Passive-aggressive behaviour

Passive-aggressive behaviour is indirect aggression that pretends to be innocent. This means someone pretends to be nice, but is actually being mean. It can happen when people do what others want to stop direct confrontation, but they do not agree with what is ordered or suggested.^[1] A passive-aggressive person tries to hide their anger. For example, "I would have had a good day if I hadn't been cleaning up someone's mess". This sounds okay when someone first reads it, but it is actually them being mad at the person who made the mess.

This is not a psychological problem. It is just a way of behaving. In the workplace it occurs when people do not want to do what the employer wants them to do.^[2] The behaviour was first defined during World War II. Men were not openly defiant. They used "passive measures, such as pouting, stubbornness, procrastination, inefficiency, and passive obstructionism" to show their feelings.^[3]^[4] Examples of passive-aggressive behavior might include avoiding direct or clear communication, evading problems, fear of intimacy or competition, making excuses, blaming others, obstructionism, playing the victim, feigning compliance with requests, sarcasm, backhanded compliments, and hiding anger.^[5]^[6]

Personality disorder

Extreme cases may become psychiatric problems. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders revision IV (DSM-IV) says passive-aggressive personality disorder is a "pervasive pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance in social and occupational situations".

References

↑ "Passive–aggressive | Definition of Passive–aggressive". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2017-09-28.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ Lane C. 2009. The surprising history of passive–aggressive personality disorder. Theory & Psychology 19 (1): 55–70. [1]
↑ Lane, C (2009), "The surprising history of passive–aggressive personality disorder" (PDF), Theory & Psychology, 19 (1): 55–70, doi:10.1177/0959354308101419, S2CID 147019317
↑ "Passive–aggressive personality disorder-diagnostic criteria".
↑ Harrn, Andrea (2011-05-13). "What is Passive Aggressive Behaviour?". Counselling Directory.
↑ "10 Things Passive–aggressive People Say".

[1] "Passive–aggressive | Definition of Passive–aggressive". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2017-09-28.^{[permanent dead link]}

[2] Lane C. 2009. The surprising history of passive–aggressive personality disorder. Theory & Psychology 19 (1): 55–70. [1]

[Lane-3] Lane, C (2009), "The surprising history of passive–aggressive personality disorder" (PDF), Theory & Psychology, 19 (1): 55–70, doi:10.1177/0959354308101419, S2CID 147019317

[4] "Passive–aggressive personality disorder-diagnostic criteria".

[5] Harrn, Andrea (2011-05-13). "What is Passive Aggressive Behaviour?". Counselling Directory.

[6] "10 Things Passive–aggressive People Say".

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