Psychoactive drug
Pharmaceutical compound
6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran ) is an empathogenic psychoactive drug of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes.[ 1] other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA , but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB . It may appear as a tan grainy powder.[citation needed
While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals , sometimes called "legal highs” if uncontrolled. Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to its popularity.[citation needed
6-APB can be found in freebase , hydrochloride , and succinate form. The freebase is purportedly 20% stronger than the hydrochloride salt and 65% stronger than the succinate. This means 100 mg of 6-APB HCl is equivalent to 83 mg of 6-APB freebase and 100 mg of 6-APB succinate is equivalent to 60 mg of 6-APB freebase. Different production batches may have impurities and should be treated with care.[citation needed
Based on anecdotal reports, the dosages for 6-APB hydrochloride are the following:
Dosage
Oral
Threshold
15 mg
Light
15–60 mg
Common
60–90 mg
Strong
90–120 mg
Heavy
120 mg +
Duration
Oral
Onset
30–60 minutes (or more)
Come up
60–120 minutes
Peak
3–4 hours
Offset
2–3 hours
Total
7–10 hours
After effects
6–48 hours
The dosages for freebases or succinates have to be adjusted accordingly.
6-APB is reported to produce entactogenic , stimulant , and mild psychedelic effects in humans.[ 2] [ 3]
Acute psychosis has been associated with recreational use of 6-APB in combination with the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122 .[ 4]
Small clumps of 6-APB powder 6-APB acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values for monoamine release of 36 nM for serotonin , 14 nM for norepinephrine , and 10 nM for dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes .[ 5] [ 6] serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), with affinities (Ki ) of 117 nM for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), 150 nM for the dopamine transporter (DAT), and 2,698 nM for the serotonin transporter (SERT)[ 1] IC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values for monoamine reuptake inhibition of 930 nM for serotonin, 190 nM for norepinephrine, and 3,300 nM for dopamine.[ 6]
In addition to actions at the monoamine transporters , 6-APB is a potent high-efficacy partial agonist or full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (Ki = 3.7 nM; EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration = 140 nM; Emax Tooltip maximal efficacy = 70%).[ 1] target than any other site.[ 7] MDMA , 6-APB shows 100-fold selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor over the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in terms of affinity.[ 7] [ 8] 2B receptor than the reference serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonist, BW-723C86 , which is commonly used for research into the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor.[citation needed Although much more potent at the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor, 6-APB is also a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (EC50 = 5,900 nM; Emax = 43%) and shows affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor (Ki = 270 nM) and the serotonin]] 5-HT1A receptor (Ki = 1,500 nM).[ 6] 2C receptor similarly to the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors.[ 2] [ 9]
Besides the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, 6-APB has been found to bind with high affinity to the α2C -adrenergic receptor (Ki = 45 nM), although the significance of this action in humans is unknown.[ 1] trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).[ 1] [ 6]
The potent agonism of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor makes it likely that 6-APB would be cardiotoxic with chronic or long-term use, as seen with other serotonin 5-HT2B receptor agonists such as the withdrawn serotonergic anorectic fenfluramine .[ 1] [ 10]
The pharmacokinetics of 6-APB have not been studied, however, some information can be extracted from user reports. These suggest a slow onset of 40–120 minutes. The drugs peak effects last 7 hours, followed by a comedown phase of approximately 2 hours, and after effects for up to 24 hours.[ 11]
Although limited literature is available, there is some data on metabolism of 6-APB in rats. Its Phase I metabolism involves hydroxylation of the furan ring, then cleavage of the ring, followed by a reduction of the unsaturated aldehyde from the previous step. The resulting aldehyde may then take two paths. It is either oxidized to a carboxylic acid or reduced to an alcohol , and then hydroxylated . Phase II metabolism consists of glucuronidation . The most prevalent metabolites in rats were 3-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine and 4-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyamphetamine .[ 12]
6-APB and its structural isomer 5-APB have been tested with a series of agents including: Marquis , Liebermann , Mecke , and Froehde reagents.[ 13]
Compound
Marquis
Mecke
Mandelin
Liebermann
Froehde
Gallic
Ehrlich
Hofmann
Simon's
Folin
6-APB
Purple
Purple to black
Purple to black
Black
Purple
Brown
Orange
Light orange
No reaction
Light orange
6-APB succinate
Purple
Purple to black
Purple to black
Black
Purple
Brown
Faint orange
No reaction
No reaction
Light orange
6-APB succinate is reported to be practically insoluble in CHCl3 as well as very minimally soluble in cold water . A batch seized by the DEA contained a 2:1 ratio of succinate to 6-APB.[ 14]
Synthesis of 6-APB and its structural isomer 4-APB[ 14] The synthesis by Briner et al .[ 8] 3-bromophenol with bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal and sodium hydride to give the diethyl acetal , which then was heated with polyphosphoric acid to give a mixture of bromobenzofuran structural isomers : 4-bromo-1-benzofuran and 6-bromo-1-benzofuran. The isomers were separated by silica gel column chromatography , then converted to their respective propanone derivatives, and then reductively aminated to give 6-APB and 4-APB, both of which were converted to their HCl ion pairs for further examination.
Society and culture [ edit ] In 1999, amphetamines were changed from Schedule III to Schedule I as a result of the Safe Streets Act . Some have speculated that 6-APB's structure qualifies it as a Schedule I drug as an analog of MDA.[ 15] [unreliable source?
In 2014, a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research noted that 6-APB "may or may not be legal in Canada depending on how one interprets the current Act"[ 16] benzofuran structure does not make it a direct analogue of amphetamine despite similarities in effects.
6-APB has been a controlled substance in China since 1 July 2024[ 17]
6-APB is scheduled in government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants and hence is illegal.[ 18]
6-APB is illegal in France .[ 19]
6-APB is illegal in Germany since the 17th of July, 2013, when it was added to Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz .[citation needed
6-APB is illegal in Italy .[ 20]
In Luxembourg , 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances.[ 21]
6-APB is not listed under the Opium Law or the Medicine Act in the Netherlands , and thus currently legal.[citation needed
New Zealand and Australia [ edit ] Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia . This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA , meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.[ 22]
In Sweden , as of 27 December 2009 6-APB is classified as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health ).[ 23]
On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation.[ 10] [ 24] Class B , Schedule 1 substances.[ 10] [ 25]
6-APB is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States ,[ 26] [failed verification but it may be considered an analog of amphetamine, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act .[ 27]
^ a b c d e f Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R, Setola V, Huang XP, Roth BL (January 2013). "Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances" . European Journal of Pharmacology . 700 (1– 3): 147– 151. doi :10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006 . PMC 3582025 PMID 23261499 . ^ a b Greene SL (2013). "Benzofurans and Benzodifurans". Novel Psychoactive Substances doi :10.1016/b978-0-12-415816-0.00016-x . ISBN 978-0-12-415816-0 . Retrieved 15 April 2025 . ^ Canal CE (2018). "Serotonergic Psychedelics: Experimental Approaches for Assessing Mechanisms of Action". New Psychoactive Substances doi :10.1007/164_2018_107 ISBN 978-3-030-10560-0 PMC 6136989 PMID 29532180 . Retrieved 15 April 2025 . Despite micromolar 5-HT1A affinities (Rickli et al. 2015b), Nbenzylphenethylamines retain potent psychedelic effects. Also, benzofurans, such as 5-APB and 6-APB, are potent and efficacious 5-HT2B agonists but have very low potency at 5-HT2A receptors. They also stimulate efflux of DA and 5-HT and have activity at TAAR1 receptors (Iversen et al. 2013; Rickli et al. 2015a), but anecdotal reports note that psychedelic effects are relatively minor compared to classic psychedelics. These observations provide further credence that the 5-HT2A receptor, but not 5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, TAAR1, or monoamine transporters, initiates psychedelic effects. ^ Chan WL, Wood DM, Hudson S, Dargan PI (September 2013). "Acute psychosis associated with recreational use of benzofuran 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and cannabis" . Journal of Medical Toxicology . 9 (3): 278– 81. doi :10.1007/s13181-013-0306-y . PMC 3770991 PMID 23733714 . ^ Brandt SD, Walters HM, Partilla JS, Blough BE, Kavanagh PV, Baumann MH (December 2020). "The psychoactive aminoalkylbenzofuran derivatives, 5-APB and 6-APB, mimic the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) on monoamine transmission in male rats" . Psychopharmacology (Berl) . 237 (12): 3703– 3714. doi :10.1007/s00213-020-05648-z . PMC 7686291 PMID 32875347 . ^ a b c d Rickli A, Kopf S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (July 2015). "Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans" (PDF) . British Journal of Pharmacology . 172 (13): 3412– 3425. doi :10.1111/bph.13128 . PMC 4500375 PMID 25765500 . ^ a b Canal CE, Murnane KS (January 2017). "2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens" . Journal of Psychopharmacology . 31 (1): 127– 143. doi :10.1177/0269881116677104 . PMC 5445387 PMID 27903793 . ^ a b US patent 7045545 , Briner K, Burkhart JP, Burkholder TP, Fisher MJ, Gritton WH, Kohlman DT, Liang SX, Miller SC, Mullaney JT, Xu YC, Xu Y, "Aminoalkylbenzofurans as serotonin (5-HT(2c)) agonists", published 19 January 2000, issued 16 May 2006, assigned to Eli Lilly Co. ^ US patent 7045545 , Karin Briner et al, "Aminoalkylbenzofurans as serotonin (5-HT(2c)) agonists", published 2000-01-19, issued 2006-16-03 ^ a b c Browne J (4 June 2013). "Temporary class drug order on benzofury and NBOMe compounds - letter from ACMD" . Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs . GOV.UK. ^ Shaun L. Greene (2013). Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology Chapter 16 – Benzofurans and Benzodifurans . Boston: Academic Press. pp. 383– 392. doi :10.1016/B978-0-12-415816-0.00016-X . ISBN 978-0-12-415816-0 ^ Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen JJ, van Riel AJ, Brunt TM, Hondebrink L (December 2015). "Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans". Drug and Alcohol Dependence . 157 : 18– 27. doi :10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011 . PMID 26530501 . ^ "Results" . PRO Test . Retrieved 2021-06-01 .^ a b Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2012). "The Characterization of 6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran and Differentiation from its 4-, 5-, and 7-Positional Analogues" (PDF) . Microgram Journal . 9 (2): 61– 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2016-06-08 . ^ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act : Definitions and Interpretations" . isomerdesign.com . Retrieved 2019-11-11 .^ Hudson AL, Lalies MD, Baker GB, Wells K, Aitchison KJ (2014-04-16). "Ecstasy, legal highs and designer drug use: A Canadian perspective" . Drug Science, Policy and Law 1 : 2050324513509190. doi :10.1177/2050324513509190 ISSN 2050-3245 . S2CID 159675835 . ^ National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China (July 22, 2024). "关于将溴啡等46种物质列入《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品管制品种增补目录》的公告" . ^ "Ajantasa" . finlex.fi .^ "Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants" .^ "Nuove tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope (DPR 309/90)" (PDF) (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-05-31 .^ "Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. - Legilux" . legilux.public.lu . Retrieved 2021-06-01 .^ "Misuse of Drugs Act 1975" . New Zealand Legislation. 7 November 2015.^ "Förordning (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" (in Swedish). Lagbevakning med Notisum och Rättsnätet. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013 .^ Browne J (4 June 2013). " . Home Office . GOV.UK. ^ UK Home Office (28 April 2014). "The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014" . The National Archives. ^ "21 CFR — SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES §1308.11 Schedule I." Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2018-04-10 .^ Casale JF, Hays PA (January 2011). "The characterization of 5-and 6-(2-aminopropyl)-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran" . Microgram J . 8 (2): 62– 74.
No ring subs. 4-Hydroxytryptamines 5-Hydroxytryptamines 5-Methoxytryptamines Other ring subs.
2,N ,N -TMT 4,N ,N -TMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-N ,N -TMT 7,N ,N -TMT 5-Fluoro-DMT 5-MeO-2,N ,N -TMT 5-MeO-4,N ,N -TMT 6-Fluoro-DMT Bretisilocin (GM-2505; 5-fluoro-MET) α-Alkyltryptamines Others
Ergolines /lysergamides (e.g., LSD )Harmala alkaloidsβ-carbolines (e.g., harmine , harmaline )Iboga alkaloids18-MAC , 18-MC , coronaridine , ibogaine , ibogamine , ME-18-MC , noribogaine , tabernanthine , voacangine )Ibogalogs (e.g., ibogainalog )Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI , RU-28306 , DEIMDHPCA , CT-5252 )Piperidinylethylindoles (e.g., Pip-T )Pyrrolidinylethylindoles (e.g., Pyr-T , 5-MeO-pyr-T )Pyrrolidinylmethylindoles (e.g., MPMI , 4-HO-MPMI (lucigenol) , 5-MeO-MPMI )
Benzofurans (e.g., 5-MeO-DiBF , dimemebfe (5-MeO-BFE) , mebfap )Benzothiophenes (e.g., 3-APBT )Indazoles (e.g., AL-38022A , O -methyl-AL-34662Indenes (e.g., C-DMT )Isotryptamines (e.g., 6-MeO-isoDMT , Ro60-0175 )MYCO-005 Quinolinylethylamines (e.g., mefloquine )
Others: 2C-G-x (e.g., 2C-G-3 , 2C-G-5 )β-Keto-2C-B (βk-2C-B) β-Keto-2C-I (βk-2C-I) β-Methyl-2C-B (BMB) BOB , BOD , BOH-2C-B )HOT-2 , HOT-7 , HOT-17 )N -Ethyl-2C-B2CD-2-ETO , 2CD-5-ETO , 2CE-5-ETO , 2CE-5iPrO , 2CT2-5-ETO , ASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO) ) Others
2-TOET 2-TOM 25B-NAcPip 4-HA 5-TOET 5-TOM Benzofurans (e.g., 5-APB , 5-APDB , 6-APB , 6-APDB , F-2 , F-22 )Benzothiophenes (e.g., 5-APBT , 6-APBT )DMAs (e.g., 2,4-DMA , 3,4-DMA )Fenfluramine MMA (3-MeO-4-MA) Norfenfluramine 25D-NM-NDEAOP , DOB-NDEPA , DOI-NDEPA , DOM-NDEPA , DOTFM-NDEPA , M-NDEPA , TMA-2-NDEPA )PMA (4-MA) TMA-3 , TMA-4 , TMA-5 , TMA-6 )TOMSO ZDCM-04
1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g., 2CB-Ind , jimscaline )2-Aminoindanes (e.g., DOM-AI )2-Aminotetralins (e.g., DOM-AT )3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g., LPH-5 , LPH-48 )Benzazepines (e.g., lorcaserin )Benzocyclobutenes (e.g., 2CBCB-NBOMe , TCB-2 , tomscaline )Benzoxepins (e.g., BBOX , IBOX , TFMBOX )DMBMPP (juncosamine) Ergolines /lysergamides (e.g., LSD )Glaucine IHCH-7113 Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI , DEIMDHPCA , DEMPDHPCA , DEMTMPDHPCA , DEMNDHPCA )Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g., DMCPA , TMT )Phenylmorpholines (phenmetrazines) (e.g., 2C-B-morpholine )Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes ) (e.g., 2C-B-aminorex )Z3517967757 ZC-B
Others Natural sources
Tryptamines: Acacia spp.Acacia acuminata Acacia confusa Ayahuasca and vinho de Jurema (e.g., Psychotria viridis (chacruna)Dipolopterys cabrerana (chaliponga, chacruna)Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosa hostilis ; jurema)Brosimum Brosimum acutifolium (takini)Hallucinogenic snuffs (e.g., Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica, ebene)Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca, cebil)Incilius alvarius (Bufo alvarius ; Colorado River toad, Sonoran Desert toad; bufo)Psilocybin-containing mushrooms (magic mushrooms, shrooms) (e.g., Psilocybe cubensis Psilocybe mexicana (teonanacatl)
DRAs Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents
NRAs Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents
SRAs Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents
Others
5-HT1
5-HT1A
Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone , hydroxynefazodone , nefazodone , trazodone , triazoledione , vilazodone , vortioxetine )Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , cariprazine , clozapine , lurasidone , quetiapine , ziprasidone )Azapirones (e.g., buspirone , eptapirone , gepirone , perospirone , tandospirone )Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , lisuride , LSD , methylergometrine (methylergonovine) , methysergide , pergolide )F-11461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Hypidone Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24969 S-14506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT , 5-MeO-DMT , 5-MT , bufotenin , DMT , indorenate , N-Me-5-HT , psilocin , psilocybin )TGBA01AD U-92016-A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine
Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone , risperidone , sertindole )AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol , carteolol , cyanopindolol , iodocyanopindolol , isamoltane , oxprenolol , penbutolol , pindobind , pindolol , propranolol , tertatolol )BMY-7378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline )FCE-24379 Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine
5-HT1B
Agonists: Anpirtoline CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , methylergometrine (methylergonovine) , methysergide , pergolide )mCPP RU-24969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan , donitriptan , eletriptan , sumatriptan , zolmitriptan )TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , 5-MT , DMT )Vortioxetine
5-HT1D
Agonists: CP-122288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , LSD , methysergide )GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan , avitriptan , donitriptan , eletriptan , frovatriptan , naratriptan , rizatriptan , sumatriptan , zolmitriptan )Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , 5-Et-DMT , 5-MT , 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine , DMT )
5-HT1E
5-HT1F
5-HT2
5-HT2A
Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF , 25I-NBMD , 25I-NBOH , 25I-NBOMe , 25B-NBOMe , 25C-NBOMe , 25TFM-NBOMe , 2CBCB-NBOMe , 25CN-NBOH , 2CBFly-NBOMe )2Cs (e.g., 2C-B , 2C-E , 2C-I , 2C-T-2 , 2C-T-7 , 2C-T-21 )2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET , 5-MeO-DiPT , 5-MeO-DMT , 5-MeO-DPT , 5-MT )α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT , 5-Fl-αMT , 5-MeO-αET , 5-MeO-αMT , α-Me-5-HT , αET , αMT )AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB , DOC , DOI , DOM )Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD , ALD-52 , bromocriptine , cabergoline , ergine (LSA) , ergometrine (ergonovine) , ergotamine , lisuride , LA-SS-Az , LSB , LSD , LSD-Pip , LSH , LSP , methylergometrine (methylergonovine) , pergolide )Flumexadol IHCH-7113 Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine) , MDMA (midomafetamine) , MDOH , MMDA )O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 SCHEMBL5334361 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine , mescaline )Piperazines (e.g., BZP , quipazine , TFMPP )Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , bufotenin , DET , DiPT , DMT , DPT , psilocin , psilocybin , tryptamine )
Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine , hydroxyzine , ketotifen , perlapine )AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide , aripiprazole , asenapine , blonanserin , brexpiprazole , carpipramine , clocapramine , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , gevotroline , iloperidone , lurasidone , melperone , mosapramine , ocaperidone , olanzapine , paliperidone , quetiapine , risperidone , sertindole , zicronapine , ziprasidone , zotepine )Chlorprothixene Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide , LY-53857 , LY-215840 , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide , sergolexole )Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone , hydroxynefazodone , lubazodone , mepiprazole , nefazodone , triazoledione , trazodone )SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , aptazapine , esmirtazapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine )Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline )Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine , fluphenazine , haloperidol , loxapine , perphenazine , pimozide , pipamperone , prochlorperazine , setoperone , spiperone , spiramide , thioridazine , thiothixene , trifluoperazine )Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine
5-HT2B
Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine , cloforex , dexfenfluramine , fenfluramine , levofenfluramine , norfenfluramine )BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB , DOC , DOI , DOM )Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline , dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , methylergometrine (methylergonovine) , methysergide , pergolide )Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine) , MDMA (midomafetamine) , MDOH , MMDA )Piperazines (e.g., TFMPP )PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , 5-MT , α-Me-5-HT , bufotenin , DET , DiPT , DMT , DPT , psilocin , psilocybin , tryptamine )
Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride , aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , cariprazine , clozapine , N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine) , N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) , olanzapine , pipamperone , quetiapine , risperidone , ziprasidone )Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide , bromocriptine , lisuride , LY-53857 , LY-272015 , mesulergine )Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , mianserin , mirtazapine )Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine )TIK-301 Yohimbine
5-HT2C
Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B , 2C-E , 2C-I , 2C-T-2 , 2C-T-7 , 2C-T-21 )5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET , 5-MeO-DiPT , 5-MeO-DMT , 5-MeO-DPT , 5-MT )α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT , 5-Fl-αMT , 5-MeO-αET , 5-MeO-αMT , α-Me-5-HT , αET , αMT )A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB , DOC , DOI , DOM )Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52 , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergine (LSA) , ergotamine , lisuride , LA-SS-Az , LSB , LSD , LSD-Pip , LSH , LSP , pergolide )Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine) , MDMA (midomafetamine) , MDOH , MMDA )MK-212 ORG-12962 ORG-37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine , mescaline )Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole , BZP , mCPP , quipazine , TFMPP )PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT , 5-CT , bufotenin , DET , DiPT , DMT , DPT , psilocin , psilocybin , tryptamine )Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348
Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , iloperidone , melperone , olanzapine , paliperidone , quetiapine , risperidone , sertindole , ziprasidone , zotepine )Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide , bromocriptine , LY-53857 , LY-215840 , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide , sergolexole )Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , aptazapine , esmirtazapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine )TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , nortriptyline )Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine , loxapine , pimozide , pipamperone , thioridazine )Xylamidine
5-HT3 –7
5-HT3
Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol , ethanol (alcohol) , trichloroethanol )m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP , mCPP , quipazine )RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT , 5-CT , bufotenidine (5-HTQ) )Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane , isoflurane , toluene , trichloroethane )YM-31636
Antagonists: Alosetron Anpirtoline Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine , olanzapine , quetiapine )Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , mianserin , mirtazapine )Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine )Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide , sevoflurane , xenon )Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron
5-HT4
5-HT5A
5-HT6
Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , lisuride , LSD , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide )Hypidone Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT , 5-BT , 5-CT , 5-MT , Bufotenin , E-6801 , E-6837 , EMD-386088 , EMDT , LY-586713 , N-Me-5-HT , ST-1936 , tryptamine )WAY-181187 WAY-208466
Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole , asenapine , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , iloperidone , olanzapine , tiospirone )AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Masupirdine Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , mianserin )Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , clomipramine , doxepin , nortriptyline )Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine , loxapine )
5-HT7
Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride , aripiprazole , asenapine , brexpiprazole , clorotepine , clozapine , fluperlapine , olanzapine , risperidone , sertindole , tiospirone , ziprasidone , zotepine )Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148) , amesergide , bromocriptine , cabergoline , dihydroergotamine , ergotamine , LY-53857 , LY-215840 , mesulergine , metergoline , methysergide , sergolexole )JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine )Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , clomipramine , imipramine )Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine , chlorpromazine , chlorprothixene , fluphenazine , loxapine , pimozide )Vortioxetine
TAAR1 Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 1
TAAR5 Tooltip Trace amine-associated receptor 5
Notes: List of trace amines , TAAR , and TAAR1 pages. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Phenethylamines Amphetamines Phentermines Cathinones Phenylisobutylamines (and further-extended) Catecholamines (and close relatives) Cyclized
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines 2-Benzylpiperidines (phenidates ) Phenylmorpholines (phenmetrazines) Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes) Isoquinolines andtetrahydroisoquinolines 2-Aminoindanes 2-Aminotetralins Others / unsorted
1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g., 2CB-Ind , AMMI , jimscaline )2-ADN 2-Benzhydrylpyrrolidine 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine 3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g., 3-phenylpiperidine , OSU-6162 (PNU-96391) , LPH-5 , LPH-48 )6-AB AL-1095 Benzazepines (e.g., fenoldopam , lorcaserin , SCHEMBL5334361 )Benzocyclobutenes (e.g., 2CBCB-NBOMe , S33005 , TCB-2 , tomscaline )Benzoxepins (e.g., BBOX , IBOX , TFMBOX )Butyltolylquinuclidine Cypenamine (trans -2-phenylcyclopentylamine) Diphenidine Diphenylprolinol DMBMPP Ergolines (e.g., LSD )GYKI-52895 HDMP-29 Ivabradine Lumateperone and analogues (e.g., IHCH-7079 , IHCH-7086 , IHCH-7113 , ITI-1549 )Methoxphenidine Methylmorphenate Milnacipran MT-45 2-Naphthylamine Org 6582 Partial ergolines (e.g., NDTDI , RU-27849 , DEIMDHPCA , DEMPDHPCA , RU-27251 )PF-592,379 Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g., DMCPA , TMT , tranylcypromine )Tricyclics (e.g., benzoctamine , dizocilpine )Z3517967757 ZC-B
Related compounds
2-Furylethylamine 2-Pyrrolylethylamine 3-Pyrrolylethylamine 3-Pyrrolylpropylamine 2-Tetrahydrofurylethylamine 4-Benzylpiperidine 7-AB Alkylamines (e.g., 1,3-DMBA Tooltip 1,3-dimethylbutylamine , 1,4-DMAA Tooltip 1,4-dimethylamylamine , heptaminol , iproheptine , isometheptene , methylhexanamine/1,3-DMAA , octodrine , oenethyl , tuaminoheptane )Benzylamines (e.g., benzylamine , α-methylbenzylamine , MDM1EA , ALPHA , M-ALPHA , pargyline )Benzylpiperazines (e.g., benzylpiperazine , MDBZP , fipexide )Cyclohexylaminopropanes (e.g., propylhexedrine , norpropylhexedrine )Cyclopentylaminopropanes (e.g., isocyclamine , cyclopentamine )Phenylalkenylamines (e.g., phenylbutenamine )Phenylalkynylamines (e.g., phenylbutynamine )Phenylpiperazines (e.g., 1-phenylpiperazine , mCPP Tooltip meta-chlorophenylpiperazine , TFMPP Tooltip trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine , oMPP Tooltip ortho-methylphenylpiperazine , pFPP Tooltip para-fluorophenylpiperazine , pMeOPP Tooltip para-methoxyphenylpiperazine )Phenylpropylamines (e.g., phenylpropylamine , homo-MDA , homo-MDMA )Thienylaminopropanes (thiopropamines) (e.g., thiopropamine , methiopropamine , thiothinone )
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