- published: 16 Dec 2020
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In mathematics, a category is an algebraic structure that comprises "objects" that are linked by "arrows". A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. A simple example is the category of sets, whose objects are sets and whose arrows are functions. On the other hand, any monoid can be understood as a special sort of category, and so can any preorder. In general, the objects and arrows may be abstract entities of any kind, and the notion of category provides a fundamental and abstract way to describe mathematical entities and their relationships. This is the central idea of category theory, a branch of mathematics which seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of objects and arrows, independent of what the objects and arrows represent. Virtually every branch of modern mathematics can be described in terms of categories, and doing so often reveals deep insights and similarities between seemingly different areas of mathematics. For more extensive motivational background and historical notes, see category theory and the list of category theory topics.
Category, plural categories, may refer to:
In mathematics, the Lyusternik–Schnirelmann category (or, Lusternik–Schnirelmann category, LS-category) of a topological space is the homotopical invariant defined to be the smallest integer number such that there is an open covering of with the property that each inclusion map is nullhomotopic. For example, if is the circle, this takes the value two.
Sometimes a different normalization of the invariant is adopted, which is one less than the definition above Such a normalization has been adopted in the definitive monograph by Cornea, Lupton, Oprea, and Tanré (see below).
In general it is not easy to compute this invariant, which was initially introduced by Lazar Lyusternik and Lev Schnirelmann in connection with variational problems. It has a close connection with algebraic topology, in particular cup-length. In the modern normalization, the cup-length is a lower bound for LS category.
It was, as originally defined for the case of X a manifold, the lower bound for the number of critical points that a real-valued function on X could possess (this should be compared with the result in Morse theory that shows that the sum of the Betti numbers is a lower bound for the number of critical points of a Morse function).
A grammatical category is a property of items within the grammar of a language; it has a number of possible values (sometimes called grammemes), which are normally mutually exclusive within a given category. Examples of frequently encountered grammatical categories include tense (which may take values such as present, past, etc.), number (with values such as singular, plural, and sometimes dual), and gender (with values such as masculine, feminine and neuter).
Although terminology is not always consistent, a distinction should be made between these grammatical categories (tense, number, etc.) and lexical categories, which are closely synonymous with the traditional parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.), or more generally syntactic categories. Grammatical categories are also referred to as (grammatical) features.
The name given to a grammatical category (as an uncountable noun) is generally also used (as a countable noun) to denote any of the possible values for that category. For example, the values available in a given language for the category "tense" are called "tenses", the values available for the category "gender" are called "genders", and so on.
Theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Depending on the context, the results might for example include generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek, but in modern use it has taken on several different related meanings. A theory is not the same as a hypothesis. A theory provides an explanatory framework for some observation, and from the assumptions of the explanation follows a number of possible hypotheses that can be tested in order to provide support for, or challenge, the theory.
A theory can be normative (or prescriptive), meaning a postulation about what ought to be. It provides "goals, norms, and standards". A theory can be a body of knowledge, which may or may not be associated with particular explanatory models. To theorize is to develop this body of knowledge.
As already in Aristotle's definitions, theory is very often contrasted to "practice" (from Greek praxis, πρᾶξις) a Greek term for "doing", which is opposed to theory because pure theory involves no doing apart from itself. A classical example of the distinction between "theoretical" and "practical" uses the discipline of medicine: medical theory involves trying to understand the causes and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing how the cure worked.
The game of chess is commonly divided into three phases: the opening, middlegame, and endgame. There is a large body of theory regarding how the game should be played in each of these phases, especially the opening and endgame. Those who write about chess theory, who are often but not necessarily also eminent players, are referred to as "theorists" or "theoreticians".
"Opening theory" commonly refers to consensus, broadly represented by current literature on the openings. "Endgame theory" consists of statements regarding specific positions, or positions of a similar type, though there are few universally applicable principles. "Middlegame theory" often refers to maxims or principles applicable to the middlegame. The modern trend, however, is to assign paramount importance to analysis of the specific position at hand rather than to general principles.
The development of theory in all of these areas has been assisted by the vast literature on the game. In 1913, preeminent chess historian H. J. R. Murray wrote in his 900-page magnum opus A History of Chess that, "The game possesses a literature which in contents probably exceeds that of all other games combined." He estimated that at that time the "total number of books on chess, chess magazines, and newspapers devoting space regularly to the game probably exceeds 5,000". In 1949, B. H. Wood opined that the number had increased to about 20,000.David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld wrote in 1992 that, "Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed..." The world's largest chess library, the John G. White Collection at the Cleveland Public Library, contains over 32,000 chess books and serials, including over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals. Chess players today also avail themselves of computer-based sources of information.
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation. As with most (if not all) forms of scientific knowledge, scientific theories are inductive in nature and aim for predictive power and explanatory capability.
The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain, and to its elegance and simplicity. See Occam's razor. As additional scientific evidence is gathered, a scientific theory may be rejected or modified if it does not fit the new empirical findings; in such circumstances, a more accurate theory is then desired. In certain cases, the less-accurate unmodified scientific theory can still be treated as a theory if it is useful (due to its sheer simplicity) as an approximation under specific conditions (e.g., Newton's laws of motion as an approximation to special relativity at velocities which are small relative to the speed of light).
The President's Frontier Award was established with a $2.5 million donation from trustee Louis J. Forster. Forster helped design the award to support exceptional scholars among the Johns Hopkins faculty who are on the cusp of transforming their fields. The award recognizes one person each year with $250,000 in funding for their work. This PFA lecture features 2020 recipient Dr. Emily Riehl presenting on Category Theory. Thinking categorically can help serve as a guide post as you trek the grand scheme of (mathematical) things. As written in Quanta Magazine in a 2020 interview with Riehl, “category theory and its next-generation version, higher category theory, are central to many fields of math, from algebraic geometry to mathematical physics. In those areas, Riehl said, ‘I think it wou...
The entire field of mathematics summarised in a single map! This shows how pure mathematics and applied mathematics relate to each other and all of the sub-topics they are made from. #mathematics #DomainOfScience If you would like to buy a poster of this map, they are available here: North America: https://store.dftba.com/products/map-of-mathematics-poster Everywhere else: http://www.redbubble.com/people/dominicwalliman/works/25095968-the-map-of-mathematics French version: https://www.redbubble.com/people/dominicwalliman/works/40572671-the-map-of-mathematics-french-version?asc=u Spanish Version: https://www.redbubble.com/people/dominicwalliman/works/40572693-the-map-of-mathematics-spanish-version?asc=u I have also made a version available for educational use which you can find here: ht...
Category theory is close to the perfect language. It can be used to describe many mathematical ideas, and see the relations between them, and their deeper structure. This is the first video in a course where we will carefully introduce the main ideas of category theory, and motivate them with lots of applications. This first video gives the definition of a category and give some motivation for studying the subject. In particular we define a category, give the definition of a monoid, we define a pre-ordered set (preorder), we define the category Set, of sets and functions. We introduce functional programming. We define the final object (terminal object), and explain how the ideas can be used to do set theory without considering the elements within sets directly. Some people have said they ...
~~~ Category (mathematics) ~~~ Title: What is Category (mathematics)?, Explain Category (mathematics), Define Category (mathematics) Created on: 2018-07-11 Source Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics) ------ Description: In mathematics, a category is an algebraic structure similar to a group but without requiring inverse or closure properties. It comprises "objects" that are linked by "arrows". A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. A simple example is the category of sets, whose objects are sets and whose arrows are functions. Category theory is a branch of mathematics that seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of categories, independent of what their obj...
RCON 3 Day 3 track 4 Session 4 Category Theory: Visual Mathematics for the 21st century by Jamie Vicary
The global warming crisis is part of a bigger transformation in which humanity realizes that the Earth is a finite system and that our population, energy usage, and the like cannot continue to grow exponentially. If civilization survives this transformation, it will affect mathematics – and be affected by it – just as dramatically as the agricultural revolution or industrial revolution. We should get ready! slides: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/planet/planet_ucr.pdf This talk is part of the Applied Category Theory at U. C. Riverside Seminar: : https://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2018/12/14/applied-category-theory-seminar/ Edited by Paola Fernandez
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/seanmcarroll Blog post with audio player, show notes, and transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2021/05/10/146-emily-riehl-on-topology-categories-and-the-future-of-mathematics/ “A way that math can make the world a better place is by making it a more interesting place to be a conscious being.” So says mathematician Emily Riehl near the start of this episode, and it’s a good summary of what’s to come. Emily works in realms of topology and category theory that are far away from practical applications, or even to some non-practical areas of theoretical physics. But they help us think about what is possible and how everything fits together, and what’s more interesting than that? We talk about what topology is, the specific example of homotop...
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon. https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20 Category (mathematics) In mathematics, a category is an algebraic structure that comprises "objects" that are linked by "arrows".A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. =======Image-Copyright-Info======== License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0) LicenseLink: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 Author-Info: IkamusumeFan Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Category_SVG.svg =======Image-Copyright-Info======== -Video is targeted to blind users Attribution: Article text available under CC-BY-SA image source in...
Hello everyone!! Iss video me classification/ branches of maths ke baare me discuss kiya hai. Iss baar kuch alag try kiya hai so agar aapko pasand aaye to please comment below. If you have any query or doubts then please comment or dm to instagram. Instagram - mr.rajveer07 #classification #maths #branchesofmaths #stayhome #staysafe #mathsfun #learning in new way #mathsmeme #application #mathematics Thank you so much for watching
Remember when I used a video with a coconut in the thumbnail to drive a stake through the heart of mathematical structure? Today, in this introduction to the basics of category theory, I attempt to remove it. 27 Unhelpful Facts About Category Theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0Ek86IH-3Y MetaMaths on category theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG6t0-JMrw0 My dissertation on the equivalence between the category of monoidal categories and the category of representable multicategories: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hAkV1qSnUutzQMMQi48yo_fXsgb1YnbL/view?usp=sharing FURTHER READING Basic Category Theory (Tom Leinster): https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.09375.pdf Categories for the Working Mathematician (Saunders Mac Lane): http://www.mtm.ufsc.br/~ebatista/2016-2/maclanecat.pdf Catego...
Start the music and gag over Peppermint, Sasha Velour, Trinity Taylor, and Shea Coulee during the 'Category Is' Challenge on RuPaul’s Drag Race Season 9. #VH1 #DragRace More from RuPaul's Drag Race: Official Website: http://www.vh1.com/shows/rupauls-drag-race Like RuPaul's Drag Race on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/rupaulsdragrace Follow RuPaul's Drag Race on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/rupaulsdragrace/ Follow RuPaul's Drag Race on Twitter: https://twitter.com/rupaulsdragrace
Video shows what category means. A group, often named or numbered, to which items are assigned based on similarity or defined criteria.. A collection of objects, together with a transitively closed collection of composable arrows between them, such that every object has an identity arrow, and such that arrow composition is associative.. category synonyms: Wikisaurus:class, class, family, genus, group, kingdom, order, phylum, race, tribe, type. category pronunciation. How to pronounce, definition by Wiktionary dictionary. category meaning. Powered by MaryTTS
To fully utilise the exciting category theory we've learnt so far, we need a way to abstract definitions from a specific category and then be able to apply them in any category we want. The solution to this is universal construction. This video will explore the process of universal construction and see it used in practice, which will further expose some elegant relationships between categories that we've seen before. Taking examples from mathematical proofs, functional programming and beyond, this is the next major step into abstraction that our category theory journey takes us. ― Timestamps ― 0:00 - Intro 1:03 - Isomorphism 5:22 - Terminal object 10:41 - Universal construction 12:27 - Conjunction 17:32 - Product 18:29 - Pair type 24:12 - Outro 25:00 - Exercise ― Credits ― All animati...
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Motivation and philosophy
Listen to the official audio of "Category Hoes" by Lil Durk & Tee Grizzley. Subscribe to Lil Durk's official channel for exclusive music videos and behind the scenes looks: http://bit.ly/Subscribe-to-Durk More Lil Durk: https://fb.com/lildurk https://twitter.com/lildurk_ https://instagram.com/Imlildurk2x http://officiallildurk.com
Won in wedding cake category ✨✨ Overjoyed to announce that I won in the Wedding Cake Category at the India Bake Show 2024, held in Bengaluru! It’s been an incredible journey perfecting every detail, and this recognition means the world to me. Thank you to everyone who has believed in me and my work—your support makes every win even more special!” #cakesandbakeschool #shortsvideo #ytshorts #weddingcake
#animal #categories #head2head #breadbasket
In mathematics, a category is an algebraic structure that comprises "objects" that are linked by "arrows". A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. A simple example is the category of sets, whose objects are sets and whose arrows are functions. On the other hand, any monoid can be understood as a special sort of category, and so can any preorder. In general, the objects and arrows may be abstract entities of any kind, and the notion of category provides a fundamental and abstract way to describe mathematical entities and their relationships. This is the central idea of category theory, a branch of mathematics which seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of objects and arrows, independent of what the objects and arrows represent. Virtually every branch of modern mathematics can be described in terms of categories, and doing so often reveals deep insights and similarities between seemingly different areas of mathematics. For more extensive motivational background and historical notes, see category theory and the list of category theory topics.