Jump to content

Hun Sen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

In this Cambodian name, the surname is Hun. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Sen.
His Excellency
Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo
Hun Sen
PC
ហ៊ុន សែន
Hun Sen in 2019
4th President of the Senate
Incumbent
Assumed office
3 April 2024
MonarchNorodom Sihamoni
Vice PresidentPrak Sokhonn
Ouch Borith
Preceded bySay Chhum
Prime Minister of Cambodia[a]
In office
30 November 1998 – 22 August 2023
Monarchs
Deputy
See list
Preceded byUng Huot (as First Prime Minister)
Succeeded byHun Manet
In office
26 December 1984 – 2 July 1993
Acting: 26 December 1984 – 14 January 1985
President
Deputy
See list
Preceded byChan Sy (as Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea)
Succeeded byNorodom Ranariddh (as First Prime Minister of Cambodia)
Second Prime Minister of Cambodia
In office
2 July 1993 – 30 November 1998
MonarchNorodom Sihanouk
DeputySar Kheng
First Prime Minister
  • Norodom Ranariddh
    (1993–1997)
  • Ung Huot
    (1997–1998)
Preceded byOffice restored
Succeeded byHimself (as Prime Minister)
President of the Cambodian People's Party
Incumbent
Assumed office
20 June 2015
Vice President
Preceded byChea Sim
Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Council of the King of Cambodia
Incumbent
Assumed office
22 August 2023
MonarchNorodom Sihamoni
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
1988–1990
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byKong Korm
Succeeded byHor Namhong
In office
8 January 1979 – December 1986
Prime Minister
Preceded byIeng Sary
Succeeded byKong Korm
Deputy Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
In office
1981–1985
PresidentHeng Samrin
Prime Minister
Member of the National Assembly
In office
14 June 1993 – 2 April 2024
ConstituencyKampong Cham (1993–1998)
Kandal (1998–2024)
Personal details
Born
Hun Bunal

(1952-08-05) 5 August 1952 (age 72)
Peam Kaoh Sna, Stung Trang, Kampong Cham, Cambodia, French Indochina
Political partyCambodian People's Party
Spouse
​
(m. 1976)​
Children6, including Manet, Manith, and Many
Parent(s)Hun Neang
Dee Yon
Alma mater(Vietnam) National Academy of Public Administration
AwardsGrand Order of National Merit
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website
Military service
Allegiance Khmer Rouge/Democratic Kampuchea
 People's Republic of Kampuchea
 State of Cambodia
 Cambodia
Branch/service Khmer Rouge
Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation/Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Army
Cambodian People's Army
Royal Cambodian Army
Years of service1970–1999
Rank Five-Star General[1][2]
CommandsDemocratic Kampuchea – Eastern Region
Battles/warsCambodian Civil War  (WIA)
Cambodian-Vietnamese War

Samdech Hun Sen (/hʊn sɛn/; Khmer: ហ៊ុន សែន, UNGEGN: Hŭn Sên [hun saen]; born 5 August 1952) is a Cambodian politician, and former army general who currently serves as the president of the Senate. He previously served as the prime minister of Cambodia from 1985 to 1993 and from 1998 to 2023.[3] Hun Sen is the longest-serving head of government in Cambodia's history.[4][5] He is the president of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), which has governed Cambodia since 1979, and has served as a member of the Senate since 2024. His full honorary title is Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen (Khmer: សម្តេច អគ្គមហាសេនាបតី តេជោ ហ៊ុន សែន [sɑmɗac ʔakkeaʔ mɔhaː senaː paɗəj tecoː hun saen]; meaning "Lord Prime Minister and Supreme Military Commander Hun Sen").[6]

Born Hun Bunal,[b] he changed his name to Hun Sen in 1972, two years after joining the Khmer Rouge as a soldier. He fought for the Khmer Rouge in the Cambodian Civil War and was a battalion commander in Democratic Kampuchea until defecting in 1977 and fighting alongside Vietnamese forces in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. From 1979 to 1986 and again from 1987 to 1990, he served as Cambodia's foreign minister in the Vietnamese occupied government.[7] At age 26, he was also the world's youngest foreign minister.[8]

Hun Sen rose to the premiership in January 1985 when the one-party National Assembly appointed him to succeed Chan Sy, who had died in office in December 1984. He held the position until the 1993 UN-backed elections which resulted in a hung parliament, with opposition party FUNCINPEC winning the majority of votes. Hun Sen refused to accept the result.[9] After negotiations with FUNCINPEC, Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen agreed to simultaneously serve as First and Second Prime Minister, until the coalition broke down and Sen orchestrated a coup d'état in 1997 which toppled Ranariddh. Between 1998 and 2023, Hun Sen led the CPP to consecutive and often contentious election victories, overseeing rapid economic growth and development, but also corruption, deforestation and human rights violations.[10][11][12][13] In 2013, Hun Sen and the CPP were reelected with a significantly reduced majority amidst a resurgent opposition. Allegations of voter fraud and irregularities led to unprecedented anti-government protests. In 2018, he was elected to a sixth and final term in a largely unopposed poll after the Supreme Court dissolved the main opposition party, with the CPP winning every seat in the National Assembly.[14] He led the country during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and Cambodia's third chairmanship of ASEAN; and, after the 2023 election formally announced his resignation as prime minister in favour of his son, Hun Manet.[15] He remains as party leader and in 2024, was appointed president of the Senate, ensuring his continued influence over the country's politics.[16]

Hun Sen has been prominent in communist, Marxist–Leninist, and now state capitalist and national conservative political parties, and although Khmer nationalism has been a consistent trait of all of them, he is thought to lack a core political ideology.[17][18] He has been described as a "wily operator who destroys his political opponents" by The Sydney Morning Herald[19] and as a dictator who has assumed highly centralized power in Cambodia and considerable personal wealth using violence and corruption,[20][21][22][23] including a personal guard said to rival the country's regular army.[24]

Early life and education

Hun Sen was born on 4 April 1951,[25] in Peam Kaoh Sna, Kampong Cham as Hun Bunal (also called Hun Nal),[26] the third of six children. His father, Hun Neang, had been a resident monk in a local Wat in Kampong Cham province before defrocking himself to join the French resistance and marry Hun Sen's mother, Dee Yon, in the 1940s. Hun Neang's paternal grandparents were wealthy landowners of Chinese heritage.[27][28] His Chinese ancestry is at Zhuanshui Village, Tanjiang Town, Fengshun County.

Hun Neang inherited some of his family assets, including several hectares of land, and led a relatively comfortable life until a kidnapping incident forced their family to sell off much of their assets.[29] Hun Nal left his family at the age of 13 to attend a monastic school in Phnom Penh. At the time, he changed his name to Ritthi Sen or simply Sen; his prior given name, Nal, was often a nickname for overweight children.[26]

He graduated with a master in state administrative management from the National Academy of Public Administration of Vietnam.

Military career and entry to politics

When Lon Nol removed Norodom Sihanouk from power in 1970, Sen gave up his education to join the Khmer Rouge following Sihanouk's call to join the insurgency.[30][7] Sen also claims he was inspired to fight against foreign interference when his hometown of Memot was bombed by U.S. aircraft in Operation Menu. Sen claims he had no political opinions or ideology at the time.[31] As a soldier, he again changed his name, this time to Hun Samrach, to conceal his identity.[26]

He changed his name to Hun Sen two years later, saying that the name Hun Samrach had been inauspicious and that he had been wounded several times during the period he had that name.[26] Sen rapidly ascended ranks as a soldier, and fought during the fall of Phnom Penh, becoming injured and being hospitalized for some time[7] and sustaining a permanent eye injury.[32]

In Democratic Kampuchea, Sen served as a Battalion Commander in the Eastern Region, with authority over around 2000 men.[7] The involvement or role of Sen in the Cambodian genocide is unclear, although he denies complicity.[7][8][33] Human Rights Watch suggested he may have had a role in a massacre to suppress Cham Muslim unrest in September–October 1975, but Sen has denied this, claiming that he had stopped following orders from the central government by this time.[7] Sen claims he had increasing disagreements with Khmer Rouge authorities in the administration throughout 1975–1977.[7][31]

In 1977, during internal purges of the Khmer Rouge regime, Hun Sen and his battalion cadres fled to Vietnam.[7] During the Cambodian–Vietnamese War as Vietnam prepared to invade Cambodia, Hun Sen became one of the leaders of the Vietnamese-sponsored rebel army. He was given the secret name Mai Phúc[c] by Vietnamese leaders.

Following the defeat of the Khmer Rouge regime, Hun Sen was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the Vietnamese-installed People's Republic of Kampuchea/State of Cambodia (PRK/SOC) in 1979 at age 26.[8] The Vietnamese-appointed government appointed Sen some authority over the K5 Plan, a Khmer Rouge containment strategy that saw the mass mobilization of civilian labor in constructing barricades and land mines, although the extent of his involvement is unclear.[7]

First appointment as prime minister (1985–1993)

Hun Sen first rose to the premiership in January 1985 when the one-party National Assembly encouraged by politburo cadre Say Phouthang[34] appointed him to succeed Chan Sy, who had died in office in December 1984. As the de facto leader of Cambodia, in 1985, he was elected as Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Prime Minister. Sen oversaw continuing conflict against several ongoing insurgencies during this period.[7]

In 1987, Amnesty International accused Hun Sen's government of torturing thousands of political prisoners, using "electric shocks, hot irons and near-suffocation with plastic bags."[35][36][37]

Paris Peace Talks and UNTAC (1991–1993)

As foreign minister and then prime minister, Hun Sen played a role in the 1991 Paris Peace Talks, which brokered peace in Cambodia and formally ended the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.

He held the position of prime minister during the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) until the 1993 UN-sponsored elections, which resulted opposition party FUNCINPEC winning the majority of votes with a hung parliament.[38] Hun Sen and his party formally rejected the result.[39] With the support of much of the state apparatus, including the army and police, Hun Sen and his deputy Norodom Chakrapong threatened to lead the secession of seven provinces[9] and CPP-backed forces committed violence against UN and FUNCINPEC forces[40][8] although Sen distanced himself from the secessionist movement a few days later.[39] UNTAC and FUNCINPEC conceded a unique power sharing agreement with Hun Sen serving as Second Prime Minister alongside First Prime Minister Norodom Ranariddh.[39]

Co-premiership (1993–1997)

1997 coup

Main article: 1997 Cambodian coup

In 1997, the coalition became unstable due to tensions between Ranariddh and Hun Sen. FUNCINPEC entered into discussions with the remaining Khmer Rouge rebels (with whom it had been allied against Hun Sen's Vietnamese-backed government during the 1980s), with the aim of absorbing them into its ranks.[41] Such a development would have altered the balance of military power between royalists and the CPP.

In response, Hun Sen launched the 1997 coup, replacing Ranariddh with Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister and maintaining his position as the Second Prime Minister.

In an open letter, Amnesty International condemned the summary execution of FUNCINPEC ministers and the "systematic campaign of arrests and harassment" of political opponents.[42] Thomas Hammarberg, then Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Human Rights in Cambodia, strongly condemned the coup.[7]

Prime Minister of Cambodia (1998–2023)

See also: Cabinet of Hun Sen

In the 1998 election, he led the CPP to victory and forming a coalition with FUNCINPEC.

The elections of July 2003 resulted in a larger majority in the National Assembly for the CPP, with FUNCINPEC losing seats to the CPP and the Sam Rainsy Party. However, the CPP's majority was short of the two thirds constitutionally required for the CPP to form a government alone. This deadlock was overcome when a new CPP-FUNCINPEC coalition was formed in mid-2004, with Norodom Ranariddh chosen to be head of the National Assembly and Hun Sen again becoming sole prime minister.

Sen has opposed extensive investigations and prosecutions related to crimes committed by former Khmer Rouge leaders by the UN-backed Khmer Rouge Tribunal.[43][18]

On 6 May 2013, Hun Sen declared his intention to rule Cambodia until the age of 74.[44][45]

2013–2014 protests

Main article: 2013–2014 Cambodian protests
Protesters against Hun Sen's regime in Cambodia.

After the July 2013 general elections both Hun Sen and his opponents Cambodia National Rescue Party claimed victory. In August, Hun Sen continued to pursue his aim of forming a new government.[46] Cambodians in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, with hundreds of Buddhist Monks, peacefully protested in front of the United Nations in New York City on 19 August in opposition to Hun Sen's deployment of military and security forces in Phnom Penh, his unwillingness to share political power with opposition groups and seriously address earlier voting fraud and election irregularities.[47]

One person was killed and others injured during protests in Phnom Penh in September 2013, where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, some clashing with riot police.[48] Following two weeks of opposition protests, Hun Sen declared that he had been constitutionally elected and would not step down nor hold a new election.[49]

On 7 September 2013, tens of thousands of Cambodians, along with Buddhist monks and opposition groups, including Sam Rainsy's Cambodian National Rescue Party held mass demonstrations in Phnom Penh to protest the 28 July elections results which they claimed were flawed and marred by voting irregularities and potential fraud. The groups asked the United Nations to investigate and claimed that the elections results were not free and fair.[50][51]

On 3 January 2014, military police opened fire at protesters, killing 4 people and injuring more than 20.[52] The United Nations and US State Department condemned the violence.[53][54] US Congressman Ed Royce responded to the report of violence in Cambodia by calling for Hun Sen to step down, saying that the Cambodian people deserve a better leader.[55]

Consolidation of power (2015– 2023)

Hun Sen with Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, Aung San Suu Kyi, Rodrigo Duterte and other ASEAN leaders on 19 April 2017
Hun Sen with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev on 18 October 2018
Hun Sen with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida in Kumamoto, Japan on 23 April 2022.
Hun Sen with US President Joe Biden during the ASEAN Summit in Phnom Penh, 12 November 2022.
Hun Sen with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 4 August 2022

On 10 June 2014, Hun Sen made a public appearance and claimed he has no health problems. He warned that if he were to die prematurely, the country would spin out of control and the opposition could expect trouble from the armed forces, saying he is the only person who can control the army.[56]

Following Hun Sen's orders, on 31 January 2017, the National Assembly voted unanimously to abolish the Minority Leader and Majority Leader positions to lessen the opposition party's influence.[57] On 2 February 2017, Hun Sen barred the opposition from questioning some of his government ministers.[58] Furthermore, Hun Sen vowed a constitutional amendment which later saw the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party dissolved.[59] This move led to the surprise resignation of opposition leader Sam Rainsy.[60] The controversial law was passed on 20 February 2017, effectively granting the ruling party the right to dissolve political parties.[61] Opposition leader Kem Sokha was later arrested for treason.[62]

On 30 June 2018, weeks before the parliamentary elections, Hun Sen appointed his second eldest son, Hun Manet, into higher military positions. Some analysts had speculated Manet may be a future candidate for Sen's position.[63] Hun Sen affirmed at the time that his son could become prime minister if elected rather than through direct handover, though he intends to rule until at least 2028.[64]

The 2018 elections were dismissed as sham elections by the international community,[65][66] the opposition party having been dissolved.

Hun Sen blocked the return of exiled Cambodia National Rescue Party leaders to Cambodia, including Sam Rainsy and Mu Sochua, in November 2019. He ordered the military to "attack" them on sight should they return,[67] threatened airlines with legal actions for allowing them to board, deployed thousands of troops to the Thai and Vietnamese borders, and requested other ASEAN leaders arrest them and deport them to Cambodia.[68]

In 2020, the European Union suspended its Everything but Arms preferential trade agreement with Cambodia due to concerns over human rights violations under Hun Sen's government.[12] Sen criticized the move as "biased" and "unfair", including at the United Nations General Assembly in 2020.[69]

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, Hun Sen downplayed the risk of the virus and declined to introduce preventative measures or evacuate Cambodian citizens from Wuhan during the initial outbreak in China. It was widely reported this was in an attempt to show solidarity with China, one of Cambodia's closest diplomatic and economic allies. Hun Sen visited China during the outbreak and offered to visit Wuhan specifically during its lockdown. In February 2020, at a press conference, he criticized the media for sensationalizing the virus, and threatened to expel those present who were wearing masks. Hun Sen was also present to welcome passengers of the MS Westerdam cruise ship to dock in Sihanoukville, after it was turned away from other countries.[70][71][72][73] Cambodia started implementing preventative measures and travel restrictions from March 2020 as the pandemic spread globally.[74]

A new State of Emergency Law prepared in response to COVID-19 granted Hun Sen further powers to restrict movement and assembly, seize private property and enforce quarantine. The new law has been criticised by Amnesty International for curbing human rights.[20]

Ultimately, the government's successful vaccination efforts and pandemic response were viewed by the Cambodian public as contributing to the perceived legitimacy and effectiveness of the government.[75]: 30  A study conducted by IEAS found that more than 80% of those surveyed approved of the government response, with more than 25% strongly approving of the response.[75]: 30 

On 10 July 2023, Hun Sen warned Ukraine of using cluster munitions, saying "It would be the greatest danger for Ukrainians for many years or up to a hundred years if cluster bombs are used in Russian-occupied areas in the territory of Ukraine," Sen further cited his country's "painful experience" from the Vietnam War that has killed or maimed tens of thousands of Cambodians.[76]

Following controversy over the 23 July 2023 elections, the King confirmed that Hun Manet would succeed Hun Sen as prime minister.[77]

Corruption and land issues

Main article: Corruption in Cambodia

Hun Sen and his family were estimated to have amassed between US$500 million and US$1 billion by Global Witness in 2016,[78] and a number of allies have also accumulated considerable personal wealth during his tenure.[79][80][21]

Deforestation in Cambodia is partly driven by Economic Land Concessions (ELCs) within protected areas.[81]

Hun Sen implemented land reform, the "leopard skin land reform", in Cambodia.[82] Hun Sen's government has been responsible for leasing 45% of the total landmass in Cambodia—primarily to foreign investors—in the years 2007–08, threatening more than 150,000 Cambodians with eviction. Parts of the concessions are protected wildlife areas or national parks and have driven deforestation across the country.[83][84][13][85] As of 2015, Cambodia had one of the highest rates of forest loss in the world.[86] The land sales have been perceived by observers as government corruption and have resulted in thousands of citizens being forcibly evicted.[87][88] According to Alice Beban, the land reform strengthened patronage politics in Cambodia and did not enable land tenure security.[82]

Hun Sen was implicated in corruption related to Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources in the Global Witness 2009 report on Cambodia. He and his close associates were accused of carrying out secret negotiations with interested private parties, taking money from those[further explanation needed] who would be granted rights to exploit the country's resources in return. The credibility of this accusation has been challenged by government officials and especially Prime Minister Hun Sen, himself.[89]

Human rights issues

See also: Human rights in Cambodia

Sen and the CPP were accused of orchestrating summary executions during the 1997 coup.[42]

Cambodia's deputy opposition leader Kem Sokha (left) was arrested in September 2017, while opposition leader Sam Rainsy (right) has lived in exile since November 2015.

Hun Sen frequently calls for violence against his political opponents during seemingly irrelevant public events, often characterizing this as necessary to maintain peace and stability in Cambodia. In 2017, he said he would be prepared to "eliminate 100 or 200 people if they would destabilize the peace in Cambodia" while speaking at commemoration for his defection from the Khmer Rouge.[90] In 2019, as opposition party leaders prepared to return to the country, Sen ordered the military to "attack them wherever you see them—you don't need arrest warrants at all" while speaking at a graduation ceremony for exceptional high school students in Phnom Penh.[67] He also threatened the European Union if they withdrew a commercial deal: "If you want the opposition dead, do it. If you want it alive, don't do it and come and talk", although they did not give in.[91][92] "We didn't pursue you because we didn't want to kill you at the time," Hun Sen said to opposition leader Sam Rainsy,[93] although such death threats have not been implemented.

Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party (CPP) has banned public gatherings, driven opposition supporters from the site of former protest meetings 'Freedom Park', and deployed riot police to beat protesters and detain union leaders.[94][24]

Several Australian politicians, most prominently Gareth Evans and Julian Hill, have been highly critical of Sen and his government over human rights issues and have called for changes to Australia–Cambodia relations.[95][96][97]

After the execution of 4 prisoners in July 2022 in Myanmar, Hun Sen warned to rethink the peace agreement if the regime continued to execute prisoners.[98]

Foreign relations

Sen has frequently criticized Western powers such as the European Union and United States in response to their sanctions on Cambodia over human rights issues.[69][99]

China

Main articles: Cambodia–China relations and Ream Naval Base

Sen strengthened a close diplomatic and economic relationship with China, which has undertaken large-scale infrastructure projects and investments in Cambodia under the Belt and Road Initiative.[100][101][102]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, China provided major assistance to the Hun Sen government's vaccination campaign.[75]: 29  As of early November 2021, China had sent more than 35 million vaccines to Cambodia.[75]: 29  China provided many of them free of charge.[75]: 29  Vaccines provided by China accounted for more than 90% of total vaccines provided to Cambodia from other countries.[75]: 29  China also provided other health care supplies as well as medical professionals to Cambodia during the pandemic.[75]: 30  In part thanks to Chinese contributions, Cambodia had the second-highest vaccination rate in Southeast Asia, despite having the second lowest per capita GDP in the region.[75]: 30 

Thailand

Main article: Cambodia–Thailand relations

Sen oversaw a number of diplomatic disputes with neighboring Thailand.[103][104]

The 2003 Phnom Penh riots resulted in the ransacking of the Thai embassy in Cambodia, following false allegations that a Thai soap opera actress Suvanant Punnakant claimed that Angkor Wat belonged to Thailand. Sen called for a boycott of Thai goods and television shows and criticized the actress shortly before the riots. The riots and Sen's response severely damaged Cambodia–Thailand relations. Sen's Thai counterpart Thaksin Shinawatra closed the borders, expelled the Cambodian ambassador and evacuated Thai citizens from Phnom Penh in response. Thaksin also sent a warning to Hun Sen after witness reports suggested the army and police had not intervened until the embassy was destroyed.[104] Sam Rainsy accused Sen of inciting the riot.[105]

From 2008 to 2013, the Cambodian–Thai border dispute was an ongoing conflict, which on a number of occasions led to fighting between Cambodian and Thai forces. Sen and Thai premier Abhisit Vejjajiva negotiated a de-escalation on several occasions with the encouragement of ASEAN.[106][107] Cambodia was granted sovereignty over the Preah Vihear Temple area by a UN court in 2013, ending the dispute.[103]

Myanmar

Further information: Cambodia-Myanmar relations
Hun Sen at a 2021 ASEAN Summit on Myanmar with Joko Widodo.

In his capacity as chairman of ASEAN, Sen became the first foreign leader to visit Myanmar following the 2021 coup d'état.[108][109]

United States

Main article: Cambodia–United States relations

In November 2016, Hun Sen publicly endorsed US Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump who went on to be elected president.[110]

President of the Senate (2024–present)

Senate President Hun Sen meets with U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin in Phnom Penh, 4 June 2024.

The Cambodian People's Party claimed an expected landslide victory in the 2024 Senate election, paving the way for Hun Sen to become its president when the new Senate convenes.[111] He resigned from his National Assembly seat on 2 April, allowing him to take his seat in the Senate.[112] The full Senate unanimously confirmed him as president on 3 April.[113]

Public image

In Cambodia, Hun Sen's core support base is from the majority of the population who reside in the countryside and work in the agricultural sector. He is less popular in urban centers like Phnom Penh.[17]

Hun Sen's leadership has received criticism from various organizations, media and foreign governments for corruption, cronyism, environmental degradation, human rights violations and violence.[8][36][42][7] Hun Sen and his government was described by former Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew in 2000 as "utterly merciless and ruthless, without humane feelings".[114][8]

Alleged Vietnamese ties

See also: Cambodia–Vietnam relations

Some political opponents of Hun Sen have criticized him for alleged ties to Vietnam.[115] Norodom Sihanouk once referred to him as a "one-eyed lackey of the Vietnamese",[115] with Sam Rainsy and members of the Cambodia National Rescue Party later echoing similar sentiments during the 2010s.[116][117] This is due to his position in the Vietnamese occupied government and prominence in figure in the People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea. Anti-Vietnamese sentiment and racism is common in Cambodia.[116]

Control of media

Although Cambodia had relatively independent press during and immediately following the UNTAC era, Hun Sen and the CPP have since come to strictly control media in Cambodia.[118][8] This has more recently encompassed social media, which surpassed traditional media as a news source for Cambodians in 2017.[119]

Television, radio, and newspapers

Bayon Television is owned and operated by Hun Mana, Hun Sen's eldest daughter. Apsara TV [fr] is joint-owned by Say Sam Al, CPP Minister of Environment and son of Say Chhum, CPP secretary and the son of CPP Deputy Prime Minister Sok An. CTN, CNC and MyTV are all owned by Khmer-Chinese tycoon, Kith Meng.[120]

CPP officials claim that there is no connection between the TV stations and the state. However, CPP lawmaker and official spokesman Cheam Yeap once stated "We pay for that television [coverage] by buying broadcasting hours to show our achievements".[121]

A demand for television and radio licenses was one of 10 opposition requests adopted by the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) at its "People's Congress" in October 2013.[122]

Radio stations were banned from broadcasting Voice of America and Radio Free Asia in August 2017. The country's most prominent independent newspaper Cambodia Daily was closed on 4 September 2017, a day after the main opposition leader Kem Sokha was arrested for treason.[62] The Phnom Penh Post, another widely circulated independent newspaper, was sold to a Malaysian investor with ties to Hun Sen in 2018, which undermined its independence and aligned it closer to the government.[123][118]

Social media and suspension from Facebook

Facebook and the internet became widely used in Cambodia during the 2010s. It is thought that its adoption by the Cambodia National Rescue Party played a role in the party's gains in the 2013 election.[119]

In the mid-2010s, Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party became enthusiastic users of Facebook. Hun Sen declared in February 2016 they had become an "electronic government" and regularly posted and livestreams of speeches, announcements, and selfies to million of followers.[124] In 2017, Hun Sen's official page was the eighth-most liked Facebook page of any world leader[119] and as of December 2020 was the most liked Facebook page in Cambodia.[125]

Facebook activity in Cambodia is monitored by the authorities, and criticism of the government and prime minister on Facebook has led to several arrests in the country.[45][20][126][127][128] Cambodia has also prosecuted women who post images of themselves wearing revealing clothing on Facebook, with Hun Sen saying it is "a violation of culture and tradition" and invites sexual harassment.[129][130] Amnesty International criticized this speech, characterizing it as "victim blaming" and contributing to violence against women.[131][129]

On 29 June 2023, Hun Sen deleted his Facebook account, which had approximately 14 million followers, hours after Meta's oversight board ruled that he should face a six-month ban from the platform over a video post in which he threatened to have opponents beaten.[132][133][134][135] On the following day, 30 June 2023, the Cambodian Ministry of Post and Telecommunications announced they would deport a Meta representative immediately and Cambodia would cease all cooperation with the company, attributing the move to an abundance of fake accounts, data risks, and lack of transparency.[136] On 4 July 2023, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that all of Meta's Oversight Board's 22 members were "persona non-grata", barring them from entering the country because "[t]he recommendation of the Oversight Board to Meta Platforms Inc. to temporarily suspend the official Facebook page belonging to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen is political in nature. It intends to obstruct the freedom of the press for the citizens of Cambodia and the right to receive credible news from a leader whom they support and admire."[137]

Personal life

Hun Sen and his wife Bun Rany at the ceremonial reception of the then Vice President of India at Peace Palace, Phnom Penh

Hun Sen is married to Bun Rany. They have 6 children, including one adopted daughter: Kamsot (deceased), Manet, Mana, Manith, Mani and Mali. The couple also adopted a daughter (who is not named in news media sources) in 1988, but they legally disowned her in 2007 for being lesbian.[138][139] In 2010, Manet was promoted Major General in the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) and became the Deputy Commander of the Prime Minister's Body Guard headquarters. All three of Hun Sen's sons play big roles in his government.[140] His older brother, Hun Neng, was a governor of Kampong Cham and a member of parliament.

Hun Sen is fluent in Vietnamese, in addition to his native Khmer. Hun Sen also speaks some English after beginning to learn the language in the 1990s, but usually converses in Khmer through interpreters when giving formal interviews to the English-speaking media.[141]

Hun Sen is blind in one eye because of an injury he sustained during the fall of Phnom Penh while fighting for the Khmer Rouge.[32] He is fitted with a Japanese made artificial eye, which is regularly replaced by Japanese doctors.[142]

Hun Sen is a Buddhist. He has made major donations for the renovation of numerous pagodas, including Wat Vihear Suor.[143]

Until June 2022, Hun Sen has used 4 April 1951 as his legal birthdate even if he was actually born on 5 August 1952.[144][25] He had it changed due to a Cambodian superstition relating to having wrong legal birthdates causing conflict with the Chinese zodiac. A lot of Cambodians use two birthdates due to losing their birth certificates during the Khmer Rouge era of the 1970s. Hun Sen had it changed for believing the death of his brother in May 2022 due to a cardiac arrest was related to this superstition since he also had an incorrect birth date.[145]

Honours

National Orders:

Foreign Orders:

See also

Footnotes

Notes

  1. ^ From 1985 to 1989 as Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, from 1989 to 1993 of the State of Cambodia and from 1993 to 2023 of the Kingdom of Cambodia
  2. ^ Khmer: ហ៊ុន ប៊ុនណាល់, UNGEGN: Hŭn Bŭnnăl; Khmer pronunciation: [hun ɓunnal]
  3. ^ Means "forever happiness".

References

  1. ^ ppp_webadmin (31 December 2009). "ROYAL LETTER: Sihanouk praises five star leaders". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  2. ^ Party, Cambodian People's (27 December 2009). "Welcome to Cambodian People's Party- CPP News and Information World Wide: His Majesty Promotes Cambodian Leaders to Five-Star General". Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  3. ^ "Cambodia's prime minister has wrecked a 25-year push for democracy". The Economist. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Cambodia's Hun Sen to resign after four decades and appoint son as PM". BBC News. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. ^ "Cambodia's Hun Sen, Asia's longest serving leader, says he'll step down and his son will take over". Associated Press. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  6. ^ "Welcome, Lord Prime Minister: Cambodian media told to use leader's full royal title". The Guardian. 12 May 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "30 Years of Hun Sen". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Strangio, Sebastian (2014). Hun Sen's Cambodia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19072-4.
  9. ^ a b Branigin, William (11 June 1993). "PHNOM PENH REJECTS RESULTS OF ELECTION". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Cambodian Parliament launches era of one-party rule". The Straits Times. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  11. ^ "Hun Sen Elected President of Ruling Cambodian People's Party". Radio Free Asia. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  12. ^ a b Nachemson, Andrew. "EU Partially Withdraws Cambodia Trade Deal Amid Rights Concerns". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  13. ^ a b Campbell, Charlie (14 May 2013). "In Cambodia, China Fuels Deadly Illegal Logging Trade". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  14. ^ "Cambodia: Hun Sen re-elected in landslide victory after brutal crackdown". The Guardian. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  15. ^ "Prime Minister Hun Sen announces resignation". Khmer Times. 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  16. ^ "Hun Manet will become new Prime Minister on August 22nd". Khmer Times. 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  17. ^ a b Slocomb, Margaret (2006). "The Nature and Role of Ideology in the Modern Cambodian State". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 37 (3): 375–395. doi:10.1017/S0022463406000695. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071782. S2CID 144936898. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  18. ^ a b "40 Years After Khmer Rouge Rule, Cambodia Grapples With Legacy". Time. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  19. ^ "Australia asks Cambodia to take asylum seekers amid violent crackdown". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  20. ^ a b c "Fears as Cambodia grants PM vast powers under Covid-19 pretext". the Guardian. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  21. ^ a b Cuddy, Alice. "New report exposes Cambodian PM's vast family wealth". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Tenth out of Ten". The Economist (Banyan, Asia). 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  23. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Ellis-Petersen South-east Asia (28 June 2018). "Cambodian PM now 'fully fledged military dictator', says report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2023. {{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ a b Fuller, Thomas (5 January 2014). "Cambodia Steps Up Crackdown on Dissent With Ban on Assembly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  25. ^ a b "Cambodian PM to change his official date of birth-Xinhua". Xinhua. 17 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d Mehta, Harish C.; Mehta, Julie B. (2013). Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 62, 73. ISBN 978-981-4484-60-2.
  27. ^ Forest (2008), p. 178 "Sino-khmer originaire du district de Krauch Chmar 140, Hun Sèn descend par ses grands-parents paternels d'une famille de propriétaires terriens qui paraît correspondre au stéréotype du Chinois – téochiew ? – implanté en zone rurale, c'est-à-dire aisée mais sans pouvoir administratif. Par sa mère, il descendrait inversement d'une tête de réseau....."
  28. ^ Time, Volume 136 (1990), p. 329 Beijing has not softened its hostility toward Hun Sen, but there are subtle signs that China may yet shift its position. Some officials now mention that Hun Sen's grandfather was Chinese, seeming to hint at the possibility of a new....
  29. ^ Harish C. Mehta (1999), p. 15-6
  30. ^ Harish C. Mehta (1999), p. 11, 21
  31. ^ a b "A Talk with Prime Minister Hun Sen". www.culturalsurvival.org. 2 March 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  32. ^ a b Premier fed up with insensitive remarks about eye Archived 19 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, by Vong Sokheng, in the Phnom Penh Post; published 23 December 2015; retrieved 30 September 2017
  33. ^ "Hun Sen: Cambodia's strongman prime minister". BBC News. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  34. ^ Jeerawat, Na Thaland (26 June 2016). "Tearful farewell for the Thai-bornkingmaker who crowned Hun Sen". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Cambodia is Said to Torture Prisoners". The Boston Globe. 4 June 1987. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  36. ^ a b Amnesty International (June 1987). "Kampuchea: Political Imprisonment and Torture". London.
  37. ^ Cambodia Criticizes Amnesty International Report Archived 9 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine The Associated Press. 6 June 1987
  38. ^ "How strategic 'gift-giving' has sustained Hun Sen's 35-year grip on power". Southeast Asia Globe. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  39. ^ a b c "What has gone wrong in Cambodia?". www.lowyinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  40. ^ "Cambodia's Dirty Dozen". Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  41. ^ Kamm, Henry (1998). Cambodia. New York: Arcade Publishing, Inc. pp. 237–240. ISBN 1-55970-433-0.
  42. ^ a b c Secretary General Pierre Sane (11 July 1997). "Open letter to Second Prime Minister Hun Sen". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  43. ^ "Cambodian Premier says No More Khmer Rouge Trials | News | English". 8 November 2011. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  44. ^ Neou, Vannarin (7 May 2013). "Hun Sen Reveals Plan to Win 3 More Elections, Retire at Age 74". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  45. ^ a b Thul, Prak Chan (6 September 2013). "As protest looms, Cambodia's strongman Hun Sen faces restive, tech-savvy youth". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  46. ^ Prak Chan Thul (2 August 2013). "Defiant Hun Sen says to form government despite Cambodia poll row". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  47. ^ "Cambodia, Buddhist Monks' Rally at United Nations: Prelude to Upcoming Phnom Penh Demonstrations – Business Wire". businesswire.com. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  48. ^ Retrieved September 16, 2013 Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Naren, Kuch. "Hun Sen Says He Will Not Resign, or Call Election". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  50. ^ Thul, Prak Chan (8 September 2013). Petty, Martin; Perry, Michael (eds.). "Cambodia opposition rallies in push for poll probe". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  51. ^ "Cambodia, Buddhist Monks' Rally at United Nations: Prelude to Upcoming Phnom Penh Demonstrations". Businesswire. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  52. ^ "Workers, Police Clash, Leaving 3 Dead in Cambodia". VOA. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  53. ^ "សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកថ្កោលទោសការប្រើប្រាស់អំពើហិង្សានៅកម្ពុជា". វីអូអេ. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  54. ^ "United Nations News Centre". UN News Service Section. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  55. ^ Khemara, Sok (7 January 2014). "US House Foreign Affairs Chair Calls for Hun Sen to Step Down". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  56. ^ "Cambodian PM Says Opposition Will Rue His Death". Associated Press. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  57. ^ Kuch, Naren (31 January 2017). "Culture of Dialogue Faces Official Demise". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  58. ^ Mech, Dara; Meas, Sokchea (2 February 2017). "PM Hun Sen tells ministers to ignore CNRP requests to appear at assembly". The Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  59. ^ Naren, Kouch; Paviour, Ben (3 February 2017). "Proposed Rules Could See CNRP Dissolved". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  60. ^ Prak Chan Thul (11 February 2017). "Cambodia opposition leader Rainsy resigns from party". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  61. ^ "Cambodia changes political rules in 'triumph of dictatorship', critics say". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  62. ^ a b Closing Time Archived 15 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, September ninth-15th, 2017, pp. 45–46.
  63. ^ hermesauto (30 June 2018). "Cambodian strongman's son assumes powerful military roles". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  64. ^ Narin, Sun (14 January 2020). "Hun Sen: My Son Will Have To Wait Ten Years To Take Over". VOA Khmer. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  65. ^ "Supreme Court rules to dissolve CNRP". The Phnom Penh Post. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  66. ^ "Rights Groups Call Out Cambodia's 'Sham' Election". VOA Cambodia. Voice of America. 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  67. ^ a b "Cambodia's PM Hun Sen Orders Military to 'Attack' Exile Opposition Leaders on Sight". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  68. ^ Nachemson, Andrew; Sineat, Yon. "Cambodia's Sam Rainsy faces hurdles as he attempts to return home". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  69. ^ a b "At U.N. Meeting, Hun Sen Blasts E.U. Trade Sanctions As "Biased and Unfair"". VOA. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  70. ^ Tiezzi, Shannon. "China and Cambodia: Love in the Time of Coronavirus". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  71. ^ "Hun Sen's Political Gamble: The Coronavirus Epidemic". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  72. ^ Beech, Hannah (18 February 2020). "Cambodia's Coronavirus Complacency May Exact a Global Toll". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  73. ^ Grundy-Warr, Carl; Lin, Shaun (16 June 2020). "COVID-19 geopolitics: silence and erasure in Cambodia and Myanmar in times of pandemic". Eurasian Geography and Economics. 61 (4–5): 493–510. doi:10.1080/15387216.2020.1780928. ISSN 1538-7216. S2CID 225795003.
  74. ^ "At first Cambodians couldn't believe their COVID-19 numbers. Now they do". www.abc.net.au. 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769659-0.
  76. ^ "Ukraine should shun US cluster bombs, learn from Cambodia's 'painful experience': PM Hun Sen". South China Morning Post. 10 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  77. ^ "Cambodia: PM's son Hun Manet appointed next ruler in royal formality". BBC News. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  78. ^ "Hostile Takeover". Global Witness. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  79. ^ "How relatives and allies of Cambodia's leader amassed wealth overseas". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  80. ^ Hunt, Luke. "How Rich Are Cambodia's Hun Sen and His Family?". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  81. ^ Davis, Kyle Frankel; Yu, Kailiang; Rulli, Maria Cristina; Pichdara, Lonn; D'Odorico, Paolo (October 2015). "Accelerated deforestation driven by large-scale land acquisitions in Cambodia". Nature Geoscience. 8 (10): 772–775. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..772D. doi:10.1038/ngeo2540. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 54814921. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  82. ^ a b Beban, Alice (2021). Unwritten Rule: State-Making through Land Reform in Cambodia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-5362-6. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv12sdwbz. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  83. ^ "'They never intended to conserve it': Outcry as loggers gut Cambodian reserve". Mongabay Environmental News. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  84. ^ "Interactive: Plundering Cambodia's forests". interactive.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  85. ^ "Illegal logging poised to wipe Cambodian wildlife sanctuary off the map". Mongabay Environmental News. 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  86. ^ "Cambodia's Forests Are Disappearing". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  87. ^ Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Cathy (26 April 2008). "Country for sale". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  88. ^ "Country For Sale". Global Witness. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  89. ^ Country for Sale Global Witness Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ Seangly, Phak; Baliga, Ananth. "Hun Sen marks day of his Khmer Rouge defection with Vietnam border crossing". www.phnompenhpost.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  91. ^ "El primer ministro de Camboya amenaza con "matar" a la oposición si la UE lo sanciona". 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  92. ^ "Hun Sen amenaza con matar a la oposición si la UE sanciona a Camboya". 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  93. ^ "Cambodia's Hun Sen 'Sorry' He Hadn't Killed Protest Leaders". Radio Free Asia. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  94. ^ "Labour activism in Cambodia". The Economist. 4 June 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  95. ^ "Cambodia's Authoritarian Regime Rejected on Australian Soil – AIIA". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  96. ^ Ek, Sawathey (10 December 2018). "Hun Sen's violent obsessions finally unmasked". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  97. ^ "Gareth Evans, a Pillar of the Paris Peace Accords, on "Seeking Justice in Cambodia"". VOA. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  98. ^ "La ASEAN dice que podría repensar el acuerdo de paz con Birmania si la junta militar sigue ejecutando prisioneros". 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  99. ^ "Cambodia's Hun Sen renews criticism of United States amid escalating row". Reuters. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  100. ^ Thul, Prak Chan (12 October 2020). "China, Cambodia clinch free trade pact in under a year". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  101. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "How Chinese money is changing Cambodia | DW | 22 August 2019". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  102. ^ Peel, Michael; Kynge, James; Haddou, Leila (8 September 2016). "FT Investigation: How China bought its way into Cambodia". www.ft.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  103. ^ a b "UN court awards Cambodia sovereignty in border dispute". The Guardian. Associated Press. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  104. ^ a b "Thais cut links with Cambodia after riots". the Guardian. 31 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  105. ^ "CNN.com – Cambodian 'incompetence' in anti-Thai riots – Feb. 3, 2003". edition.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  106. ^ "Thai-Cambodian Border Dispute Fueled by Nationalism, Politics". VOA. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  107. ^ "Thailand and Cambodia border talks fail at Asean summit". BBC News. 8 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  108. ^ Nachemson, Andrew. "Misreading the room: Why Hun Sen is failing on Myanmar". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  109. ^ "Cambodia to take 'different approaches' to Myanmar crisis as ASEAN chair". Reuters. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  110. ^ "Hun Sen Endorses Trump—For World Peace". The Cambodia Daily. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  111. ^ "Cambodia's ruling party wins Senate election, paving the way for Hun Sen to act as its president". Associated Press. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  112. ^ "Hun Sen bids farewell to NA". Khmer Times. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  113. ^ "Cambodia's ex-leader Hun Sen unanimously voted in as senate president". France 24. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  114. ^ Evans, Gareth (26 February 2014). "Cambodia's Violent Peace | by Gareth Evans". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  115. ^ a b Shenon, Philip (15 November 1991). "Joyous Sihanouk Returns to Cambodia From Exile". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  116. ^ a b Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Cambodia's opposition leader plays racist card | DW | 5 March 2014". DW.COM. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  117. ^ Sokha, Touch. "Hun Sen touts relationship with Vietnam". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  118. ^ a b "Sale of Cambodian Newspaper Puts Press Freedom in Peril". Time. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  119. ^ a b c "What a Facebook experiment did to news in Cambodia". BBC News. 31 October 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  120. ^ Willemyns, Alex. "Opposition's Demand for TV Access Crucial, Futile – The Cambodia Daily". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  121. ^ Naren, Kuch. "CNRP Launches Online TV to Break CPP's Media Stranglehold". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  122. ^ Ponniah, Kevin (7 November 2013). "CNRP has view to TV licence". The Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  123. ^ Riley, Charles (7 May 2018). "'Press freedom toppled': Phnom Penh Post sale rings alarm bells". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  124. ^ "Cambodia's Facebooker-in-Chief". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  125. ^ Socialbakers. "Most popular Facebook pages in Cambodia". Socialbakers.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  126. ^ "Cambodia Convicts Journalist for Criticizing Hun Sen | Voice of America – English". www.voanews.com. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  127. ^ "Cambodia Takes Aim at Critics Who Post on Facebook | Voice of America – English". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  128. ^ "Cambodia: Scrap Draft Cybercrime Law". Human Rights Watch. 13 November 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  129. ^ a b Blomberg, Matt (19 February 2020). "Cover up or be censored: Cambodia orders women not look sexy on Facebook". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  130. ^ Blomberg, Matt (24 April 2020). "Cambodian Facebook vendor gets six months prison for 'pornographic' adverts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  131. ^ "Cambodia: PM's threats against women Facebook users irresponsible and dangerous". www.amnesty.org. 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  132. ^ "Cambodian PM Hun Sen deletes Facebook page after criticism". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  133. ^ "Cambodia PM ditches Facebook as Meta mulls case over alleged threats". Reuters. 29 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  134. ^ Ives, Mike; Narin, Sun (30 June 2023). "Cambodian Ruler's Facebook Account Goes Dark After Spat With Meta". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  135. ^ Roeloffs, Mary Whitfill. "Oversight Board Wants to Ban Cambodia's Prime Minister from Facebook and Instagram – Here's Why". Forbes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  136. ^ "Cambodia's Hun Sen kicks off campaign for virtually unopposed election". Reuters. 1 July 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  137. ^ Samath, Kao (4 July 2023). "Top News: Cambodia Releases Statement of Persona Non Grata to 22 Members of the Oversight Board of Meta Platform Inc; Deadline Is in 48 Hours". Fresh News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  138. ^ "Cambodia PM slammed for disowning lesbian daughter". Reuters. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  139. ^ "Cambodian PM cuts ties with gay daughter". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  140. ^ "Not quite the usual walkover". The Economist. 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  141. ^ Harish C. Mehta (1999), p. 15, 301
  142. ^ "One-eyed Hun Sen likes his Japanese contact lens very much". Kyodo. 13 March 2018.
  143. ^ Bertrand, Didier; et al. (Sorn Samnang) (1998). "Le role social et thérapeutique des mediums cambodgiens". Khmer Studies: Knowledge of the Past and Its Contributions to the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Cambodia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Khmer Studies, Phnom Penh, 26–30 August 1996. Vol. II. Phnom Penh: Royal University of Phnom Penh; Sophia University. p. 1119.
  144. ^ Sirivadh, Hun (23 June 2022). "PM Hun Sen Confirms Change of Birth Date to Avoid Confusion". EAC News. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  145. ^ "Zodiac superstition leads Cambodia leader to change date of birth". ABS-CBN News. Kyodo News. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  146. ^ "Agong attends Sultan of Brunei's Golden Jubilee royal banquet". New Straits Times. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  147. ^ Орден "Хосе Maрти" – Forum FALERISTIKA.info
  148. ^ David Fay. "National Gold Medal". Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  149. ^ "Lao President receives Cambodian PM and awards Phoxay Lanexang medal". AseanAll. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  150. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 25 июля 2021 года № 434 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации»
  151. ^ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ให้แก่ชาวต่างประเทศ. เล่ม ๑๑๘, ตอน ๒ ข, ๓๐ พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๔
  152. ^ Указ Президента Украины от 30 декабря 2022 года № 902/2022 «О награждении государственными наградами Украины»

Further reading

Further information: Foreign relations of Cambodia § Further reading
  • Media related to Hun Sen at Wikimedia Commons
Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
1985–1993 		Succeeded by
New office Second Prime Minister of Cambodia
Served alongside: Norodom Ranariddh, Ung Huot
1993–1998 		Position abolished
Preceded by Prime Minister of Cambodia
1998–2023 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1987–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1979–1986 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by President of the Cambodian People's Party
2015–present 		Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the Cambodian People's Party
1985–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson of ASEAN
2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairperson of ASEAN
2012 		Succeeded by
Hassanal Bolkiah
Preceded by
Hassanal Bolkiah
 Chairperson of ASEAN
2022 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hun_Sen&oldid=1257913699"