheart.io | IBDP Video Books
published: 03 May 2024
Similarity-Attraction Theory
published: 07 Dec 2017
Robert Cialdini's "influence: the psychology of persuasion": a brief review
published: 04 Nov 2024
Mastering Composition - Law of Similarity - Gestalt Psychology for Artists (Preview)
This fourth video will help you master composition with the Law of Similarity, a Gestalt Psychology principle which covers 4 incredibly important techniques: Unifying Contrasting Objects, Posing the model, Gamut, and Repeating Intervals.
Mastering composition is no easy task and many photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists are finding themselves lost in the dark. Nothing to guide them…until now. This is a preview of a masterful video series based on Gestalt Psychology for artists of all kinds. In the videos we will learn how our mind sees visual stimuli, understand how it works, then apply it to our art.
I make things to help visual artists reach the master level and you can find them below. Thanks so much for all of the continued support! It keeps the content flowing :D
...
User interface elements that share one or more traits (such as shape, color, size, etc.) will be seen by users as being similar and belonging together.
#Gestal...
User interface elements that share one or more traits (such as shape, color, size, etc.) will be seen by users as being similar and belonging together.
#GestaltPrinciples #UX #visualdesign
User interface elements that share one or more traits (such as shape, color, size, etc.) will be seen by users as being similar and belonging together.
#GestaltPrinciples #UX #visualdesign
Take a full course on the psychology of persuasion and influence!
"Master Persuasion Psychology": http://tiny.cc/ugstcy
"Influence People with Psychology": http...
Take a full course on the psychology of persuasion and influence!
"Master Persuasion Psychology": http://tiny.cc/ugstcy
"Influence People with Psychology": http://tiny.cc/9fstcy
Research in psychology shows that people are more persuaded people they LIKE. One proven way to increase likability is by highlighting shared interests. This video shows you more.
Please subscribe to the channel and leave a comment below!
Be a People Expert: http://BeAPeopleExpert.com
Courses: http://socialpsychonline.com/online-courses/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/So_Psych
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/socialpsychonline
Take a full course on the psychology of persuasion and influence!
"Master Persuasion Psychology": http://tiny.cc/ugstcy
"Influence People with Psychology": http://tiny.cc/9fstcy
Research in psychology shows that people are more persuaded people they LIKE. One proven way to increase likability is by highlighting shared interests. This video shows you more.
Please subscribe to the channel and leave a comment below!
Be a People Expert: http://BeAPeopleExpert.com
Courses: http://socialpsychonline.com/online-courses/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/So_Psych
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/socialpsychonline
Part 2 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking". This lecture covers the main theories of similarity and how the mind might ca...
Part 2 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking". This lecture covers the main theories of similarity and how the mind might calculate the similarity. This lecture is a longer than some of the others, because I could not find a good way to break it into sections.
Part 2 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking". This lecture covers the main theories of similarity and how the mind might calculate the similarity. This lecture is a longer than some of the others, because I could not find a good way to break it into sections.
Stop motion created by Craig Donaldson for the Media Foundation Ontario Graduate Certificate Program:
https://mediastudies.humber.ca/programs/media-foundation....
Stop motion created by Craig Donaldson for the Media Foundation Ontario Graduate Certificate Program:
https://mediastudies.humber.ca/programs/media-foundation.html
Stop motion created by Craig Donaldson for the Media Foundation Ontario Graduate Certificate Program:
https://mediastudies.humber.ca/programs/media-foundation.html
Created by Brooke Miller.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/harlow-monkey-experiments...
Created by Brooke Miller.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/harlow-monkey-experiments?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/physical-attraction?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
Created by Brooke Miller.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/harlow-monkey-experiments?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/physical-attraction?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
IBDP Psychology | Core | Biological approach | Genetics | Genetic similarity
Explore the intriguing connection between genetics and behavior with our deep div...
IBDP Psychology | Core | Biological approach | Genetics | Genetic similarity
Explore the intriguing connection between genetics and behavior with our deep dive into "Genetic Similarity" from the IBDP Psychology curriculum. This video unpacks how genetic factors influence our actions and traits, providing a clear understanding for students and enthusiasts alike. Stay tuned and visit www.learnbyheart.io to access the complete book in the nearest future and further your understanding of psychology's fascinating facets!
Timestamps:
00:00 Start
01:24 Heritability
4:11 Decoding Heritability
5:11 Equal Environment Assumption (EEA)
6:04 Heritability of Depression
www.learnbyheart.io | IBDP Video Books
IBDP Psychology | Core | Biological approach | Genetics | Genetic similarity
Explore the intriguing connection between genetics and behavior with our deep dive into "Genetic Similarity" from the IBDP Psychology curriculum. This video unpacks how genetic factors influence our actions and traits, providing a clear understanding for students and enthusiasts alike. Stay tuned and visit www.learnbyheart.io to access the complete book in the nearest future and further your understanding of psychology's fascinating facets!
Timestamps:
00:00 Start
01:24 Heritability
4:11 Decoding Heritability
5:11 Equal Environment Assumption (EEA)
6:04 Heritability of Depression
www.learnbyheart.io | IBDP Video Books
This fourth video will help you master composition with the Law of Similarity, a Gestalt Psychology principle which covers 4 incredibly important techniques: Un...
This fourth video will help you master composition with the Law of Similarity, a Gestalt Psychology principle which covers 4 incredibly important techniques: Unifying Contrasting Objects, Posing the model, Gamut, and Repeating Intervals.
Mastering composition is no easy task and many photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists are finding themselves lost in the dark. Nothing to guide them…until now. This is a preview of a masterful video series based on Gestalt Psychology for artists of all kinds. In the videos we will learn how our mind sees visual stimuli, understand how it works, then apply it to our art.
I make things to help visual artists reach the master level and you can find them below. Thanks so much for all of the continued support! It keeps the content flowing :D
----------------------VIDEOS
COMPOSITION & DESIGN DRAWING COURSE: https://tinyurl.com/y7b5zj44
7 COMPOSITION VIDEOS: https://goo.gl/Ax1CGi
-----------------------GRIDS
240 DYNAMIC SYMMETRY GRIDS: https://goo.gl/fuPEHy
-----------------------BOOKS
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-DIGITAL versions: https://goo.gl/n3LuTB
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-SOFTCOVER version: https://goo.gl/ZqpYW7
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-HARDCOVER version: https://goo.gl/BeZ28d
COMPOSITION BOOK ART & PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/YZ4Z6q
COMPOSITION BOOK STREET PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/Gmz81s
-----------------------MEMBERSHIP & BLOG
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY PAGE WITH VALUABLE QUICK TIPS: https://goo.gl/qNeb9H
MEMBERSHIP (700+ ARTICLES): https://goo.gl/ssLhnD
Music by Seven d' Six (me)
Find the music on iTunes: https://goo.gl/GwgGP9
FOLLOW on FACEBOOK: https://goo.gl/RL36Sc
Instagram: @canonofdesign
Other topics mentioned include:
Figure-Ground Relationship
Arabesques
Dynamic Symmetry
Gamut/Repetition
Law of Proximity
Annie Leibovitz
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Peter Paul Rubens
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Find more info at www.canonofdesign.com
This fourth video will help you master composition with the Law of Similarity, a Gestalt Psychology principle which covers 4 incredibly important techniques: Unifying Contrasting Objects, Posing the model, Gamut, and Repeating Intervals.
Mastering composition is no easy task and many photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists are finding themselves lost in the dark. Nothing to guide them…until now. This is a preview of a masterful video series based on Gestalt Psychology for artists of all kinds. In the videos we will learn how our mind sees visual stimuli, understand how it works, then apply it to our art.
I make things to help visual artists reach the master level and you can find them below. Thanks so much for all of the continued support! It keeps the content flowing :D
----------------------VIDEOS
COMPOSITION & DESIGN DRAWING COURSE: https://tinyurl.com/y7b5zj44
7 COMPOSITION VIDEOS: https://goo.gl/Ax1CGi
-----------------------GRIDS
240 DYNAMIC SYMMETRY GRIDS: https://goo.gl/fuPEHy
-----------------------BOOKS
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-DIGITAL versions: https://goo.gl/n3LuTB
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-SOFTCOVER version: https://goo.gl/ZqpYW7
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-HARDCOVER version: https://goo.gl/BeZ28d
COMPOSITION BOOK ART & PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/YZ4Z6q
COMPOSITION BOOK STREET PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/Gmz81s
-----------------------MEMBERSHIP & BLOG
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY PAGE WITH VALUABLE QUICK TIPS: https://goo.gl/qNeb9H
MEMBERSHIP (700+ ARTICLES): https://goo.gl/ssLhnD
Music by Seven d' Six (me)
Find the music on iTunes: https://goo.gl/GwgGP9
FOLLOW on FACEBOOK: https://goo.gl/RL36Sc
Instagram: @canonofdesign
Other topics mentioned include:
Figure-Ground Relationship
Arabesques
Dynamic Symmetry
Gamut/Repetition
Law of Proximity
Annie Leibovitz
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Peter Paul Rubens
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Find more info at www.canonofdesign.com
User interface elements that share one or more traits (such as shape, color, size, etc.) will be seen by users as being similar and belonging together.
#GestaltPrinciples #UX #visualdesign
Take a full course on the psychology of persuasion and influence!
"Master Persuasion Psychology": http://tiny.cc/ugstcy
"Influence People with Psychology": http://tiny.cc/9fstcy
Research in psychology shows that people are more persuaded people they LIKE. One proven way to increase likability is by highlighting shared interests. This video shows you more.
Please subscribe to the channel and leave a comment below!
Be a People Expert: http://BeAPeopleExpert.com
Courses: http://socialpsychonline.com/online-courses/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/So_Psych
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/socialpsychonline
Part 2 of the unit on Similarity, which is Unit 2 of "The Psychology of Thinking". This lecture covers the main theories of similarity and how the mind might calculate the similarity. This lecture is a longer than some of the others, because I could not find a good way to break it into sections.
Stop motion created by Craig Donaldson for the Media Foundation Ontario Graduate Certificate Program:
https://mediastudies.humber.ca/programs/media-foundation.html
Created by Brooke Miller.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/harlow-monkey-experiments?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/social-behavior/v/physical-attraction?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
IBDP Psychology | Core | Biological approach | Genetics | Genetic similarity
Explore the intriguing connection between genetics and behavior with our deep dive into "Genetic Similarity" from the IBDP Psychology curriculum. This video unpacks how genetic factors influence our actions and traits, providing a clear understanding for students and enthusiasts alike. Stay tuned and visit www.learnbyheart.io to access the complete book in the nearest future and further your understanding of psychology's fascinating facets!
Timestamps:
00:00 Start
01:24 Heritability
4:11 Decoding Heritability
5:11 Equal Environment Assumption (EEA)
6:04 Heritability of Depression
www.learnbyheart.io | IBDP Video Books
This fourth video will help you master composition with the Law of Similarity, a Gestalt Psychology principle which covers 4 incredibly important techniques: Unifying Contrasting Objects, Posing the model, Gamut, and Repeating Intervals.
Mastering composition is no easy task and many photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists are finding themselves lost in the dark. Nothing to guide them…until now. This is a preview of a masterful video series based on Gestalt Psychology for artists of all kinds. In the videos we will learn how our mind sees visual stimuli, understand how it works, then apply it to our art.
I make things to help visual artists reach the master level and you can find them below. Thanks so much for all of the continued support! It keeps the content flowing :D
----------------------VIDEOS
COMPOSITION & DESIGN DRAWING COURSE: https://tinyurl.com/y7b5zj44
7 COMPOSITION VIDEOS: https://goo.gl/Ax1CGi
-----------------------GRIDS
240 DYNAMIC SYMMETRY GRIDS: https://goo.gl/fuPEHy
-----------------------BOOKS
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-DIGITAL versions: https://goo.gl/n3LuTB
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-SOFTCOVER version: https://goo.gl/ZqpYW7
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY BOOK-HARDCOVER version: https://goo.gl/BeZ28d
COMPOSITION BOOK ART & PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/YZ4Z6q
COMPOSITION BOOK STREET PHOTOGRAPHY: https://goo.gl/Gmz81s
-----------------------MEMBERSHIP & BLOG
DYNAMIC SYMMETRY PAGE WITH VALUABLE QUICK TIPS: https://goo.gl/qNeb9H
MEMBERSHIP (700+ ARTICLES): https://goo.gl/ssLhnD
Music by Seven d' Six (me)
Find the music on iTunes: https://goo.gl/GwgGP9
FOLLOW on FACEBOOK: https://goo.gl/RL36Sc
Instagram: @canonofdesign
Other topics mentioned include:
Figure-Ground Relationship
Arabesques
Dynamic Symmetry
Gamut/Repetition
Law of Proximity
Annie Leibovitz
Henri Cartier-Bresson
Peter Paul Rubens
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Find more info at www.canonofdesign.com
Similarity refers to the psychological nearness or proximity of two mental representations. It is one of the principles of grouping in Gestalt psychology According to Daniel Schachter "Regions that are similar in color, lightness, shape, or texture are perceived as belonging to the same object" Research in cognitive psychology has taken a number of approaches to the concept of similarity. Each of them is related to a particular set of assumptions about knowledge representation.
Cognitive psychological approaches
Mental distance approaches
Mental distance approaches (Shepard, 1962) assume that mental representations can be conceptualized as some kind of mental space. Concepts are represented as points within the space. Similarity between concepts is a function of the distance between the concepts in space. Concepts represented by points that are near to each other are more psychologically similar than are points that are conceptually distant. A strength of this approach is there are many mathematical techniques for deriving spaces from data such as multidimensional scaling (Shepard, 1962) and latent semantic analysis (Laudauer & Dumais, 1997).