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Faroese orthography

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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Faroese orthography is the method employed to write the Faroese language, using a 29-letter Latin alphabet, although it does not include the letters C, Q, W, X and Z.

Alphabet

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An example of Faroese ő. The usual orthography would be Fuglafjørður.

The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin script:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A Á B D Ð E F G H I Í J K L M N O Ó P R S T U Ú V Y Ý Æ Ø
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a á b d ð e f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v y ý æ ø
Names of letters
Letter Name IPA
Aa fyrra a ("leading a") [ˈfɪɹːa ɛaː]
Áá á [ɔaː]
Bb be [peː]
Dd de [teː]
Ðð edd [ɛtː]
Ee e [eː]
Ff eff [ɛfː]
Gg ge [keː]
Hh há [hɔaː]
Ii fyrra i ("leading i") [ˈfɪɹːa iː]
Íí fyrra í ("leading í") [ˈfɪɹːa ʊiː]
Jj jodd [jɔtː]
Kk ká [kʰɔaː]
Ll ell [ɛlː]
Mm emm [ɛmː]
Nn enn [ɛnː]
Oo o [oː]
Óó ó [ɔuː]
Pp pe [pʰeː]
Rr err [ɛɹː]
Ss ess [ɛsː]
Tt te [tʰeː]
Uu u [uː]
Úú ú [ʉuː]
Vv ve [veː]
Yy seinna i ("latter i") [ˈsaiːtna iː]
Ýý seinna í ("latter í") [ˈsaiːtna ʊiː]
Ææ seinna a ("latter a") [ˈsaiːtna ɛaː]
Øø ø [øː]
Obsolete letters
Xx eks [ɛʰks]
  • Eth ⟨ð⟩ (Faroese edd) never appears at the beginning of a word, which means its majuscule form ⟨Ð⟩ rarely occurs except in situations where all-capital letters are used, such as on maps.
  • ⟨Ø⟩ can also be written ⟨ö⟩ in poetic language, such as Föroyar ('the Faroes'). This has to do with different orthographic traditions (Danish–Norwegian for ⟨ø⟩ and Icelandic for ⟨ö⟩). Originally, both forms were used, depending on the historical form of the word; ⟨ø⟩ was used when the vowel resulted from I-mutation of /o/ while ⟨ö⟩ was used when the vowel resulted from U-mutation of /a/. In handwriting, ⟨ő⟩ is sometimes used.
  • While ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are not found in the Faroese language, ⟨x⟩ was known in earlier versions of Hammershaimb's orthography, such as ⟨Saxun⟩ for Saksun.
  • While the Faroese keyboard layout allows one to write in Latin, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, etc., the Old Norse and Modern Icelandic letter ⟨þ⟩ is missing. In related Faroese words, it is written as either ⟨t⟩ or ⟨h⟩. If an Icelandic name has to be transcribed, ⟨th⟩ is common.

Spelling-to-sound correspondence

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This section lists Faroese letters and letter combinations and their phonemic representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet.[1]

Vowels

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Faroese keyboard layout

Faroese vowels may be either long or short, but this distinction is only relevant in stressed syllables: the only unstressed vowels (at least in native words) are [a, ɪ, ʊ]. The vowel length is determined by the number of consonants that follow the vowel: if there is only one consonant (i.e., CVCV or CVC# syllable structure), the vowel is long; if there are more than one (CVCCV), counting geminates and pre-aspirated stops as CC, the vowel is short.[2] In addition to long monophthongs, Faroese also has diphthongs, which are always long. There are, however, some exceptions to the vowel length rule:[3]

  1. A vowel is long if it precedes a consonant combination ⟨b, d, g, k, p, s, t⟩ + ⟨j, l, r⟩. Examples include akrar, epli, møblar. The situation is however more complex, as seen below:
    • When the second consonant is ⟨j⟩, as in vekja, vitja, and tysja, the combination is treated as one sound (see below), and thus the vowel is long. However, the vowel before ⟨pj⟩ is short.
    • ⟨tl⟩ is not considered to be a consonant cluster, so the vowel preceding it is short.
  2. In loanwords before ⟨kv⟩, the vowel is optionally long.
  3. The genitive suffix ⟨-s⟩ does not affect the vowel length; e.g., báts, skips.
Vowels[4]
Grapheme Sound (IPA) Examples
Short Long
a [a] [ɛaː] spakt [spakt] "calm (n)"
spakur [ˈspɛaː(ʰ)kʊɹ] "calm (m)"
á [ɔ] [ɔaː] vátt [vɔʰtː] "wet (n)"
vátur [ˈvɔaːtʊɹ] "wet (m)"
e [ɛ] [eː] frekt [fɹɛʰkt] "greedy (n)"
frekur [ˈfɹeːkʊɹ] "greedy (m)"
i [ɪ] [iː] lint [lɪn̥t] "soft (n)"
linur [ˈliːnʊɹ] "soft (m)"
í [ʊi] [ʊiː] kvítt [kfʊiʰtː] "white (n)"
kvítur [ˈkfʊiːtʊɹ] "white (m)"
o [ɔ] [oː] toldi [tʰɔltɪ] "endured"
tola [ˈtʰoːla] "to endure"
ó [œ] [ɔuː] tómt [tʰœm̥t] "empty (n)"
tómur [ˈtʰɔuːmʊɹ] "empty (m)"
u [ʊ] [uː] gult [kʊl̥t] "yellow (n)"
gulur [ˈkuːlʊɹ] "yellow (m)"
ú [ʏ] [ʉuː] fúlt [fʏl̥t] "foul (n)"
fúlur [ˈfʉuːlʊɹ] "foul (m)"
y [ɪ] [iː] mystisk [ˈmʏstɪsk] "mysterious"
mytisk [ˈmyːtɪsk] "mythological"
ý [ʊi] [ʊiː] týskt [tʰʊiskt] "German (n)"
týskur [ˈtʰʊiːskʊɹ] "German (m)"
æ [a] [ɛaː] mætt [maʰtː] "nice (n)"
mætur [ˈmɛaːtʊɹ] "nice (m)"
ø [œ] [øː] høgt [hœkt] "high (n)"
høgur [ˈhøːʋʊɹ] "high (m)"
ei [ai] [aiː] feitt [faiʰtː] "fat (n)"
feitur [ˈfaiːtʊɹ] "fat (m)"
ey [ɛ] [ɛiː] deytt [tɛʰtː] "dead (n)"
deyður [ˈteiːjʊɹ] "dead (m)"
oy [ɔi] [ɔiː] gloymdi [ˈklɔiːmtɪ] "forgot"
gloyma [ˈklɔiːma] "to forget"

Consonants[5]

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Consonants
Grapheme Phonetic realization (IPA) Examples
b [p] bátur [ˈpɔaːʰtʊɹ] "boat"
d [t] dýr [tiːɹ] "animal"
dj [t͡ʃ] djúpur [ˈt͡ʃʉuːpʊɹ] "deep"
ð between vowels:
See #Glide insertion for more information.
other contexts:
Ø
 borð [poːɹ] "table"
f [f] fiskur [ˈfɪskʊɹ] "fish"
ft in the words aftan (adverb), aftur, eftir and lyfta:
[tː ~ ʰt]
 aftan [ˈatːan] "behind"
other contexts:
[ft]
 aftan [ˈaftan] "evening (before a saint's holiday)"
g before e, i, í or ey, when not a loanword or pet name:
[t͡ʃ]
 gildi [ˈt͡ʃɪltɪ] "celebration"
between vowels:
See #Glide insertion for more information.
in the suffixes -igt, -ligt and -ugt (neuter forms):
Ø
 merkiligt [ˈmɛɹ̥kʰɪlɪʰt] "remarkable (n)"
before n, in past participles:
[t]
 slignir [ˈslɪtnɪɹ] "mown (m pl)"
other contexts:
[k]
 góður [ˈkɔuːwʊɹ] "good"
gj [t͡ʃ] gjógv [ˈt͡ʃɛkf] "ravine"
h [h] hús [hʉuːs] "house"
hj before a vowel and two consonants:
[j]
 hjálp [jɔɬp] "help"
other contexts:
[t͡ʃ]
 hjól [ˈt͡ʃʰɔuːl] "wheel"
hv [kʰv] hvalur [ˈkʰvɛaːlʊɹ] "whale"
j [j] jól [jɔuːɬ] "Christmas"
k before e, i, í or ey, when not before a vowel or a loanword:
[t͡ʃʰ]
 kensla [ˈt͡ʃʰɛnsla] "feeling"
other contexts:
[kʰ]
 kongur [ˈkʰɔŋkʊɹ] "king"
kj [t͡ʃʰ] kjósa [ˈt͡ʃʰɔusa] "to choose"
kk before i
[t͡ʃː ~ ʰt͡ʃ]
 politikkin [pʰolɪˈtɪt͡ʃːɪn] "the policy (acc)"
other contexts:
[kː ~ ʰk]
 klokka [ˈkʰlɔkːa] "clock"
l before a voiceless consonant, or word finally after a voiceless consonant:
[ɬ]
 milt [ˈmɪɬt] "spleen"
other contexts:
[l]
 linur [ˈliːnʊɹ] "soft"
ll in loan words and pet names:
[lː]
 mylla [ˈmɪlːa] "mill"
other contexts:
[t͡ɬ]
 fjall [ˈfjat͡ɬ] "mountain"
m [m] maður [ˈmɛaːvʊɹ] "man"
n [n] navn [naun] "name"
ng before e, i, í or ey:
[ɲt͡ʃ]
 ungi [ˈʊɲt͡ʃɪ] "fledgling"
other contexts:
[ŋk]
 langur [ˈlɛŋkʊɹ] "long"
nk before e, i, í or ey:
[ɲ̊t͡ʃ]
 bonki [ˈpɔɲ̊t͡ʃɪ] "bench (dat)"
other contexts:
[ŋ̊k]
 banka [ˈpɛŋ̊ka] "to knock"
nj [ɲ ~ nj]
nn after diphthongs:
[tn]
 seinni [ˈsaitnɪ] "later"
other contexts:
[nː]
 renna [ˈɹɛnːa] "to run"
p [pʰ] pípa [ˈpʰʊiːpa] "pipe"
pp [ʰp] heppin [ˈhɛʰpɪn] "lucky"
r [ɹ ~ ɻ] rógva [ˈɹɛɡva] "to row"
s [s] síða [ˈsʊiːja] "page"
sj [ʃ] sjálvur [ˈʃɔlvʊɹ] "self"
sk before e, i, í or ey, word initially:
[ʃ]
 skip [ʃiːp] "ship"
before e, i, í or ey, word internally:
[st͡ʃ]
 elski [ˈɛɬst͡ʃɪ] "I love"
other contexts:
[sk]
 skúli [ˈskʉulɪ] "school"
skj [ʃ] skjótt [ʃœtː] "quickly"
stj [ʃ] stjørna [ˈʃœɳa] "star"
t [tʰ] tá [tʰɔa] "toe"
tj [t͡ʃʰ] tjóð [t͡ʃʰɔuːw] "people"
tt [tː ~ ʰt] brott [ˈpɹɔtː] "away"
v before a voiceless consonant:
[f]
 skeivt [skaift] "wrong (n)"
other contexts:
[v ~ ʋ]
 vatn [vaʰtn̥] "water"

Glide insertion

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Faroese avoids having a hiatus between two vowels by inserting a glide. Orthographically, this is shown in three ways:

  1. vowel + ⟨ð⟩ + vowel
  2. vowel + ⟨g⟩ + vowel
  3. vowel + vowel

Typically, the first vowel is long and in words with two syllables always stressed, while the second vowel is short and unstressed. In Faroese, short and unstressed vowels can only be /a, i, u/.

Glide insertion[6]
First vowel Second vowel Examples
i [ɪ] u [ʊ] a [a]
i, y [iː] [j] [j] [j] sigið, siður, siga
í, ý [ʊiː] [j] [j] [j] mígi, mígur, míga
ey [ɛiː] [j] [j] [j] reyði, reyður, reyða
ei [aiː] [j] [j] [j] reiði, reiður, reiða
oy [ɔiː] [j] [j] [j] noyði, royður, royða
u [uː] [w] [w] [w] suði, mugu, suða
ó [ɔuː] [w] [w] [w] róði, róðu, Nóa
ú [ʉuː] [w] [w] [w] búði, búðu, túa
a, æ [ɛaː] [j] [v] ∅ ræði, æðu, glaða
á [ɔaː] [j] [v] ∅ ráði, fáur, ráða
e [eː] [j] [v] ∅ gleði, legu, gleða
o [oː] [j] [v] ∅ togið, smogu, roða
ø [øː] [j] [v] ∅ løgin, røðu, høgan

The value of the glide is determined by the surrounding vowels:

  1. [j]
    • "I-surrounding, type 1" – after ⟨i, y, í, ý, ei, ey, oy⟩: bíða [ˈbʊija] (to wait), deyður [ˈdɛijʊɹ] (dead), seyður [ˈsɛijʊɹ] (sheep)
    • "I-surrounding, type 2" – between any vowel (except "u-vowels" ⟨ó, u, ú⟩) and ⟨i⟩: kvæði [ˈkvɛaje] (ballad), øði [ˈøːjɪ] (rage).
  2. [w]
    • "U-surrounding, type 1" – after ⟨ó, u, ú⟩: Óðin [ˈɔʊwɪn] (Odin), góðan morgun! [ˌɡɔʊwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] (good morning!), suður [ˈsuːwʊɹ] (south), slóða [ˈslɔʊwa] (to make a trace).
  3. [v]
    • "U-surrounding, type 2" – between ⟨a, á, e, o, æ, ø⟩ and ⟨u⟩: áður [ˈɔavʊɹ] (before), leður [ˈleːvʊɹ] (leather), í klæðum [ʊɪˈklɛavʊn] (in clothes), í bløðum [ʊɪˈbløːvʊn] (in newspapers).
    • "A-surrounding, type 2"
      • These are exceptions (there is also a regular pronunciation): æða [ˈɛava] (eider-duck).
      • The past participles always have [j]: elskaðar [ˈɛlskajaɹ] (beloved, nom., acc. fem. pl.)
  4. Silent
    • "A-surrounding, type 1" – between ⟨a, á, e, o⟩ and ⟨a⟩ and in some words between ⟨æ, ø⟩ and ⟨a⟩: ráða [ˈɹɔːa] (to advise), gleða [ˈɡ̊leːa] (to gladden, please), boða [ˈboːa] (to forebode), kvøða [ˈkvøːa] (to chant), røða [ˈɹøːa] (to make a speech)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Þráinsson, Höskuldur (2002) [1994]. "Icelandic". In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The Germanic Languages. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. pp. 142–152. ISBN 0-415-05768-X.
  2. ^ Árnason 2011, pp. 152–3.
  3. ^ Lockwood 2002, p. 8.
  4. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 68.
  5. ^ Lockwood 2002, pp. 14–22.
  6. ^ Þráinsson (2004), p. 38.

Bibliography

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  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
  • Þráinsson, Höskuldur (2004), Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, ISBN 978-9991841854
  • Lockwood, W. B. (2002), An Introduction to Modern Faroese (4th, unaltered ed.), Tórshavn: Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, ISBN 99918-0-295-9
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