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Silifke

Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222
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(Redirected from Seleucia ad Calycadnum)
Silifke
District and municipality
Göksu River at Silifke
Göksu River at Silifke
Map showing Silifke District in Mersin Province
Map showing Silifke District in Mersin Province
Silifke is located in Turkey
Silifke
Silifke
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMersin
Government
 • MayorMustafa Turgut (CHP)
Area
2,692 km2 (1,039 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
132,665
 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0324
Websitewww.silifke.bel.tr

Silifke, anciently Seleucia (Greek: Σελευκεία), is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 2,692 km2,[3] and its population is 132,665 (2022).[1] It is 80 km (50 mi) west of the city of Mersin, on the west end of the Çukurova plain.

Silifke lies on the Göksu River, the ancient Calycadnus, near its outlet into the Mediterranean. The river flows from the nearby Taurus Mountains and the city is surrounded by attractive countryside along its banks.

Names

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Turkish Silifke (Turkish: [siˈlifce]) derives from Greek Seléfkeia (Σελεύκεια, modern pronunciation: [seˈlefci.a]), the late medieval and modern form of ancient Greek Seleúkeia (Σελεύκεια; Latin: Seleucia), named for its founder Seleucus I Nicator, king of the Seleucid Empire. It was distinguished from the many other places of that name as Seleucia on the Calycadnus (Seleucia ad Calycadnum), Seleucia in Cilicia, Seleucia in Isauria, Seleucia Trachea, and Seleucia Tracheotis.[4]

The site of the ancient city of Olba (Turkish: Oura) is also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke.

History

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Antiquity

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Located a few miles from the mouth of the Göksu River, Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia (or Olba) and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of Holmi (in modern-day Taşucu) which had been established earlier as an Ionian colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.[5] The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of Cilicia (later named Isauria), and was even a rival of Tarsus.[4]

Cilicia thrived as a province of the Romans, and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century Temple of Jupiter. It was also the site of a noted school of philosophy and literature, the birthplace of peripatetics Athenaeus and Xenarchus.[6] The stone bridge was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD Isauria was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.

Christianity

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Early Christian bishops held a Council of Seleucia in[7] 325, 359, and 410. Seleucia was famous for the tomb of the virgin Saint Thecla of Iconium, converted by Saint Paul, who died at Seleucia,[8] the tomb was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world and was restored several times, among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Meriamlik.[9] In the 5th century the imperial governor (comes Isauriae) in residence at Seleucia had two legions at his disposal, the Legio II Isaura and the Legio III Isaura. From this period, and perhaps later, dates the Christian necropolis, west of the town, which contains many tombs of Christian soldiers.[10] According to the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Antioch, in the 6th century, the Metropolitan of Seleucia had twenty-four suffragan sees.[11]

Lead seal of Paul, Metropolitan of Seleucia (8th/9th century)

In 705 Seleucia was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and was recovered by the Byzantines. Thus by 732 nearly all the ecclesiastical province of Isauria was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople; henceforth the province figures in the Notitiae of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but under the name of Pamphylia.

In the Notitiae of Leo VI the Wise (ca. 900) Seleucia had 22 suffragan bishoprics;[12] in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca 940) it had 23.[13] In 968 Antioch again fell into the power of the Byzantines, and with the Province of Isauria, Seleucia was allocated to the Patriarchate of Antioch.[14] We know of several metropolitans of this see, the first of whom, Agapetus, attended the Council of Nicaea in 325; Neonas was at the Council of Seleucia in 359; Symposius at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Dexianus at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Basil, a celebrated orator and writer, whose conduct was rather ambiguous at the Second Council of Ephesus and at the beginning of the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Theodore was at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553; Macrobius at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and the Council in Trullo in 692.

No longer a residential see, Seleucia in Isauria has been included in the list of titular sees of the Catholic Church, which has made no new appointments of a titular bishop to this eastern see since the Second Vatican Council.[15]

Turkish period

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In the 11th century, the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by Leon of Cilician Armenia. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus,[4] near Seleucia during the Third Crusade.

In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the Hospitallers, who lost it to the Karamanid Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the Ottomans under general Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1471.

Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, İçel and Mersin provinces were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at Mersin. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.

Economy

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The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Göksu Delta. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.

Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.

Climate

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Silifke has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.

Climate data for Silifke (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.7
(83.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.8
(62.2) 		25.1
(77.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		20.0
(68.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		15.7
(60.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 109.79
(4.32) 		74.4
(2.93) 		46.96
(1.85) 		26.87
(1.06) 		26.79
(1.05) 		5.26
(0.21) 		1.54
(0.06) 		2.06
(0.08) 		8.96
(0.35) 		34.18
(1.35) 		86.53
(3.41) 		131.65
(5.18) 		554.99
(21.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.4 6.8 4.9 3.9 3 1.4 1.2 1 1.6 3.6 4.6 8.2 48.6
Average relative humidity (%) 59.2 58.6 59.4 62.3 64.2 64.7 65.3 63.7 57.9 53.8 54.0 58.9 60.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 146.1 162.5 221.5 244.9 282.5 312.5 333.9 323.2 288.5 238.7 181.6 140.3 2,876.2
Source: NOAA[16]

Composition

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There are 88 neighbourhoods in Silifke District:[17]

Main sights

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The town of Silifke has many interesting sites including:

Other notable sites outside the town are:

  • Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
    Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
  • Silifke castle
    Silifke castle
  • Bar next to the castle of Silifke
    Bar next to the castle of Silifke
  • Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke
    Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke
  • Aya Tekla Church
    Aya Tekla Church
  • Tekir ambarı cistern
    Tekir ambarı cistern

Life and culture

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The Turkmen community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as The Yogurt of Silifke (where the dancers imitate the actions of making yogurt) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.

The cuisine includes breakfast of leaves of unleavened bread (bazlama) with a dry sour cottage cheese (çökelek) or fried meats. Many other dishes feature bulgur wheat. The annual Silifke Yoghurt Festival takes place in May.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seleucia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 603.
  5. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium; Strabo, XIV, 670)
  6. ^ "Classical Gazetteer, page 312". Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2006-02-26.
  7. ^ (variously cited)
  8. ^ Acta Pauli et Theclae, an apocryphal work of the 2nd century
  9. ^ (Denkschriften der k. Akadem. der Wissenschaft. philos.-histor. Klasse, Vienna, XLIV, 6, 105-08)
  10. ^ Edwards, Robert W., "Seleukeia (Cilicia)" (2016). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8028-9017-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ (Echoes d'Orient, X, 145)
  12. ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 557.
  13. ^ (Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, ed. Gelzer, 76)
  14. ^ (Gelzer, op. cit., 573)
  15. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 968.
  16. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Silifke". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  17. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
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