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Pearl Temple

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Pearl Temple
LocationStalagmite Street, Yizhou City, Yizhou (modern-day Sichuan)
CountryTang dynasty (618–907)
DenominationChurch of the East
History
Former name(s)Castle of Seven Treasures
StatusChurch
FoundedNo later than 756 AD
Founder(s)East Syriac missionaries
Architecture
Functional statusDestroyed
DemolishedDuring the Tang dynasty

Pearl Temple[a] was a Church of the East church in Yizhou City (modern-day Chengdu) built no later than 756 AD on the ruins of the ancient Shu-era Castle of Seven Treasures[b] (a.k.a. Pearl Castle). It was located on Stalagmite Street[c] outside the west gate of the city. According to the Illustrated Chorography of Shu,[d] the church was destroyed on an unspecified date during the chaos caused by a military conflict in the Tang dynasty (618–907).

Historical accounts

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Further information: Church of the East in Sichuan

Little is known about the appearances of the castle and the church, except that they were both decorated with pearls. According to the 4th-century gazetteer Chronicles of the Southern Lands by Chang Qu: "The Castle of Seven Treasures was built by ancient Shu kings of the Kaiming dynasty (666 BC – 316 BC) with curtains made of pearls. It was burned down, together with thousands of houses, by the Great Fire of Shu Commandery [zh] during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (141 BC – 87 BC). Nowadays, people often find pearls in the castle's ruins."[2]

A description of Pearl Temple found in Zhao Bian [zh]'s Stories of Shu Commandery[e] (11th century) reads as follows: "The 'stalagmites' outside the west gate of the city are said to be the foundation of Pearl Castle, on whose ruins a Daqin temple [ja] (i.e., an East Syriac church) was built by "Hu" missionaries. The temple consisted of halls and towers totaling 10 spaces. Its doors and windows were decorated with curtains made of gold, pearls and green jasper (or jadeite beads). It was later destroyed and fell to the ground, but the foundation remained. Pearls, gold and green gems were often found in the ruins after heavy rains. The stones known today as 'stalagmites' are not the foundation but [a pair of dolmens] situated next to the temple. The Daqin empire, whence a variety of precious stones is obtained, namely, lapis lazuli, emeralds, pearls, and luminous jade. Its waterways lead to Yi Prefecture and Yongchang Commandery [zh], wherefore the temple was built by people from Daqin."[2]

The Illustrated Chorography of Shu also states that the halls and towers of the temple "were decorated with gold and pearls," and calls it "an enchanting edifice of its time," but "it was later abandoned and destroyed during the chaos caused by a military conflict."[3]

The above-mentioned accounts are repeated as a single history in volume 18 of the 12th-century biji collection Loose Records from the Studio of Possible Change [de] by Wu Zeng [zh],[4] and in volume 2 of A Detailed Account of the Shu Province [zh] by Cao Xuequan [zh] (1575–1646).[5] The history of Pearl Temple is also recounted in volume 7 of Du Gongbu's Poems Annotated by Thousand Scholars [zh],[f][6] for the ruins of the church are the subject of Du Gongbu's poem "The Stone Shoots: A Ballad":[g] "Have you not seen by the west gate of Yizhou City, by a field lane the 'Stone Shoots,'[h] a pair crouching high. Since ancient times it's been said that these were 'eyes of the sea,'[i] mosses and lichens have eaten away all traces of waves and billows. In heavy rains one often finds rare green gems—these things are a muddle and hard to explain clearly." He was unaware of the site being the ruins of a church, for he went on to write: "I suspect that in olden days these were tombs of a minister or grandee, they set the stones up as markers, and they still survive today."

In light of the fact that Pearl Temple had already been destroyed when "The Stone Shoots: A Ballad" was being written by Du Gongbu, who stayed in Yizhou during the reigns of the emperors Suzong and Daizong (756–779), Duan Yuming [zh] speculated that the construction of the temple was no later than the Xuanzong period (712–756).[9]

"Stalagmites"

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The so-called "stalagmites" were interpreted as a pair of dolmens[8] or menhirs[10] located outside the west gate of Yizhou City, which are no longer extant. Accodring to Chang Qu's Chronicles of the Southern Lands, they were erected by five legendary warriors and served as tomb markers for the kings of Ancient Shu.[11] They were also said to be the foundation of the Castle of Seven Treasures and subsequently of Pearl Temple, but this idea was rejected by Zhao Bian as stated in his Stories of Shu Commandery.[2]

After traveling to Chengdu in the 12th century, Lu You wrote in his Brush Notes from the Study of an Old, Learned Man [zh]: "The 'stalagmites' in Chengdu are not similar in shape to bamboo shoots,[j] but are made of stacked stones. The assertion of the existence of the so-called 'eyes of the sea' is verifiable. Green gems are still to be found today."[12]

Lin Ganqiu of Chengdu Daily was inclined to believe that these standing stones were not the foundation, but situated next to the castle and later the church.[13]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ traditional Chinese: 珍珠樓[1]; simplified Chinese: 珍珠楼; archaic form: 眞珠樓 or 真珠樓; pinyin: Zhēnzhū lóu; Sichuanese romanization: Chen1 Chu1 Leo2
  2. ^ traditional Chinese: 七寶樓; simplified Chinese: 七宝楼; pinyin: Qībǎo lóu; Sichuanese romanization: Ts'ie5 Pao3 Leo2
  3. ^ or Shisun Street (traditional Chinese: 石筍街; simplified Chinese: 石笋街; pinyin: Shísǔn Jiē; Sichuanese romanization: Shï5 Sen3 Kai1)
  4. ^ Illustrated Chorography of Shu (traditional Chinese: 蜀圖經; simplified Chinese: 蜀图经; pinyin: Shǔ Tújīng; Sichuanese romanization: Shu5 Tu2 Chin1)
  5. ^ Stories of Shu Commandery (Chinese: 蜀郡故事; pinyin: Shǔjùn gùshì; Sichuanese romanization: Shu5 Chüin4 Ku4 Sï4)
  6. ^ Du Gongbu's Poems Annotated by Thousand Scholars (traditional Chinese: 集千家註杜工部詩集; simplified Chinese: 集千家注杜工部诗集; pinyin: Jí qiānjiā zhù Dù Gōngbù shījí)
  7. ^ Original title in traditional Chinese: 石筍行; simplified Chinese: 石笋行; pinyin: Shísǔn xíng; lit. 'Stalagmites: A Ballad'. English translation published in The Poetry of Du Fu, Volume 3.[7]
  8. ^ These were a pair of dolmens outside of Chengdu.[8]
  9. ^ Springs that connect directly with the ocean underground.[8]
  10. ^ 石筍 literally means "stone bamboo shoots".

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Wongso 2006, p. 216.
  2. ^ a b c Enoki 1947, p. 247.
  3. ^ Enoki 1947, p. 257.
  4. ^ Wu 1843.
  5. ^ Cao 1778.
  6. ^ Duan 1993, p. 59.
  7. ^ Owen, Kroll & Warner 2016, pp. 43–45.
  8. ^ a b c Owen, Kroll & Warner 2016, p. 43.
  9. ^ Duan 1993, p. 60.
  10. ^ Enoki 1947.
  11. ^ Enoki 1947, p. 250.
  12. ^ Enoki 1947, p. 249.
  13. ^ Lin 2024.

Sources

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  • Cao, Xuequan (1778). 蜀中廣記卷二 [A Detailed Account of the Shu Province, Volume 2] (in Traditional Chinese).
  • Duan, Yuming (1993). "云南景教考" [A Study on East Syriac Christianity in Yunnan] (PDF). Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University (Social Sciences Edition) (in Simplified Chinese): 58–63.
  • Enoki, Kazuo (October 25, 1947). "成都の石筍と大秦寺" [Bamboo-shoot-like Menhir in Chêng-tu and Nestorian Church] (PDF). Journal of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (in Japanese). 31 (2): 247–261.
  • Lin, Ganqiu (October 3, 2024). "瑟瑟" [Green Gems Known as Sese]. Chengdu Daily (in Simplified Chinese). Chengdu.
  • Owen, Stephen; Kroll, Paul W.; Warner, Ding Xiang, eds. (2016). The Poetry of Du Fu, Volume 3 (PDF). Translated by Owen, Stephen. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-712-2.
  • Wongso, Peter (May 1, 2006). 認識基督教史略: 二千年教會史簡介 [A Concise Illustration to History of Christianity] (in Traditional Chinese). Hong Kong: Golden Lampstand Publishing Society. ISBN 9789627597469.
  • Wu, Zeng (1843). 能改齋漫錄：十八卷 [Loose Records from the Studio of Possible Change, Volume 18] (in Traditional Chinese).
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