Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War
The Cambodian Civil War was a military conflict that pitted the guerrilla forces of the Maoist-oriented Communist Party of Kampuchea (nicknamed the Khmer Rouge) and the armed and security forces of the Nonaligned Kingdom of Cambodia from 1967 to 1970, then between the joint Monarchist, Maoist and Marxist-Leninist National United Front of Kampuchea alliance and the pro-western Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975. Main combatants comprised:
- The Khmer National Armed Forces (French: Forces Armées Nationales Khmères), best known by its French acronym FANK, were the official armed defense forces of the Khmer Republic from 1970 to 1975. Subordinated to the Ministry of Defense of the Cambodian Republican Government at the national capital Phnom Penh, the FANK branches were organized as follows:
- Khmer National Army (French: Armée Nationale Khmère – ANK)
- Khmer Air Force (French: Armèe de l'Air Khmère – AAK)
- Khmer National Navy (French: Marine Nationale Khmère – MNK)
- Paramilitary security forces:
- Khmer National Police (French: Police Nationale Khmère – PNK)
- Khmer National Gendarmerie (French: Gendarmerie Nationale Khmère – GNK)
- The Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces (CPNLAF) were the official armed wing of the National United Front of Kampuchea (French: Front uni national du Kampuchéa or Front uni national khmer – FUNK), an umbrella organization dedicated to the armed overthrow of the pro-western Khmer Republic. Technically subordinated to the exiled Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea (French: Gouvernement royal d'union nationale du Kampuchéa – GRUNK) based in Beijing, the CPNLAF comprised the following three guerrilla movements:
- The Khmer Rumdo, also spelt Khmer Rumdos or Khmer Rumdoh ("Liberation Khmer" in the Khmer language), a pro-Sihanoukist (monarchist) faction founded in 1970, which was aligned with the People's Republic of China and North Vietnam;
- The Khmer Issarak ("Free Khmer" or "Independent Khmer" in the Khmer language), a pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist faction closely aligned with both the monarchist Khmer Romdo and North Vietnam;
- The Khmer Rouge, a collective designation coined to the Maoist-oriented Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and its military wing, the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea (RAK), active in Cambodia since 1967, which were aligned with the People's Republic of China.
- The Khmer Serei ("Free Khmer" in the Khmer language), a far-right, anti-communist and anti-monarchist guerrilla group active in Cambodia between 1955 and 1969, which was secretly backed by the United States and South Vietnam, being subsequently absorbed into the FANK in 1970.
- The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), which received support from the United States, Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, South Korea, Pahlavi Iran, Francoist Spain, Taiwan, Thailand and the United Kingdom.
- The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), also designated the "North Vietnamese Army" (NVA), which received support from the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.
Khmer National Armed Forces equipment
[edit]Revolvers
[edit]Pistols
[edit]
- MAS-35-S pistol (7.65mm Longue): Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- FN P35
- Colt.45 M1911A1
- Smith & Wesson Model 39
Submachine guns
[edit]
- MAT-49: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- M1A1 Thompson
- M3/M3A1 Grease Gun[1]
Bolt-action rifles
[edit]
- MAS-36: Received from France during the First Indochina War.[2]
- M1903 Springfield: Received from France during the First Indochina War and the United States.[3]
- Lee–Enfield: Received from France during the First Indochina War. Used in small numbers.
Shotguns
[edit]Carbines
[edit]
- M1 Carbine: M1 & M2 models were FANK standard issue concurrent with the M1 Garand rifle before receiving the M16.[4][5][6][7]
- M1A1 Carbine[4]
- M2 Carbine: Full automatic variant.[4]
- CAR-15 Assault carbine: Used by FANK special forces.
Semi-automatic rifles
[edit]
- M1 Garand[8]
- SKS: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments.
- Type 56 semi-automatic rifle: Captured.
Assault rifles
[edit]
- M16A1 Assault rifle[4][9]
- FN FAL: Limited quantities received from Belgium. Used in small numbers.
- Heckler & Koch G3: Limited quantities received from West Germany. Used in small numbers.
- vz. 58 Assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
- AK-47 and AKS-47 assault rifles: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments.[10][11]
- AKM and AKMS assault rifles: Used extensively in swamp and jungle environments.[11]
- Type 56 and Type 56-I assault rifles: Captured.[11]
Light machine guns
[edit]
- FM 24/29: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- Bren: Received from France during the First Indochina War. Used in small numbers.
- Degtyaryov DP/DPM
- M1918A2 BAR[12][13]
General-purpose machine guns
[edit]- M60: FANK standard-issue machine gun.[4][14]
- M60B/M60D machine gun: mounted on UH-1D/H utility helicopters and UH-1G gunships.[4][15]
- RPD: Captured.
- Type 56 machine gun: Chinese copy of the RPD.[16]
- M1919A6 Browning light machine gun[4]
Medium and Heavy machine guns
[edit]
- M1917 Browning machine gun: Limited service; used in small numbers.
- Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal[4][12]
- Browning M2HB .50 Cal: Fitted to M113 APCs.[12]
- SG-43/SGM Goryunov: Captured; mounted on wheeled APCs.[17]
- DShKM: Captured; mounted on wheeled APCs.[17]
Grenade systems
[edit]
- Alsetex OF37 grenade: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- F-1 hand grenade: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- Mark 2 "Pineapple" fragmentation hand/rifle grenade
- M26 fragmentation hand grenade
- M59 "Baseball" hand grenade
- M61 fragmentation hand grenade
- M67 fragmentation hand grenade: FANK standard-issue fragmentation grenade.
- M18 colored smoke hand grenade
- M34 white phosphorus/smoke grenade
Aircraft bombs
[edit]- CBU-55 cluster bomblet: loaded aboard T-28D Trojan fighter-bombers.[18]
- CBU-24 cluster bomblet: loaded aboard AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships.[18]
- Mark 81 (250 lb) general-purpose bomb: loaded aboard T-28D Trojans and AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships.[18]
- Mark 82 (500 lb) general-purpose bomb: loaded aboard C-123K Provider transports.[18]
- 25 lb fragmentation bomb: loaded aboard C-123K Provider transports.[18]
Land mine systems
[edit]Rocket systems
[edit]- BM-13 132 mm towed multiple rocket launcher (MBRL): used early in the war[19]
- BM-14 140 mm towed multiple rocket launcher (MBRL): used early in the war[19]
Anti-tank rocket launchers
[edit].jpg)
- M72 LAW: FANK standard issue anti-tank rocket launcher.[12]
- M202 FLASH: Used in small numbers.
- RPG-2
- RPG-7
- Type 56 RPG: Captured.
- Type 69 RPG: Captured.
Grenade launchers
[edit]
Recoilless rifles
[edit]- M18A1 57 mm
- M20 75 mm
- M67 90 mm (shoulder-fired)
- M40A1 106 mm[4][15]
- B-10 82 mm
- B-11 107 mm
Mortars
[edit].JPG)
- M19 60 mm mortar[4]
- Brandt mle 27/31 81 mm mortar: Received from France during the First Indochina War.
- M29 81 mm mortar[4]
- M2 4.2-inch (107 mm) mortar: Mounted on M106A1 mortar carriers.[4][15]
- M30 4.2-inch (106.7mm) mortar
Howitzers
[edit]
- M101A1 105 mm towed field howitzer[4][19]
- M114A1 155 mm towed field howitzer[4][19]
- M116 75 mm pack field howitzer[4][19]
- M-30 122 mm towed howitzer[19]
- Type 59-1 130 mm towed field gun
- M109 155 mm self-propelled gun: Used in small numbers.[19]
Autocannons
[edit]- M197 three-barrel 20×102mm rotary cannon: mounted in the left cargo door of the AU-24A Stallion mini-gunships.[22]
Air defense guns
[edit]- Type 55/65 37 mm anti-aircraft gun[23]
- Bofors 40 mm L/60 anti-aircraft gun[23][24]
- AZP S-60 57 mm anti-aircraft gun[23]
Vehicles
[edit]
- M24 Chaffee Light tank[15][25][26][17][27]
- AMX-13 Light tank[28][29][30][31]
- M8 HMC 75 mm self-propelled howitzer[32][33]
- M8 Greyhound armoured car[15][34][35]
- M20 armoured utility car[36][37]
- Panhard AML-60 armoured car[38][39]
- M2 half-track car[15][17]
- M3 Half-track[40][17]
- M3A1 Scout Car[41][42]
- BTR-40 armoured personnel carrier (APC)[43][17]
- BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier (APC)[44][17]
- M113 armored personnel carrier[45][15][46][47][48]
- M106A1 mortar carrier[4][15]
- Willys MB ¼-ton (4×4) jeep: Fitted with pintle-mounted M60 machine guns or Browning M1919A4 medium machine guns.
- Land Rover (4×4) Series II
- GAZ-69A (4×4) field car
- M151A1 ¼-ton (4×4) utility truck: Some converted into makeshift armoured cars for security and road convoy escort duties.[4][49][50]
- Dodge WC-51/52 ¾-ton (4×4) utility truck[4]
- Dodge M37 ¾-ton (4×4) 1953 utility truck[4]
- Yuejin NJ-130 2.5 ton (4×2) truck
- GAZ-63 (4×4) 2-ton truck[51]
- GMC/Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty truck[52]
- Chevrolet G506 1½-ton (4×4) cargo truck
- Jiefang CA-30 general purpose 2.5 ton (6×6) truck[53]
- GMC CCKW 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck
- GMC C7500 heavy-duty truck[52]
- M35A2 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck[50]
- M809 5-ton (6×6) cargo truck[50]
Helicopters
[edit]- Sud Aviation SA 313B Alouette II light helicopter[54][55]
- Sud Aviation SA-316B Alouette III light helicopter[54][56]
- Mil Mi-4 Hound light helicopter: used early in the war[57]
- Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw transport[54][19]
- Bell UH-1G Huey helicopter gunship[54][58][15][59]
- Bell UH-1D/H Iroquois Utility helicopter/transport[54][58][19]
Aircraft
[edit]
- MiG-17F fighter jet: used early in the war[60][19]
- Shenyang J-5 fighter jet: used early in the war[19]
- Shenyang FT-5 jet trainer: used early in the war[19]
- MiG-15UTI jet trainer: used early in the war[19]
- Potez CM.170R Fouga Magister jet trainer/fighter-bomber: used early in the war
- Cessna T-37B Tweet jet trainer/fighter-bomber[61][54][62][63]
- Gardan GY-80 Horizon light trainer[54]
- Cessna T-41D Mescalero trainer[54]
- North American T-28B Trojan trainer[54]
- North American T-28D Trojan trainer/fighter-bomber[61][64][65][54][66][67][68]
- Douglas AD-4N Skyraider night attack aircraft: used early in the war
- AU-24A Stallion mini-gunship[54][69][70][71]
- AC-47D Spooky gunship[54][72][73][74]
- De Havilland Canada DHC U-6 (L-20) Beaver STOL utility transport[54][75]
- Dassault MD 315R Flamant light transport: used early in the war
- Antonov An-2 Colt utility aircraft: used early in the war
- Douglas C-47D Skytrain transport[54][76][74][77]
- Curtiss C-46F Commando transport: used early in the war[78][79][80][19]
- Fairchild C-123K Provider transport[54][81]
- U-17A/B light utility aircraft[54]
- Cessna L-19A/O-1D Bird Dog reconnaissance/observation light aircraft[82][54][83]
- EC-47D SIGINT aircraft[19]
Naval craft
[edit]- PC-461 class Patrol Craft[84][85][86]
- Landing Craft Support (LSSL)[84][85]
- PCF/Inshore Mark Mk 1 and 2 coastal patrol craft (also known as "Swift boat")[84][85][87]
- PBR Mk 1 and 2 river patrol boat (a.k.a. "Bibber")[84][85]
- Monitor (MON, heavily gunned riverine craft, a.k.a. "River Battleship" or "Mike boat")[84][85]
- Monitor (H) Howitzer version armed with 40 mm cannons and M49 105 mm howitzers.[84][85]
- Monitor (F) version equipped with M10-8 Flamethrowers (a.k.a. "Zippo")[84][85]
- Assault Support Patrol Boat Mk 1 (ASPB, a.k.a. "Alpha boat")[84][85]
- Patrol Craft/Tug (YTL)[84][85]
- EDIC III-class Landing craft tank (LCT)[84][88]
- Landing Ship Infantry Large (LSIL/LCI)[84][85][89]
- Landing Craft Utility (LCU/YFU)[84][85]
- Armored Troop Carrier (ATC, a.k.a. "Tango boat")[84][85]
- ATC refueler[84]
- ATC recharger[84]
- Landing Craft Mechanized Mk 6 Mod 1-LCM (6) Landing Craft Utility (LCU)[84]
- LCM (8) LCU[84][85]
- Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP)[84][85]
- Command and Communications Boat (CCB, a.k.a. "Charlie boat")[84]
- Minesweeper River boat (MSR/MSM)[84][90][85]
- 63-foot Combat Salvage Boat (CSB)[84]
- Yard Tug Light (YTL)[84]
- Mobile Support Base (MSB)[84]
- Floating Crane (YD)[84]
- Drydock[84]
Khmer Rouge forces equipment
[edit]Pistols
[edit]- Tokarev TT-33
- Type 54 pistol: Chinese copy of the TT-33.
- Type 59 pistol: Chinese copy of the Makarov PM.[91]
- Colt.45 M1911A1: Captured from government forces.
Submachine guns
[edit]
Carbines
[edit]- M1 Carbine: Captured from government forces.
- M2 Carbine: Captured from government forces.
Bolt-action rifles
[edit]- Mosin–Nagant
- Type 53 Carbine: Chinese copy of the Mosin–Nagant M1944 carbine.[93][94]
- MAS-36: Captured from government forces.[95][2]
- Arisaka: Used in small numbers.
Sniper rifles
[edit]
- M/52[96]
- Dragunov SVD-63: limited use by the PAVN.[97]
Semi-automatic rifles
[edit]- SKS
- Type 56 semi-automatic rifle: Chinese copy of the SKS.
- M1 Garand: Captured from government forces.
Assault rifles
[edit]- AK-47 and AKS-47 assault rifles[12][11]
- AKM and AKMS assault rifles[11]
- Type 56 and Type 56-I assault rifles[11][98][99]
- Type 63 assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
- vz. 58 Assault rifle: Used in small numbers.
- M16A1 Assault rifle: Captured from government forces.
Light machine guns
[edit]
- Degtyaryov DP/DPM
- Type 53: Chinese copy of the Degtyaryov DP/DPM.
- RPK[100]
- M1918A2 BAR: Captured from government forces.
General-purpose machine guns
[edit]- Degtyaryov RP-46
- RPD
- Type 56 machine gun: Chinese copy of the RPD. Used extensively.
- PK/PKM: Used in small numbers.
- M60 machine gun: Captured from government forces.
Medium and heavy machine guns
[edit]
- SG-43/SGM Goryunov
- Type 53/57: Chinese variant of the SG-43/SGM.[101]
- DShKM
- Type 54: Chinese variant of the DShKM.
- KPV
- Browning M1919A4: Captured from government forces.
Grenade systems
[edit]- F1/M33 hand grenade
- RGD-33 hand grenade
- RG-42 hand grenade
- RGD-5 hand grenade
- RPG-43 anti-tank grenade
- Type 1/M33 hand grenade
- Type 42 hand grenade
- Type 59 hand grenade
- Type 67 stick granade[15][102]
Land mine systems and booby traps
[edit]- POMZ-2 anti-personnel mine
- Type 2M anti-personnel mine
- PMD-6/7 anti-personnel mine
- PP-Mi-Sr anti-personnel mine
- TMD-B anti-personnel mine
- TM-41 anti-tank mine
- TMB-2 anti-tank mine
- TM-46/TMN-46 anti-tank mine
- Punji stakes[95]
Naval mine systems
[edit]- Chinese-made submerged floating river mines: employed by the PAVN and the Khmer Rouge against both military and civilian commercial shipping along the Mekong River.[103][104]
Rocket systems
[edit]- Type 63 107 mm rocket: fired from makeshift rocket launchers made out of cut bamboo branches or from a more sophisticated two-shot launcher on a simple metal tripod.[15][105]
Anti-tank rocket launchers
[edit].jpg)
- RPG-2: Used extensively.
- RPG-7
- Type 56 RPG: Used extensively.
- Type 69 RPG: Used extensively.
- M72 LAW: Captured from Government forces.
Grenade launchers
[edit]Recoilless rifles
[edit]
Mortars
[edit]- Brandt mle 27/31 81 mm mortar: Captured from government forces.
- Type 53 82 mm mortar
- PM-41 82 mm mortar
- Type 55 120 mm mortar
Howitzers and anti-tank guns
[edit]
The Khmer Rouge used a small number of field guns or captured howitzers from government forces.
- 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)
- 85 mm divisional gun D-44
- T-12 100 mm towed anti-tank gun[19]
- Type 60 122 mm towed field gun
- Type 59-1 130 mm towed field gun: Used in small numbers.[19]
- M101A1 105 mm towed field howitzer: Captured from government forces.[107][108][109]
Air defense guns
[edit]
- ZPU-1 14.5mm Single-barrelled AA autocannon
- ZPU-2 14.5mm Double-barrelled AA autocannon
- ZPU-4 14.5mm Quadruple-barrelled AA autocannon
- ZU-23-2 23 mm twin automatic anti-aircraft gun: Used by the PAVN.[110]
- M1939 (61-K) 37 mm air defense gun: Used in small numbers.
- AZP S-60 57 mm air defense gun: Used in small numbers.
- Type 55/65 37 mm anti-aircraft gun: Chinese variant of the M1939 (61-K). Used in small numbers.
- Type 59 57 mm anti-aircraft gun: Chinese variant of the AZP S-60. Used in small numbers.[111]
Vehicles
[edit]- T-54/55 main battle tank[112][113][114]
- Type 59 main battle tank
- Type 62 light tank[19]
- Type 63 amphibious light tank
- PT-76 amphibious light tank
- M24 Chaffee Light tank: Captured from government forces.[115]
- AMX-13 Light tank: Captured from government forces.[116]
- M113 armored personnel carrier: Captured from government forces.[117][118]
- GAZ-69A (4×4) field car
- Land Rover (4×4) Series II: Captured from government forces.
- Willys MB ¼-ton (4×4) jeep: Captured from government forces.
- M151A1 ¼-ton (4×4) utility truck: Captured from government forces.
- M35A2 2½-ton (6×6) cargo truck: Captured from government forces.
- Jiefang CA-30 general purpose 2.5 ton (6×6) truck: Captured from government forces.[119]
- GMC/Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty truck: Captured from government forces.
- GMC C7500 heavy-duty truck: Captured from government forces.
River craft
[edit]See also
[edit]- Cambodian Civil War
- First Indochina War
- Laotian Civil War
- Vietnam War
- Weapons of the Vietnam War
- Weapons of the First Indochina War
- Weapons of the Laotian Civil War
Notes
[edit]- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 5.
- ^ a b "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
- ^ Thompson, The M1903 Springfield Rifle (2013), p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 182, Appendix C (Army Item).
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 5; 33.
- ^ Thompson, The M1 Carbine (2011), p. 67.
- ^ "Foreign Military Assistance and the U.S. M1 & M2 Carbines".
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 18.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 42.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), pp. 18; 38; 42.
- ^ a b c d e f Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (2011), p. 78.
- ^ a b c d e Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 42.
- ^ Ballou, James L. (June 2002). "The BAR in Vietnam: Legacy of the French". Small Arms Review. Vol. 5, no. 9.
- ^ "Small Arms Survey – Working Papers" (PDF). November 8, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 43.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 41.
- ^ a b c d e f g Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195.
- ^ a b c d e Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
- ^ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), pp. 72–73.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 46.
- ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 63–64.
- ^ a b c Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 263; 268–269.
- ^ "Bofors 40mm (Series) Towed Anti-Aircraft Gun / Air Defense Gun - Sweden". www.militaryfactory.com. Military Factory. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 26–27; 29–31; 33.
- ^ Zaloga and Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85 (2003), p. 22.
- ^ Hiestand and Rodríguez, Tanks in the Easter Offensive 1972 – The Vietnam War's great conventional clash (2022), p. 26.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 13.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 25; 34; 65.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 199.
- ^ Robinson, Lau and Gibeau, Images of War: The AMX 13 Light Tank, A Complete History – rare photographs from wartime archives (2018), pp. 241–243.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–196.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 14; 26; 30; 34.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–197.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 197; 199.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12.
- ^ Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual (2019), p. 154.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 15; 26; 29–30.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 25.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12.
- ^ Dunstam, Hadler and Smith, The M113 series (1983), p. 33.
- ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 11–12; 38; 64–66.
- ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 193–195; 198; 200.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 130.
- ^ a b c "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 25.
- ^ a b Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 130; 264.
- ^ "Unpunished Purge". 8 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 183, Appendix C (Air Force Item).
- ^ "World Air Forces 1971 pg. 924-925". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 218; 223.
- ^ "Military Helicopter Market 1971 pg. 576". Retrieved 2013-04-03.
- ^ a b Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 18.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 220.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 19.
- ^ a b Jan Forsgren, Cambodia: Khmer Air Force History 1970-1975 (Part 2) - http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-eastasia/cambodia/cam-af-history2.htm
- ^ Love, Greer and Sewell, A-37/T-37 Dragonfly in action (1991), p. 16.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 214.
- ^ Taylor and Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (1973), p. 179.
- ^ Krivinyi, World Military Aviation (1977), p. 178.
- ^ Fitzsimons, The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA (1988), p. 137.
- ^ Adcock, Greer and Sewell, T-28 Trojan in action (1989), p. 114.
- ^ Chinnery, The age of austerity in Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia (2016), p. 92.
- ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 63–64.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 217–218.
- ^ "AU-24A Helio Stallion".
- ^ Davis and Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky (1982), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 219.
- ^ Grandolini, Air Enthusiast 37 (1988), p. 40.
- ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 46–49.
- ^ ADF Serials list of Australian military DC-2s/DC-3s/C-47s Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 2010-06-19
- ^ Chun, The Last Boarding Party: The USMC and the SS Mayaguez 1975 (2011), pp. 47; 51.
- ^ Mersky, Crutch and Holmes, A-7 Corsair II Units 1975-91 (2021), p. 14.
- ^ "Aviation Royale Khmere/Khmer Air Force Aircraft".
- ^ Beck, "Database: Fairchild C-123 Provider" (2022), p. 123.
- ^ Wheeler, Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 171.
- ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 243 (table of operational craft).
- ^ John Pike. "Cambodia Navy - History". globalsecurity.org.
- ^ "Jane's Fighting Ships, 1974–75". Khmer Republic/KOREA. p. 215. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), pp. 239; 243 (table of operational craft); 245.
- ^ John Pike. "Cambodia Navy - History". globalsecurity.org.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 33.
- ^ Thompson, Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others (2015), p. 74.
- ^ Popenker, Maxim (27 October 2010). "Sa. 23". Modern Firearms.
- ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), pp. 70-72.
- ^ "The Chinese Type 53 Carbine". Mosin-Nagant.net. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- ^ a b Katcher and Chappell, Armies of the Vietnam War 1962-1975 (1980), p. 35.
- ^ Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle (2016), p. 55.
- ^ McNab, The SVD Dragunov Rifle (2023), pp. 36-37.
- ^ "Violations Of The Laws Of War By The Khmer Rouge" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. April 1990. pp. 7−8, 10. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^ "A member of the Khmer Rouge sits on the window sill of an abandoned building close to the Turtle ..." Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
- ^ Wille, Christina (8 November 2012). How Many Weapons Are There in Cambodia? (PDF) (Report). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 45.
- ^ "Stickgrenade, Type67". Archived from the original on June 23, 2013.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 7.
- ^ Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (1990), 102–104.
- ^ Brian Anderson (2012). "Chinese-Made 107mm Rockets Are the Workhorses of Insurgencies (and Goons)". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08.
- ^ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), pp. 72–73.
- ^ Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia (1979), p. 358.
- ^ Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 156.
- ^ Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (1990), p. 105.
- ^ Davies, UH-1 Huey Gunship vs NVA/VC Forces: Vietnam 1962–75 (2021), p. 28.
- ^ Ross, Cambodia, a Country Study (1987), p. 313.
- ^ Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 72.
- ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank (2018), Appendix eight: known customers and users of the T‑54 medium tank, p. 182.
- ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank (2019), Appendix six: known client users of the T‑55 medium tank, p. 160.
- ^ Hiestand and Rodríguez, Tanks in the Easter Offensive 1972 – The Vietnam War's great conventional clash (2022), p. 26.
- ^ Hiestand and Rodríguez, Tanks in the Easter Offensive 1972 – The Vietnam War's great conventional clash (2022), p. 26.
- ^ Dunstam, Hadler and Smith, The M113 series (1983), p. 33.
- ^ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970–1975 (2011), p. 200.
- ^ "Unpunished Purge". 8 October 2016.
- ^ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970–75 (1989), p. 45.
References
[edit]- Al Adcock, Don Greer and Joe Sewell, T-28 Trojan in action, Aircraft No. 89, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1989. ISBN 0-89747-211-X
- Albert Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1998. ISBN 978-962-361-622-5
- Arnold Issacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos, Boston Publishing Company, Boston 1987. ISBN 0-201-11678-2, 9780201116786
- Barry C. Wheeler, "World Air Forces 1974". Flight International, 15 August 1974, Vol. 106, No. 3414. pp. 167–190.
- Bernard C. Nalty, Jacob Neufeld and George M. Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1982. ISBN 978-0668053464
- Bernard C. Nalty, Air War Over South Vietnam: 1968–1975, Air Force History and Museums Program, Washington, D.C. 2000.
- Bernie Fitzsimons, The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA, Aerospace Publishing, London 1988. ISBN 0-8317-2181-2
- Bill Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 978-0-86101-110-0
- Bill Harriman, The Mosin-Nagant Rifle, Weapon series 50, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2016. ISBN 978 1 4728 1415 9
- Chris McNab, Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS, Weapon series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2014. ISBN 9781782007944
- Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide, HarperCollins Publishers, London 2002. ISBN 0-00-712759-6
- Clayton K.S. Chun, The Last Boarding Party: The USMC and the SS Mayaguez 1975, Raid series 24, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2011. ISBN 978 1 84908 425 3
- David P. Chandler, The Tragedy of Cambodian History, Yale University Press, New Haven CT 1991. ISBN 0-300-04919-6
- George Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series), Marine Corps Association, 1990. ISBN 978-0-16-026455-9
- Gordon L. Rottman and Hugh Johnson, Vietnam Riverine Craft 1962-75, New Vanguard series 128, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2006. ISBN 9781841769318
- Gordon L. Rottman, The Rocket-propelled Grenade, Weapon series 2, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2010. ISBN 978 1 84908 153 5
- Gordon L. Rottman, The AK-47 Kalashnikov-series assault rifles, Weapon series 8, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2011. ISBN 978-1-84908-461-1
- Gordon L. Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320, Weapon series 57, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2017. ISBN 978 1 4728 1952 9
- James Kinnear, Stephen Sewell & Andrey Aksenov, Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank, General Military series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018. ISBN 978 1 4728 3330 3
- James Kinnear, Stephen Sewell & Andrey Aksenov, Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank, General Military series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019. ISBN 978 1 4728 3855 1
- John M. Shaw, The Cambodian Campaign: the 1970 offensive and America's Vietnam War, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence KS 2005. ISBN 0-7006-1405-2
- Kenneth Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975, Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, Djakarta 2011. ISBN 978-979-3780-86-3
- Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, The NVA and Viet Cong, Elite 38 series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1992. ISBN 978-1-85532-162-5
- Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Mike Chappell, The War in Cambodia 1970–75, Men-at-arms series 209, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989. ISBN 0-85045-851-X
- Larry Davis and Don Greer, Gunships, A Pictorial History of Spooky – Specials series (6032), Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1982. ISBN 0-89747-123-7
- Leroy Thompson, The M1 Carbine, Weapon series 13, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2011. ISBN 9781849086196
- Leroy Thompson, The M1903 Springfield Rifle, Weapon series 23, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2013. ISBN 978 1 78096 011 1
- Leroy Thompson, Soviet Pistols – Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others, Weapon series 84, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2015. ISBN 9781472853486
- Joe F. Leeker, Khmer Air Force AU-24As, University of Texas, Dallas 2006–2015. – [1]
- John J.H. Taylor and Kenneth Munson, Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft, Collier Books, New York 1973. ISBN 0-7232-3697-6
- M.P. Robinson, Peter Lau and Guy Gibeau, Images of War: The AMX 13 Light Tank, A Complete History – rare photographs from wartime archives, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley 2018. ISBN 978-1-52670-167-1
- Michael Green & Peter Sarson, Armor of the Vietnam War (1): Allied Forces, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1996. ISBN 962-361-611-2
- Peter B. Mersky with Mike Crutch and Tony Holmes, A-7 Corsair II Units 1975-91, Combat aircraft series 135, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2021. ISBN 9781472840639
- Peter E. Davies, UH-1 Huey Gunship vs NVA/VC Forces: Vietnam 1962–75, Duel series 112, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2021. ISBN 9781472845153
- Phil Chinnery, Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia: From JFK to Nixon – the Vietnam War in detail, Key Publishing Ltd, Stamford 2016. ISBN 9781910415467
- Phillip Katcher and Mike Chappell, Armies of the Vietnam War 1962-1975, Men-at-arms series 104, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1980. ISBN 9780850453607
- Sak Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington D.C. 1980. – available online at Part 1Part 2Part 3 Part 4.
- Simon D. Beck, "Database: Fairchild C-123 Provider", Aeroplane, February 2022, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 115-131. ISSN 0143-7240
- Simon Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual, Haynes Publishing UK, Somerset 2019. ISBN 978-1-78521-194-2
- Simon Dunstam, Terry Hadler and David E. Smith, The M113 series, Vanguard series 34, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1983. ISBN 0-85045-495-6
- Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94, New Vanguard series 20, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1996. ISBN 1 85532 535 7
- Steven J. Zaloga and Jim Laurier, M24 Chaffee Light Tank 1943–85, New Vanguard series 77, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2003. ISBN 9781841765402
- Terry Love, Don Greer and Joe Sewell, A-37/T-37 Dragonfly in action, Aircraft Number 114, Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., Carrollton, Texas 1991. ISBN 0-89747-239-X
- Russell R. Ross (editor), Cambodia, a Country Study, Area Handbook Series (Third edition), Department of the Army, American University, Washington, D.C. 1987. ISBN 978-0160208386
- Wiliam E. Hiestand and Irene Cano Rodríguez, Tanks in the Easter Offensive 1972 – The Vietnam War's great conventional clash, New Vanguard series 303, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2022. ISBN 9781472849021
- William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia, Andre Deutsch Limited, London 1979. ISBN 0-233-97077-0
