Jump to content

Arihant-class submarine

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Arihant class submarine)

Profile of Arihant-class submarine
Class overview
NameArihant
BuildersNavy Shipbuilding Centre, Visakhapatnam[1]
Operators Indian Navy
Succeeded byS5 class
Cost₹40 billion (US$480 million) per submarine[3]
In commission2016–present
Planned5
Building1[2]
Completed4
Active2
General characteristics
TypeNuclear powered ballistic missile submarine
Displacement
  • Arihant & Arighaat: 6,000 t (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons) surfaced[4]
  • S4 & S4*: 7,000 t (6,900 long tons; 7,700 short tons)[5]
LengthArihant & Arighaat: 111 m (364 ft);[6] S-4: 130 m (430 ft)[6][7]
Beam11 m (36 ft)[6]
Draft15 m (49 ft)[6]
Propulsion
Speed
  • Surfaced: 12–15 kn (22–28 km/h)
  • Submerged: 24 kn (44 km/h)
RangeUnlimited except by food supplies
Test depth450 m (1,480 ft)
Complement95
Sensors and
processing systems
Armament
  • Arihant & Arighaat: 12 × K15 SLBM (1,500 km or 930 mi range) or 4 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[5]
  • Aridhaman & S4*: 24 × K15 SLBM (750 km or 470 mi range) or 8 × K-4 SLBM (3,500 km or 2,200 mi range)[5] or 8 × K-5 SLBM (5,000–6,000 km or 3,100–3,700 mi range)[11]
  • 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)[11]

The Arihant-class (transl. 'Slayer of Enemies' in Sanskrit) is a class of Indian nuclear ballistic missile submarines under construction for the Indian Navy. They were developed under the ₹900 billion (US$11 billion) Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[3] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[12][13]

The lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials was confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[14][15][16] Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[17] As of 25 October 2024, INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already on deep sea patrols.[18]

History

[edit]

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[19][20] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force in support of India.[21] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[22] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[23]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[24] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[25] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[26][27][28]

Description

[edit]

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[29][30][31][32][33][34] They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[35] The submarines are 111 m (364 ft) long with a beam of 11 m (36 ft), a draught of 15 m (49 ft), displacement of 6,000 tonnes (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons).[6] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[36] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 83 MW pressurised water reactor and can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h) when surfaced and 24 knots (44 km/h) when submerged.[36][37]

Sagarika SLBM

The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of 750 km or 470 mi) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of 3,500 km or 2,200 mi).[38][39][40] The third and fourth submarines will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles.[5] The Indian Navy will train on INS Chakra, an Akula-class submarine leased from Russia in 2012.[41][42]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[43] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[43] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[43]

Development

[edit]
Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[44][45] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[46] It included a 42-metre (138 ft) section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[47] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[22] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[48][49] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[50] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[22] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[5]

In 2007, then finance minister P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Hence, the ATV project team tweaked the Arihant design by adding a 10-metre-long section for four more K-4 SLBMs to be integrated into the boat codenamed S4. After it became evident that the larger S5 class of SSBNs will take more time to develop, an additional unit, codenamed S4*, was sanctioned in 2012 to ensure that the production line doesn't go idle.[5] Hence, the final two ships INS Aridhaman (S4) and S4* in the class are expected to be larger, displacing over 1,000 tonnes more than the Arihant[51] and have 8 missile launch tubes to carry up to 24 K15 or 8 K4 or K5 and a more powerful pressurized water reactor than INS Arihant.[52]

The detailed engineering of the design was implemented[when?] at Larsen & Toubro's submarine design centre at their Hazira shipbuilding facility.[53] Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[54] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries.[55] The lead vessel underwent a long and extensive process of testing after its launch in July 2009.[56] The propulsion and power systems were tested with high-pressure steam trials followed by harbor-acceptance trials that included submersion tests by flooding its ballast tanks and controlled dives to limited depths.[57] INS Arihant's reactor went critical for the first time on 10 August 2013.[58] On 13 December 2014, the submarine set off for its extensive sea trials.[59][60] The first boat of the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned in August 2016.[61][14][62] On 5 November 2018, INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol.[12][13]

In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and INS Arighaat started sea trials in 2017. As per reports released in August 2024, INS Arighaat was commissioned before October 2024.[63][64] On 29 August 2024, after extensive trials and upgrades INS Arighaat was formally commissioned.[65]

INS Aridhaman (S4) was launched in November 2021.[66][67] On 30 August 2024, a report suggested that this submarine will be commissioned in the next 6 months.[68] In August 2024, it was reported that a fifth Arihant-class submarine which will be the third of S4 subclass is to be constructed.[69]

The fourth submarine of the class, with an indigenous content of 75% and equipped with K4 missiles, was launched on 16 October 2024.[70]

Ships in class

[edit]
Name Pennant Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea Trials Begins Sea Trials Completed Commission Status
INS Arihant (S2)[5][71] SSBN 80[72] 6,000 tonnes 2004[73] 26 July 2009 13 December 2014[74] 23 February 2016[75] August 2016 Active
INS Arighaat (S3)[76] SSBN 81 2009[73] 19 November 2017[77][78] 8 January 2018[79] March 2021[80] 29 August 2024[65][81]
INS Aridhaman (S4)[82] 7,000 tonnes 23 November 2021[83] N/A February 2025 (est.)[84][68] Sea Trial[85]
S4* (codename)[82] 16 October 2024[70] 2025 (est.) [84] Planned
Unnamed (S4**) Planned[86]

Timeline

[edit]
Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[5]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, INS Arihant, is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[5]
10 August 2013 Arihant's on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[14]
19 November 2017 INS Arighaat launched[3]
8 January 2018 INS Arighaat to begin sea trials[87]
5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[88]
March 2021 INS Arighaat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 S4 is speculated to be launched.[83]
29 August 2024 INS Arighaat officially commissioned.[65]
16 October 2024 S4* launched[70]
February 2025 S4 commissioning expected[68]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Contract worker killed in accident at navy ship building centre". The Hindu. 8 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Why India needs submarines". The Diplomat. May 2016. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  4. ^ "India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine". DNA. 26 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e Subramanian, T.S. (15 August 2009). "Nuclear Arm". The Frontline. Vol. 26, no. 17. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  7. ^ "H I Sutton - Covert Shores".
  8. ^ "Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC" (PDF). Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  9. ^ "DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010" (PDF). BARC Newsletter (322): 33. September–October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  10. ^ "India to achieve N-arm triad in February". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  11. ^ a b Pike, John (27 July 2009). "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  12. ^ a b "Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  13. ^ a b "INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew". The Economic Times. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  15. ^ Ashish Singh (17 October 2016). "What is INS Arihant?". NewsX. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  16. ^ "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  17. ^ Marcus, Jonathan (10 August 2013). "Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  18. ^ "India launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security". The Economic Times. 24 October 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  19. ^ "1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy". Russia Beyond. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  20. ^ "US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception". The Daily Star. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  21. ^ Krishnan Simha, Rakesh (20 December 2011). "US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War". indrus.in. Indrus.in. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  22. ^ a b c "Arihant: the annihilator". Indian Defence Review. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  23. ^ Das, Premvir (30 July 2009). "Project 932". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  24. ^ "India's SNS Project Report". Fas.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  25. ^ "George defends position on China". Indian Express. 19 May 1998. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  26. ^ Pike, John. "Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  27. ^ "First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy". DNA. 26 July 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  28. ^ "India's nuclear sub still a distant dream". Rediff. 16 February 2001. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  29. ^ "Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report". domain-b.com. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  30. ^ "India nuclear sub project near completion". Reuters. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  31. ^ "PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end". MSN. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  32. ^ "Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  33. ^ Sud, Hari (14 August 2009). "India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean". upiasia.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  34. ^ "India's nuclear submarine dream, still miles to go". Reuters. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  35. ^ "Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday". 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  36. ^ a b "SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India". naval-technology.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  37. ^ "Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology".
  38. ^ "The secret undersea weapon". India Today. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  39. ^ Malhotra, Jyoti (12 August 2013). "How Indias pride INS Arihant was built". Business Standard India.
  40. ^ "The secret 'K' missile family". India Today. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  41. ^ "Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  42. ^ "Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end". 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  43. ^ a b c Nathan Powell. "The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan". Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative: 141–142.
  44. ^ Pandit, Rajat (17 July 2009). "India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  45. ^ "High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  46. ^ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  47. ^ Shekhar, G.C. (3 August 2009). "Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother". Telegraph India. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  48. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (2 August 2009). "PWR building shows indigenous capability". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  49. ^ Venkatesh, M.R. (2 August 2009). "Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 March 2016.[dead link‍]
  50. ^ "Naval Research Board". DRDO. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  51. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  52. ^ Mundhra, Shreya (2 January 2022). "Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System'". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  53. ^ "Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine" (PDF) (Press release). 26 July 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  54. ^ "India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine". Jeywin. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  55. ^ "Private sector played a major role in Arihant". DNA. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  56. ^ "Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  57. ^ "Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years". The Times of India. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  58. ^ "K-15 all set to join Arihant". The Hindu. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  59. ^ "India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials". The Economic Times. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  60. ^ "INS Arihant sails out of harbour". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  61. ^ "India to achieve N-arm triad in February". The Times of India. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  62. ^ "Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief". Tribune India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  63. ^ "India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles". The Times of India. 11 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  64. ^ "India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine". The Economic Times. 11 August 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  65. ^ a b c "Second Arihant-Class submarine 'INS Arighaat' commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri in Visakhapatnam". Press Information Bureau. 29 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  66. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (7 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  67. ^ "DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon". THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  68. ^ a b c "Amid China standoff, India set to boost naval power with 3rd N-sub in 6 months". The Times of India. 30 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  69. ^ Kumar, Bhaswar (30 August 2024). "'More advanced': 10 key points on India's second nuclear sub INS Arighat". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  70. ^ a b c Gupta, Shishir (22 October 2024). "India Launches 4th nuclear-missile submarine". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  71. ^ Anandan, S. (20 December 2014). "INS Arihant may be of limited utility". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  72. ^ "20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap". Hindustan Times. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  73. ^ a b Commodore Stephen Saunders, ed. (2016). "India". Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017 (119th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 336. ISBN 978-0710631855.
  74. ^ "INS Arihant sails out of harbor". The Hindu. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  75. ^ Pubby, Manu. "India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests". The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  76. ^ "India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational". Vivekananda International Foundation. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  77. ^ Peri, Dinakar; Joseph, Josy (15 October 2017). "A bigger nuclear submarine is coming". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  78. ^ Bedi, Rahul (11 December 2017). "India quietly launches second SSBN". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  79. ^ Joseph, Dinakar Peri & Josy (8 January 2018). "INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  80. ^ "Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations". India Today. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  81. ^ "India commissions INS Arighat: Know all about Navy's 2nd nuclear-powered submarine". The Times of India. 29 August 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  82. ^ a b Saurav, Jha. "India's Undersea Deterrent". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  83. ^ a b "India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report". News18. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  84. ^ a b Pubby, Manu (21 February 2020). "India's Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  85. ^ "Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine". The New Indian Express. 9 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  86. ^ "India gets second nuclear-powered missile submarine, INS Arighaat commissioned". Mint. 29 August 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  87. ^ Pubby, Manu (24 August 2017). "Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  88. ^ "India's nuclear triad is complete with INS Arihant ending its first deterrence patrol". The Hindu. 5 November 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arihant class submarines.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arihant-class_submarine&oldid=1258992177"