View source for Harpoon (missile)

{{short description|U.S. anti-ship missile}}
{{Other uses|Harpoon}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = A/R/UGM-84 Harpoon
| image              = [[File:Harpoon asm bowfin museum.jpg|300px|border]]
| caption            = A Harpoon missile on static display at the {{USS|Bowfin|SS-287|6}} [[museum]] at [[Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor, Hawaii]].
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Anti-ship missile]]
| used_by            = See [[#Operators|operators]]
| wars               = [[Iran–Iraq War]]<br />
[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
| manufacturer       = [[McDonnell Douglas]]<br />[[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]
| unit_cost          = [[United States dollar|US$]]1,406,812 for Harpoon Block II (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2185990/ |title=Contracts For May 13, 2020: Navy |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200805183232/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2185990/ |archive-date=2020-08-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| propellant         = 
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1977–present
| engine             = [[Teledyne CAE J402]] turbojet/solid propellant booster for surface and submarine launch; greater than {{cvt|600|lb-f|N|abbr=on}} of thrust
| weight             = {{convert|1523|lb|kg|abbr=on}} including booster
| length             = {{ubl
 | {{convert|12.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}, air-launched;
 | {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}}, surface- and submarine-launched
 }}
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| wingspan           = {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| speed              = {{ubl
 | {{convert|537|mph|km/h m/s Mach|abbr=on|lk=on}}, ship-launched Harpoon Block{{nbsp}}I & air-launched Harpoon Block{{nbsp}}IC;
 | Greater than {{convert|537|mph|km/h m/s Mach|abbr=on|lk=on}}, ship-launched Harpoon Block{{nbsp}}IC & Block{{nbsp}}II
 }}
| vehicle_range      = {{ubl
 | {{convert|75|nmi|km|abbr=on}}, ship-launched Harpoon Block{{nbsp}}I & Block{{nbsp}}IC;{{Citation needed |date=January 2022}}
 | Greater than {{convert|67|nmi|km|abbr=on}}, ship-launched Harpoon Block{{nbsp}}II;<ref name="Harpoon Block II Boeing Canada">{{cite web |url= https://www.boeing.ca/products-and-services/defense-space-security/harpoon-block-ii.page|title = Harpoon Block II
|publisher= [[Boeing Canada]] |access-date= 17 December 2022}}</ref>
 | {{convert|120|nmi|km|abbr=on}}, air-launched Block{{nbsp}}IC
 }}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = [[Sea-skimming]]
| filling            = {{convert|488|lb|kg}}
| guidance           = Sea-skimming cruise monitored by [[radar altimeter]], [[active radar]] terminal homing
| detonation         = Impact [[fuze]]
| launch_platform    = {{ubl
 | RGM-84A surface ship/TEL-launched
 | AGM-84A air-launched
 | UGM-84A submarine-launched
 }}
| number             = 7,500<ref name= "thediplomat20april15">{{cite web |url= https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/who-will-supply-the-us-navys-next-anti-ship-missile/ |title=Who Will Supply the US Navy's Next Anti-Ship Missile? |last=Gady |first= Franz-Stefan |website= The diplomat |date= 20 April 2015 |access-date= 12 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010636/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/who-will-supply-the-us-navys-next-anti-ship-missile/ |archive-date= 5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
The '''Harpoon''' is an all-weather, [[Over-the-horizon radar|over-the-horizon]], [[anti-ship missile]] 
manufactured by [[McDonnell Douglas]] (now [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]). The [[Standoff Land Attack Missile |AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile]] (SLAM) and later [[AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER]] (Standoff Land Attack Missile – Expanded Response) are [[cruise missile]] variants.

The regular Harpoon uses [[active radar homing]] and flies just above the water to evade defenses. The missile can be launched from:
* [[Fixed-wing aircraft]] '''(AGM-84)''', without the [[solid-fuel rocket]] [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]]
* [[warship|Surface ships]] '''(RGM-84)''', fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster that detaches when expended, to allow the missile's main [[turbojet]] to maintain flight
* [[Submarine]]s '''(UGM-84)''', fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster and encapsulated in a container to enable submerged launch through a [[torpedo tube]]
* Coastal defense batteries '''(RGM-84)''', from which it would be fired with a solid-fuel rocket booster<ref>{{cite web |lang= en |url= http://www.strategic-air-command.com/missiles/Aircraft-Launched_Missiles/agm-84_harpoon_missile.htm |title= AGM-84 Harpoon Missile |access-date= 13 January 2024}}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:USS Coronado Launches First Over-The-Horizon Missle Using a Harpoon Block 1C Missile in Pacific Ocean, July 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|left| {{USS|Coronado|LCS-4|6}} launches the first over-the-horizon missile engagement using a Harpoon Block 1C missile during the [[Exercise RIMPAC|Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) 2016]] in the Pacific Ocean, 21 July 2016.]]

In 1965, the [[United States Navy]] began studies for a missile in the {{convert|45|km|nmi|adj=on|order=flip}} range class for use against surfaced [[submarine]]s. The name Harpoon was assigned to the project. The sinking of the Israeli [[destroyer]] {{INS|Eilat|1955|2}} in 1967 by a Soviet-built [[P-15 Termit|Styx]] anti-ship missile shocked senior United States Navy officers, who until then had not appreciated the threat posed by anti-ship missiles. In 1970 [[Chief of Naval Operations]] Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt]] accelerated the development of Harpoon as part of his "Project Sixty" initiative, hoping to add much-needed striking power to U.S. surface warships such as the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser}}.
[[File:UGM-84 Harpoon at Submarine Force Museum entrance.jpg|thumb|Air intake (black triangle) for turbojet is visible on the underside]]
The first Harpoon was delivered in 1977; in 2004, Boeing delivered the 7,000th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boeing: Historical Snapshot: AGM/RGM/UGM-84 Harpoon Missile |url=https://www.boeing.com/history/products/agm-84d-harpoon-missile.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331215105/http://www.boeing.com/history/products/agm-84d-harpoon-missile.page |archive-date=31 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=www.boeing.com}}</ref>

The Harpoon has also been adapted for carriage on several aircraft, including the [[P-3 Orion]], the [[P-8 Poseidon]], the [[AV-8B Harrier II]], the [[F/A-18 Hornet]] and the [[U.S. Air Force]] [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52H bombers]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Harpoon |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/harpoon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205155633/https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/harpoon/ |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref> The Harpoon was purchased by many nations, including India, Japan, [[Singapore]], South Korea, [[Taiwan]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and most [[NATO]] countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2015 |title=US To Sell Harpoon Anti-Ship Missile to South Korea |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/14634/US_To_Sell_Harpoon_Anti_Ship_Missile_to_South_Korea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321094232/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/14634/US_To_Sell_Harpoon_Anti_Ship_Missile_to_South_Korea |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Defense World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Samseer |date=2015-05-14 |title=Japan to purchase UGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles from US |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/uncategorised/newsjapan-to-purchase-ugm-84l-harpoon-block-ii-missiles-from-us-4578068/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024740/https://www.naval-technology.com/uncategorised/newsjapan-to-purchase-ugm-84l-harpoon-block-ii-missiles-from-us-4578068/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=US Approves Harpoon Missile Deal With India Worth USD 82 Million |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-approves-harpoon-missile-deal-with-india-worth-usd-82-million-2501407 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024750/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-approves-harpoon-missile-deal-with-india-worth-usd-82-million-2501407 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=2015-11-19 |title=South Korea purchase additional Harpoon missiles |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/south-korea-purchase-additional-harpoon-missiles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024750/https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/south-korea-purchase-additional-harpoon-missiles/ |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=UK Defence Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-06-11 |title=United Arab Emirates Buys Boeing Harpoon Weapon System |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/1998-06-11-United-Arab-Emirates-Buys-Boeing-Harpoon-Weapon-System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331191737/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/1998-06-11-United-Arab-Emirates-Buys-Boeing-Harpoon-Weapon-System |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Boeing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Kashish |date=2021-06-17 |title=Taiwan Signs Another Major Deal With The US To Ward Off China; Will Acquire HIMARS & Harpoon Missiles |url=https://eurasiantimes.com/taiwan-signs-another-major-deal-with-the-us-to-ward-off-china-will-acquire-himars-harpoon-missiles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925125733/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/taiwan-signs-another-major-deal-with-the-us-to-ward-off-china-will-acquire-himars-harpoon-missiles/ |archive-date=2023-09-25 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] can fire AGM-84-series missiles from its [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18F Super Hornets]]. [[Lockheed AP-3C Orion|AP-3C Orion]], and [[P-8 Poseidon]] aircraft, and previously from the now retired [[General Dynamics F-111C|F-111C/Gs]] and [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18A/B Hornets]]. The [[Royal Australian Navy]] deploys the Harpoon on major surface combatants and in the {{sclass|Collins|submarine|1}}s. The [[Spanish Air Force]] and the [[Chilean Navy]] are also AGM-84D customers, and they deploy the missiles on surface ships, and F/A-18s, [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Falcons]], and [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3 Orion aircraft]]. The British [[Royal Navy]] formerly deployed the Harpoon on several types of surface ships.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] carries Harpoon Block II missiles on its {{sclass|Halifax|frigate}}s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Richard |date=26 May 2016 |title=Halifax class upgrade on finals |url=http://www.janes.com/article/60726/halifax-class-upgrade-on-finals-cansec2016d2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217141122/http://www.janes.com/article/60726/halifax-class-upgrade-on-finals-cansec2016d2 |archive-date=17 February 2018 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=janes.com}}</ref>

The [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] also operates five modified [[Fokker 50]] Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) which are fitted with the sensors needed to fire the Harpoon missile. The [[Pakistani Navy]] carries the Harpoon missile on its frigates and P-3C Orions. The [[Turkish Navy]] carries Harpoons on surface warships and [[Type 209 submarine]]s. The [[Turkish Air Force]] will be armed with the SLAM-ER.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} [[Turkey]] is planning to replace the Harpoons with Turkish made [[Atmaca]] missiles.

At least 339 Harpoon missiles were sold to the [[Republic of China Air Force]] (Taiwan) for its F-16 A/B Block 20 fleet and the [[Republic of China Navy]], which operates four guided-missile destroyers and eight guided-missile frigates with the capability of carrying the Harpoon, including the eight former U.S. Navy {{sclass|Knox|frigate|1}}s and the four former USN {{sclass|Kidd|destroyer|1}}s which have been sold to Taiwan. The two {{sclass|Zwaardvis|submarine|5}}/''Hai Lung'' submarines and 12 P-3C Orion aircraft can also use the missile. The eight {{sclass|Cheng Kung|frigate|1}}s, despite being based on the US {{sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate|4}}, have Harpoon capabilities deleted from their combat systems, and funding to restore it has so far been denied, the [[Republic of China Navy]] (Taiwan) decided to switch to the [[Hsiung Feng II]] and [[Hsiung Feng III]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

The Block 1 missiles were designated A/R/UGM-84A in US service and UGM-84B in the UK. Block 1B standard missiles were designated A/R/UGM-84C, Block 1C missiles were designated A/R/UGM-84D. Block 1 used a terminal attack mode that included a pop-up to approximately {{convert|1800|m|ft|order=flip}} before diving on the target; Block 1B omitted the terminal pop-up; and Block 1C provided a selectable terminal attack mode.<ref name="dessys">{{cite web |last=Parsch |first=Andreas |title=Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) AGM/RGM/UGM-84 Harpoon |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-84.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192258/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-84.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016 |website=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles}}</ref>

===Harpoon Block 1D===
This version featured a larger fuel tank and re-attack {{Explain|date=December 2022}} capability, but was not produced in large numbers because its intended mission (warfare with the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries of Eastern Europe) was considered to be unlikely following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. The range is {{convert|278|km|order=flip}}{{citation_needed|date=August 2020}}. Block 1D missiles were designated A/RGM-84F.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.filefactory.com/file/20vo2tbpc5wd/AGM-84_Harpoon%20Missile%20Block%201D%20Brochure.pdf |title=Harpoon Block 1D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805142234/http://s38.filefactory.com/get/t/20vo2tbpc5wd/aa8156212b2e33f2/AGM-84_Harpoon_Missile_Block_1D_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-05 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.filefactory.com/file/35dtusmx238f/AGM-84_Harpoon%20Missile%20Brochure.pdf |title=Harpoon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805171653/http://s41.filefactory.com/get/t/35dtusmx238f/0778ad5dda537d1b/AGM-84_Harpoon_Missile_Brochure.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-05 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===SLAM ATA (Block 1G)===
This version, under development{{When|date=April 2016}}, gives the SLAM a re-attack capability, as well as an image comparison capability similar to the [[Tomahawk cruise missile]]; that is, the weapon can compare the target scene in front of it with an [[image]] stored in its onboard [[computer]] during terminal phase target acquisition and lock on (this is known as [[DSMAC]]).{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Block 1G missiles A/R/UGM-84G; the original [[AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER|SLAM-ER missiles]] were designated AGM-84H (2000-2002) and later ones the AGM-84K (2002 onwards).{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

===Harpoon Block 1J===
Block 1J was a proposal for a further upgrade, A/R/UGM-84J Harpoon (or Harpoon 2000), for use against both ship and land targets.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

===Harpoon Block II===
[[File:US Navy 081120-N-0000X-001 Members of USS Fitzgerald's (DDG 62) Harpoon handling team carefully lower an all-up-round Harpoon missile into its launch rack on the aft VLS deck during ammunition onload operations.jpg|thumb|right|Loading Mk 141 canister launcher]]

In production at Boeing facilities in [[Saint Charles, Missouri]], is the Harpoon Block II, intended to offer an expanded engagement envelope, enhanced resistance to [[electronic countermeasures]] and improved targeting. Specifically, the Harpoon was initially designed as an open-ocean weapon. The Block II missiles continue progress begun with Block IE, and the Block II missile provides the Harpoon with a [[littoral]]-water anti-ship capability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harpoon Anti-Ship Missile {{!}} Military-Today.com |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/harpoon.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204235025/https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/harpoon.htm |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.military-today.com}}</ref>

The key improvements of the Harpoon Block II are obtained by incorporating the [[inertial measurement unit]] from the [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]] program, and the software, computer, [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS)/inertial navigation system and GPS antenna/receiver from the SLAM Expanded Response (SLAM-ER), an upgrade to the SLAM.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Boeing: Boeing Canada - Harpoon Block II |url=https://www.boeing.ca/products-and-services/defense-space-security/harpoon-block-ii.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031144436/https://www.boeing.ca/products-and-services/defense-space-security/harpoon-block-ii.page |archive-date=2023-10-31 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=www.boeing.ca}}</ref>

The US Navy awarded a $120 million contract to Boeing in July 2011 for the production of about 60 Block II Harpoon missiles, including missiles for 6 foreign militaries.<ref name=BG>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/missiles/harpoon/docs/HarpoonBlockIIBackgrounder.pdf|title=Backgrounder – Harpoon Block II|publisher=Boeing|access-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000747/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/missiles/harpoon/docs/HarpoonBlockIIBackgrounder.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> 

India acquired 24 Harpoon Block II missiles to arm its maritime strike [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] fighters in a deal worth $170 million through the Foreign Military Sales system.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2010 |title=Military pacts on hold but India, US continue with exercises, arms deals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/military-pacts-on-hold-but-india-us-continue-with-exercises-arms-deals/articleshow/6601777.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803195235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Military-pacts-on-hold-but-India-US-continue-with-exercises-arms-deals/articleshow/6601777.cms |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref>

In December 2010, the [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] (DSCA) notified U.S. Congress of a possible sale of 21 additional AGM-84L Harpoon Block II Missiles and associated equipment, parts and logistical support for a complete package worth approximately $200 million for the [[Indian Navy]]'s [[P-8I]] Neptune fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2010 |title=India – AGM-84L Harpoon Block II Missiles |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/india-agm-84l-harpoon-block-ii-missiles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326191707/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/india-agm-84l-harpoon-block-ii-missiles |archive-date=26 March 2021 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Defense Security Cooperation Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defpro.com/news/details/20860 |work=defpro.com |title=India to Receive AGM-84L Harpoon Block II Missiles Worth $200 Million |date=December 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225171833/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/20860/ |archive-date=December 25, 2010 }}</ref>

The Indian Navy is also planning to upgrade the fleet of four submarines – {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|4}} – with tube-launched Harpoon missiles.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-plans-missiles-for-four-submarines/964143/0 |title=Navy plans missiles for four submarines |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=20 June 2012 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622095316/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-plans-missiles-for-four-submarines/964143/0 |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 July 2014 dsca approved the sale of 12 UGM-84L Harpoon Block II Encapsulated Missiles, 10 UTM-84L Harpoon Encapsulated Training missiles, 2 Encapsulated Harpoon certification training vehicles, containers, spare and repair parts for Sishumar-class submarines.<ref name=":1" /> On 24 September 2016, the US department of Defence contracted Boeing a deal worth $81,271,024 for the missiles. The deal would be executed by 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-14 |title=Boeing to supply Harpoon missiles to India from US |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/boeing-to-supply-harpoon-missiles-to-india-from-us/articleshow/54491455.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-24 |title=Boeing to supply Harpoon missiles to India from US |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/boeing-to-supply-harpoon-missiles-to-india-from-us-3047375/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, DSCA approved the sale of 10 AGM-84L Harpoon missiles along with containers, spare and repair parts, support and test equipment for the P-8I fleet to the Indian Navy at a value of $93 million. The sale of [[Mark 54 lightweight torpedo]] was approved simultaneously.<ref name="BBC Ukr Harpoon" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur |first=Xavier |date=2020-04-14 |title=United States Approves Possible FMS of Harpoon & Torpedoes for India's P-8I MPA |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/04/united-states-approves-possible-fms-of-harpoon-torpedoes-for-indias-p-8i-mpa/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was reported in April 2023 that the Indian  Navy would be purchasing equipment for Harpoon missiles worth $80 million. It includes the sale of the Harpoon Joint Common Test Set (JCTS) and related equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-04-24 |title=India to buy more Russian, American missile systems for Navy |url=https://theprint.in/world/india-to-buy-more-russian-american-missile-systems-for-navy/1537160/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-24 |title=India to buy more Russian, American missile systems for Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-buy-more-russian-american-missile-systems-for-navy/articleshow/99738316.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Harpoon Block II missiles are designated A/R/UGM-84L.<ref name="auto"/>

In early 2018, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of Harpoon Block II to the [[Mexican Navy]] for use on their future [[Sigma-class design]] frigates, the first of which is being built by [[Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Mexico – Harpoon Block II Missiles, RAM Missiles and MK 54 Torpedoes |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/mexico-harpoon-block-ii-missiles-ram-missiles-and-mk-54-torpedoes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111222254/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/mexico-harpoon-block-ii-missiles-ram-missiles-and-mk-54-torpedoes |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Defense Security Cooperation Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navaltoday.com/2018/01/08/mexico-buying-harpoon-ram-missiles-mk-54-torpedo-for-sigma-10514-patrol-vessel/|title=Mexico buying Harpoon, RAM missiles, MK 54 torpedoes for SIGMA 10514 patrol vessel|date=8 January 2018|access-date=2018-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042418/https://navaltoday.com/2018/01/08/mexico-buying-harpoon-ram-missiles-mk-54-torpedo-for-sigma-10514-patrol-vessel/|archive-date=2018-01-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Harpoon Block II+===
On 18 November 2015, the U.S. Navy tested the AGM-84N Harpoon Block II+ missile against a moving ship target. The Block II+ incorporates an improved GPS guidance kit and a net-enabled [[data-link]] that allows the missile to receive in-flight targeting updates. Introduction of the Block II+ was achieved in 2017 on the F/A-18E/F followed by the P-8A in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burgess |first1=Richard |date=13 August 2020 |title=Navy Orders 24 Harpoon Cruise Missiles from Boeing |url=https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-orders-24-harpoon-cruise-missiles-from-boeing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422054056/https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-orders-24-harpoon-cruise-missiles-from-boeing/ |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Seapower Magazine}}</ref>

===Harpoon Block III===
Harpoon Block III was intended to be an upgrade package to the existing USN Block 1C missiles and Command Launch Systems (CLS) for guided missile cruisers, [[guided missile destroyer]]s, and the [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]] fighter aircraft. After experiencing an increase in the scope of required government ship integration, test and evaluation, and a delay in development of a data-link, the Harpoon Block III program was canceled by the U.S. Navy in April 2009.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

===Harpoon Block II+ ER===
In April 2015, Boeing unveiled a modified version of the RGM-84 it called the Harpoon Next Generation. It increases the ship-launched Harpoon missile's range from the Block II's {{convert|70|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|167.5|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}}, along with a new lighter {{convert|300|lb|kg|abbr=on}} warhead and a more fuel-efficient engine with electronic fuel controls. Boeing offered the missile as the U.S. Navy's [[Littoral Combat Ship]] frigate upgrade over-the-horizon anti-ship missile as a cost-effective missile upgrade option; complete Next Gen Harpoons would cost approximately as much as a Block II at $1.2 million each, with upgrades for an existing missile costing half that.<ref name="thediplomat20april15"/><ref>{{cite web |last=LeGrone |first=Sam |date=16 April 2015 |title=Boeing Will Offer Modified Harpoon Missile for Littoral Combat Ships |url=http://news.usni.org/2015/04/16/boeing-will-offer-modified-harpoon-missile-for-littoral-combat-ships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307093040/http://news.usni.org/2015/04/16/boeing-will-offer-modified-harpoon-missile-for-littoral-combat-ships |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=12 May 2015 |title=Next-Generation Harpoon Missile Offered to Navy |url=https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2015/05/12/next-generation-harpoon-missile-offered-to-navy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325110211/https://www.military.com/dodbuzz/2015/05/12/next-generation-harpoon-missile-offered-to-navy |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=12 March 2016 |website=military.com}}</ref> The version is also called the Harpoon Block II+ ER.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/02/02/boeing-says-harpoon-missile-light-enough-littoral-combat-ship.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm |title=Boeing Says Harpoon Missile Light Enough for Littoral Combat Ship |last=Seck |first=Hope Hodge |website=Military.com |date=2 February 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041306/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/02/02/boeing-says-harpoon-missile-light-enough-littoral-combat-ship.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boeing claims the Block II+ ER is superior to the [[Naval Strike Missile]] through its improved turbojet giving it greater range and active radar-homing seeker for all-weather operation, as well as a lighter but "more lethal" warhead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drew |first=James |date=12 May 2016 |title=Boeing backs extended-range Harpoon to stave off Kongsberg threat |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/boeing-backs-extended-range-harpoon-to-stave-off-kongsberg-threat/120582.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132002/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-backs-extended-range-harpoon-to-stave-off-kon-425271/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> Test shots in 2017 had been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burgess |first=Richard R. |date=2017-01-10 |title=Navy to Shoot Extended-Range Harpoon This Year |url=http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20170110-harpoon.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055145/http://seapowermagazine.org/stories/20170110-harpoon.html |archive-date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=Sea Power Magazine}}</ref> In May 2017, Boeing revealed it was no longer offering the upgraded Harpoon for the frigate OTH missile requirement, but would continue development of it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaGrone |first=Sam |date=2 May 2017 |title=Boeing Takes Harpoon Out Of LCS/Frigate Over-the- Horizon Missile Competition |url=https://news.usni.org/2017/05/02/boeing-drops-off-littoral-combat-shipfrigate-horizon-missile-competition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503002332/https://news.usni.org/2017/05/02/boeing-drops-off-littoral-combat-shipfrigate-horizon-missile-competition |archive-date=3 May 2017 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:RDN mobile misbat.jpg|thumb|Block I coastal missile defense system truck, in service in the [[Danish Navy]] 1988–2003.]]
[[File:Harpoon missile launch aboard USS Shiloh.jpg|thumb|A Harpoon missile is launched from the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser|1}} {{USS|Shiloh|CG 67|6}} during a live-fire exercise in 2014.]]

In 1981 and 1982, there were two accidental launches of Harpoon missiles: [[USS Coontz (DDG-40)#DDG-40 |one by the United States Navy]] which caused no damage and [[1982 Harpoon missile misfire incident|the other by the Danish Navy]], which destroyed and damaged buildings in the recreational housing area [[Lumsås]]. The Danish missile was later known as the ''hovsa-missile'' (''hovsa'' being the [[Danish language|Danish]] term for ''oops'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=The launching of the Oops-missile |url=http://www.pederskram.dk/the-history/ups-and-downs-of-the-frigate/launching-of-the-oops-missile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108111100/http://www.pederskram.dk/the-history/ups-and-downs-of-the-frigate/launching-of-the-oops-missile.aspx |archive-date=2020-11-08 |access-date=2021-05-26 |website=Fregatten Peder Skram}}</ref>

In November 1980, during [[Operation Morvarid]], Iranian missile boats attacked and sank two Iraqi {{sclass2|Osa|missile boat|1}}s; one of the weapons used was the Harpoon missile.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McConoly |first=Raymond |date=2021-05-31 |title=Operation Morvarid: The Story of How Iran Damaged Iraq's Navy in 1 Day with Joint Operation |url=https://navalpost.com/operation-morvarid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921012857/https://navalpost.com/operation-morvarid/ |archive-date=2023-09-21 |access-date=2022-03-21 |work=Naval Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |date=2019-09-23 |title=Operation Morvarid: How Iran Destroyed Iraq's Navy in 1 Day Using Lots of U.S. Made Jets |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/operation-morvarid-how-iran-destroyed-iraq%E2%80%99s-navy-1-day-using-lots-us-made-jets-82806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025247/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/operation-morvarid-how-iran-destroyed-iraq%E2%80%99s-navy-1-day-using-lots-us-made-jets-82806 |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The National Interest}}</ref>

In 1986, the [[United States Navy]] sank at least two Libyan [[patrol boat]]s in the [[Gulf of Sidra]]. Two Harpoon missiles were launched from the cruiser {{USS|Yorktown|CG-48|6}} with no confirmed results and several others from [[A-6 Intruder]] aircraft that were said to have hit their targets.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 April 1986 |title=High-Tech Firepower |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C961035%2C00.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824213932/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961035,00.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=12 March 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ronald |last=Reagan |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/32686h.htm |title=Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate on the Gulf of Sidra Incident |date=26 March 1986 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111724/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1986/32686h.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Initial reports claimed that USS ''Yorktown'' scored hits on a patrol boat, but action reports indicated that the target may have been a false one and that no ships were hit by those missiles.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 1986 |title=Pentagon Revises Libyan Ship Toll |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/27/world/pentagon-revises-libyan-ship-toll.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626121729/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/27/world/pentagon-revises-libyan-ship-toll.html |archive-date=26 June 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
[[File:AGM-84A HARPOON.png|alt=US NAVY AGM-84A Harpoon 1979.|thumb|AGM-84A Harpoon from 1979 when it entered service with the US Navy]]
In 1988, Harpoon missiles were used by the U.S. to sink the Iranian frigate [[IRIS Sahand (1969)|''Sahand'']] during [[Operation Praying Mantis]]. Another was fired at the Iranian [[Kaman-class fast attack craft|''Kaman''-class missile boat]] ''Joshan'', but failed to strike because the [[fast attack craft]] had already been mostly sunk by [[RIM-66 Standard]] missiles. An Iranian-owned Harpoon missile was also fired at the [[guided missile cruiser]] {{USS|Wainwright|CG-28|6}}. The missile was successfully lured away by [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cushman |first=John H. Jr. |date=19 April 1988 |title=U.S. Strikes 2 Iranian Oil Rigs and Hits 6 Warships in Battles Over Mining Sea Lanes in Gulf |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/19/world/us-strikes-2-iranian-oil-rigs-hits-6-warships-battles-over-mining-sea-lanes-gulf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808104320/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/19/world/us-strikes-2-iranian-oil-rigs-hits-6-warships-battles-over-mining-sea-lanes-gulf.html |archive-date=8 August 2009 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In December 1988, a Harpoon launched by an [[F/A-18 Hornet]] fighter from the [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}}<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 1988 |title=U.S. Rocket Hits Indian Ship Accidentally, Killing Crewman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/13/world/us-rocket-hits-indian-ship-accidentally-killing-crewman.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110232706/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/13/world/us-rocket-hits-indian-ship-accidentally-killing-crewman.html |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> killed one sailor when it struck the merchant ship ''Jagvivek'', a {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} long Indian-owned ship, during an exercise at the [[Pacific Missile Range Facility|Pacific Missile Range]] near [[Kauai]], [[Hawaii]]. A [[Notice to Mariners]] had been issued warning of the danger, but ''Jagvivek'' left port before receiving the communication and subsequently strayed into the test range area, and the Harpoon missile, loaded just with an inert dummy warhead, locked onto it instead of its intended target.

The UGM-84A undersea-launched Harpoon version was retired from U.S. Navy service in 1997, leaving the U.S. submarine force without an anti-ship missile, a capability that is not planned to be reintroduced until the [[BGM-109 Tomahawk|Block IV Tomahawk]] is modified with a moving target maritime attack feature in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaGrone |first=Sam |date=18 February 2016 |title=WEST: U.S. Navy Anti-Ship Tomahawk Set for Surface Ships, Subs Starting in 2021 |url=https://news.usni.org/2016/02/18/west-u-s-navy-anti-ship-tomahawk-set-for-surface-ships-subs-starting-in-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611002318/https://news.usni.org/2016/02/18/west-u-s-navy-anti-ship-tomahawk-set-for-surface-ships-subs-starting-in-2021 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |website=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref> During RIMPAC 2018 a UGM-84 Harpoon was fired by USS ''Olympia'' at the ex-USS ''Racine''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=11 July 2018 |title=U.S. Navy Sub To Fire Harpoon Anti-Ship Missile Years After They Left The Force |url=http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/22106/u-s-navy-sub-to-fire-harpoon-anti-ship-missile-years-after-they-left-the-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085021/http://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/22106/u-s-navy-sub-to-fire-harpoon-anti-ship-missile-years-after-they-left-the-force |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=The Drive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=USS Olympia (SSN 717) Participates in SINKEX |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/613905/uss-olympia-ssn-717-participates-sinkex |website=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085130/https://www.dvidshub.net/video/613905/uss-olympia-ssn-717-participates-sinkex |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. Navy plans to refurbish and recertify UGM-84 Harpoon missiles to reintroduce the capability to {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine|1}}s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLeary |first=Paul |date=18 December 2018 |title=Navy To Begin Arming Subs With Ship-Killer Missile |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2018/12/navy-arms-subs-with-ship-killer-missile-harpoon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218211701/https://breakingdefense.com/2018/12/navy-arms-subs-with-ship-killer-missile-harpoon/ |archive-date=18 December 2018 |website=Breaking Defense}}</ref> A $10 million contract was awarded to Boeing in January 2021 to deliver the missiles by the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLeary |first=Paul |date=10 February 2021 |title=They're Back: US Subs To Carry Harpoon Ship-Killer Missiles |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/theyre-back-us-subs-to-carry-harpoon-ship-killer-missiles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164455/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/theyre-back-us-subs-to-carry-harpoon-ship-killer-missiles/ |archive-date=10 February 2021 |website=Breaking Defense}}</ref>

In June 2009, it was reported by an American newspaper, citing unnamed officials from the Obama administration and the [[U.S. Congress]], that the American government had accused Pakistan of illegally modifying some older Harpoon missiles to strike land targets. Pakistani officials denied this and they claimed that the US was referring to a new Pakistani-designed missile. Some international experts were also reported to be skeptical of the accusations. Robert Hewson, editor of [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's Air Launched Weapons]], pointed out that the Harpoon is not suitable for the land-attack role due to deficiency in range. He also stated that Pakistan was already armed with more sophisticated missiles of Pakistani or Chinese design and, therefore, "beyond the need to reverse-engineer old US kit." Hewson offered that the missile tested by Pakistan was part of an undertaking to develop conventionally armed missiles, capable of being air- or surface-launched, to counter its rival India's missile arsenal.<ref>{{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/world/asia/30missile.html |title=US Says Pakistan Made Changes to Missiles Sold for Defense |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=29 August 2009 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331142255/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/30/world/asia/30missile.html |archive-date=31 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Rediff.com |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/30/pakistan-modified-missile-to-use-against-india-says-us-report.htm |title=Pakistan illegally modified Harpoon missile: Report |date=30 August 2009 |agency=PTI |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232011/http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/30/pakistan-modified-missile-to-use-against-india-says-us-report.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-01/us/28085062_1_harpoon-strike-land-targets-pakistani-government |title=Harpoon missile modification by Pak very serious: US |date=1 September 2009 |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623173942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-01/us/28085062_1_harpoon-strike-land-targets-pakistani-government |archive-date=23 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later stated that Pakistan and the US administration had reached some sort of agreement allowing US officials to inspect Pakistan's inventory of Harpoon missiles,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=4 September 2009 |title=Pakistan allows US to inspect Harpoons |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/09-pakistan-allows-us-to-inspect-harpoons--szh-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908063258/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/09-pakistan-allows-us-to-inspect-harpoons--szh-11 |archive-date=September 8, 2009 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> and the issue had been resolved.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2009 |title=US confusion on Harpoon missile clarified: Naval Chief |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id%3D87764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005201507/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87764 |archive-date=October 5, 2009 |access-date=September 28, 2009 |website=The News International}}</ref>

[[File:Sailors assigned to the Los Angeles-class fast-attack submarine USS Asheville (SSN 758) lower an encapsulated harpoon loading shape into the boat during harpoon shipping, loading and handling certification training. (50327126361).jpg|thumb|A Harpoon training missile is loaded onto the {{USS|Asheville|SSN-758|6}} during a certification exercise in 2020.]]
The Harpoon missile has also emerged as a preferred choice for several foreign countries under the [[Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS) route. In 2020 its manufacturer [[Boeing]] won two major contracts for supplying Harpoon missiles to Saudi Arabia and six other partner nations under a $3.1 billion deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Richard R. |date=14 May 2020 |title=Navy Awards Boeing $3.1 Billion for Harpoon, SLAM-ER Missile Systems |url=https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-awards-boeing-3-1-billion-for-harpoon-slam-er-missile-systems/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520134045/https://seapowermagazine.org/navy-awards-boeing-3-1-billion-for-harpoon-slam-er-missile-systems/ |archive-date=20 May 2020 |website=Sea Power Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=Boeing bags $3.1 billion contract for Harpoon missiles, SLAM from US Navy |url=https://www.defencestar.in/defence-news/boeing-bags-3-1-billion-dollar-contract-for-harpoon-missiles-slam-from-us-navy/3550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603083710/https://www.defencestar.in/defence-news/boeing-bags-3-1-billion-dollar-contract-for-harpoon-missiles-slam-from-us-navy/3550/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |website=Defence Star}}</ref>

India will also receive Harpoon missiles under FMS in a $155 million deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Om |date=14 April 2020 |title=India-US Missile Deal: US to supply Harpoon missiles, torpedoes in $155 million deal |url=https://www.defencestar.in/defence-industry/defence-production/india-us-missile-deal-us-to-sell-harpoon-missiles-torpedoes-in-155-million-deal/3394 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425063334/https://www.defencestar.in/defence-industry/defence-production/india-us-missile-deal-us-to-sell-harpoon-missiles-torpedoes-in-155-million-deal/3394/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |website=Defence Star}}</ref>

In late May 2022, Denmark sent Harpoon launchers and missiles to Ukraine to help [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|their war effort]], and shortly after, the Netherlands sent additional missiles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasovic |first=Aleksandar |date=28 May 2022 |editor-last=Popper |editor-first=Helen |title=Ukraine receives Harpoon missiles and howitzers, says defence minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-receives-harpoon-missiles-howitzers-says-defence-minister-2022-05-28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528104645/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-receives-harpoon-missiles-howitzers-says-defence-minister-2022-05-28/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="BBC Ukr Harpoon">{{cite news |last=Beale |first=Jonathan |date=15 June 2022 |title=British rocket launchers to be sent to Ukraine imminently, minister says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61792068?ns_linkname=62a9c40da48d0547a34c0449%26British%20rocket%20launchers%20to%20be%20sent%20to%20Ukraine%20imminently%2C%20minister%20says%262022-06-15T14%3A33%3A42%2B00%3A00&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:9023d6e2-931d-4895-b201-c6f60d721124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105234347/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-61792068?ns_linkname=62a9c40da48d0547a34c0449%26British%20rocket%20launchers%20to%20be%20sent%20to%20Ukraine%20imminently%2C%20minister%20says%262022-06-15T14%3A33%3A42%2B00%3A00&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:9023d6e2-931d-4895-b201-c6f60d721124 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=1 July 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Forbes Ukr Harpoon">{{cite news |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |date=17 June 2022 |title=Ukraine Blasts Russian Tug Near Snake Island With Land-Based Harpoon Missiles |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2022/06/17/ukraine-blasts-russian-tug-near-snake-island-with-land-based-missiles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617103104/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2022/06/17/ukraine-blasts-russian-tug-near-snake-island-with-land-based-missiles/ |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Forbes}}</ref> In mid-June 2022, the US announced that they would supply Ukraine with Harpoon launchers and missiles,<ref name="Forbes Ukr Harpoon"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Mongilio |first=Heather |date=15 June 2022 |title=U.S. Sending Vehicle-Mounted Harpoon Launchers for Ukraine Coastal Defense |url=https://news.usni.org/2022/06/15/u-s-sending-vehicle-mounted-harpoon-launchers-for-ukraine-coastal-defense |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615220400/https://news.usni.org/2022/06/15/u-s-sending-vehicle-mounted-harpoon-launchers-for-ukraine-coastal-defense |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |publisher=U.S. Naval Institute}}</ref> and the UK Defence Secretary said that they also were looking into supplying Ukraine with the missiles.<ref name="BBC Ukr Harpoon"/> On 17 June, Ukraine claimed to have sunk the tugboat {{ship|Russian tug|Spasatel Vasily Bekh||2}} with two Harpoon missiles. In a tweet they said "Spasatel Vasily Bekh, a tug of the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]], successfully demilitarized by the @UA_NAVY. The ship was transporting personnel, weapons and ammunition to the occupied Snake Island."<ref name="ua20220617">{{cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war: EU to give fast-tracked opinion on Kyiv bid; Russia low on troops and missiles, UK defence chief says |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/russia-ukraine-war-eu-to-give-fast-tracked-opinion-on-kyiv-bid-russia-low-on-troops-and-missiles-uk-defence-chief-says-%E2%80%93-live/ar-AAYznr9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617060603/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/russia-ukraine-war-eu-to-give-fast-tracked-opinion-on-kyiv-bid-russia-low-on-troops-and-missiles-uk-defence-chief-says-%E2%80%93-live/ar-AAYznr9 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=MSN}}</ref> Ukraine's Naval Command also claimed the Russian tugboat had a [[Tor missile system]] on board.

==Operators==
[[File:Harpoon operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Harpoon operators{{legend|#295dd3|Current}}{{legend|#d60029|Former (Indonesia)}}]]
[[File:US Navy 080714-N-8135W-176 The Canadian frigate HMCS Regina (FFH 334) fires a Harpoon anti-ship missile during a Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) sinking exercise.jpg|thumb|The Canadian frigate HMCS ''Regina'' fires a Harpoon anti-ship missile during a Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) sinking exercise]]

;{{AUS}}
* {{naval|AUS}}
* {{air force|AUS}}
;{{BEL}}
* {{naval|BEL}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-05 |title=Video: Belgian frigate Louise-Marie in slow-mo missile firing action |url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2018/06/05/video-belgian-frigate-louise-marie-in-slow-mo-missile-firing-action/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Naval Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{BRA}}
* {{air force|BRA}}
;{{CAN}}
* {{air force|CAN|}}
* {{navy|Canada}}
;{{flag|Chile}}
* {{naval|Chile}}
* {{air force|Chile}}
;{{flag|Denmark}}
* {{naval|Denmark}}
;{{EGY}}
* {{air force|EGY}}
* {{naval|EGY}}
;{{GER}}
* {{naval|GER}}
;{{GRE}}
* {{air force|GRE}}
* {{navy|GRE}}
;{{IND}}
* {{air force|IND}}
* {{naval|IND}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India - UGM-84L Harpoon Missiles {{!}} Defense Security Cooperation Agency |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/india-ugm-84l-harpoon-missiles |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.dsca.mil}}</ref>
;{{IDN}}
* {{navy|IDN}} (Block 1D) (retired)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indomiliter.com/harpoon-rudal-canggih-yang-loyo-gara-gara-embargo/|title=Harpoon : Rudal Canggih Yang "Loyo" Akibat Embargo Militer|date=2011-05-08|website=Indomiliter.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
;{{IRN}}
* {{navy|IRN}}
;{{ISR}}
* {{air force|ISR}}
* {{naval|ISR}}
;{{JPN}}
* {{naval|JPN}}
;{{MYS}}
* {{Air force|MYS}}
;{{MEX}}
* {{navy|MEX}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/november-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6691-pola-sigma-10514-arm-reformador-frigate-launched-for-mexican-navy.html |title=POLA Sigma 10514 ARM Reformador Frigate Launched for Mexican Navy |date=27 November 2018 |access-date=2018-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202736/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2018/november-2018-navy-naval-defense-news/6691-pola-sigma-10514-arm-reformador-frigate-launched-for-mexican-navy.html |archive-date=2018-12-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
;{{MAR}}
* {{air force|MAR}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unroca.org/united-states/report/2017/ |title=UNROCA (United Nations Register of Conventional Arms) |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406221554/https://www.unroca.org/united-states/report/2017/ |archive-date=2019-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
;{{NLD}}
* {{navy|NLD}}
;{{PAK}}
* {{Air force|PAK}}
* {{navy|PAK}}
;{{POL}}
* {{naval|POL}}
;{{PRT}}
* {{air force|PRT}}
* {{navy|PRT}}
;{{QAT}}
* {{air force|QAT}} - Harpoon Block 2 on order for use with F-15QA<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jennings |first1=Gareth |title=Qatar to arm F-15QAs with Harpoon Block 2 anti-shipping missile |url=https://www.janes.com/article/88165/qatar-to-arm-f-15qas-with-harpoon-block-2-anti-shipping-missile |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430190034/https://www.janes.com/article/88165/qatar-to-arm-f-15qas-with-harpoon-block-2-anti-shipping-missile |archive-date=30 April 2019 |location=London |date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
;{{ROK}}
* {{air force|ROK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=RoKAF F-16C block 52 #01-515 from the 20th FW is flying alongside a P-3 'Orion' coastal patrol aircraft, both armed with AGM-84 Harpoon missiles. [RoKAF photo] |url=https://www.f-16.net/g3/f-16-photos/album39/album29/01-515 |website=F-16.net |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
* {{navy|ROK}}
;{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{air force|Saudi Arabia}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=Watch Saudi F-15 Strike Eagles Unleash Harpoon Missiles Against Ship Targets |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42685/watch-saudi-f-15-strike-eagles-unleash-harpoon-missiles-against-ship-targets |website=The Drive |access-date=21 February 2022 |date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{naval|Saudi Arabia}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Saudi Navy Badr corvette launches Harpoon anti-ship missile |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/october/10826-royal-saudi-navy-badr-corvette-launches-harpoon-anti-ship-missile.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=Navy Recognition |date=12 October 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
;{{SIN}}
* {{air force|SIN}}
* {{naval|SIN}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formidable Class Frigate |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/formidable/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{ESP}}
* {{air force|ESP}}
* {{naval|ESP}}
;{{ROC}} (Taiwan)
* {{air force|ROC}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=Jamie |title=Taiwanese F-16s Begin Flying Patrols With Live Harpoon Anti-Ship Missiles To Deter China |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/35458/taiwans-f-16s-begin-flying-patrols-with-live-harpoon-anti-ship-missiles-to-deter-china |website=The Drive |access-date=20 February 2022 |date=6 August 2020}}</ref>
* {{navy|ROC}}
;{{THA}}
* {{naval|THA}}
;{{TUR}}
* {{air force|TUR}}
* {{navy|TUR}}
;{{UAE}}
* {{navy|UAE}}
;{{UK}}
* {{naval|UK}} (retired)
* {{air force|UK}}
; {{UKR}}
* {{naval|UKR}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Harpoon: The Old Anti-Ship Missile That Is Headed To Ukraine |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/05/harpoon-the-old-anti-ship-missile-that-is-headed-to-ukraine/ |website=www.19fortyfive |access-date=26 May 2022 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/05/28/7349084/|title= New 155-mm-calibre self-propelled artillery and Harpoon missiles arrive in Ukraine |newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|access-date=29 May 2022 |date=28 May 2022}}</ref> 
;{{USA}}
* {{air force|USA}}
* {{navy|USA}}
* {{coast guard|USA}} (retired)

== See also ==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
{{div col}}
* {{lwc|AGM-158C LRASM}}
* {{lwc|Atmaca}}
* {{lwc|Exocet}}
* {{lwc|HAS-250}}
* {{lwc|Hsiung Feng II}}
* {{lwc|Hsiung Feng III}}
* {{lwc|Kh-35}}
* {{lwc|Naval Strike Missile}}
* {{lwc|NASM-MR}}
* {{lwc|NASM-SR}}
* {{lwc|Neptune (cruise missile)|Neptune}}
* {{lwc|Otomat}}
* {{lwc|RBS-15}}
* {{lwc|Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle}}
* {{lwc|Sea Breaker (missile)|Sea Breaker}}
* {{lwc|SSM-700K Haeseong}}
* {{lwc|Type 80 air-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 88 surface-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 90 ship-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|Type 93 air-to-ship missile}}
* {{lwc|YJ-83}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Harpoon missile}}
* [https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2168358/harpoon-missile/ US Navy Fact File: Harpoon]{{spaced ndash}}Official website
* [http://www.boeing.com/boeing/history/mdc/harpoon.page Harpoon information]{{spaced ndash}}Boeing website

{{Naval combat systems}}
{{Harpoon missile variants}}
{{US missiles}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harpoon (Missile)}}
[[Category:Anti-ship cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Naval cruise missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War anti-ship missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-ship missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Fire-and-forget weapons]]