Olfaction
Olfaction is the sense of smell. The sense of smell is how a human or animal notices a smell (or odour) by using the nose. Many animals have better noses than people. Some animals can detect small particles in the air or sometimes water that people cannot.
People have special cells in the nose that can detect some chemicals. There are roughly 400 of them.[1] These are special nerve cells attached to the olfactory epithelium. All vertebrates have these cells. The smell is first processed by the olfactory system. The information is given to the olfactory bulb in the front of the forebrain.
In insects, smells are sensed by sensillum on the antennae and first processed by the antennal lobe.
Olfactory reception cells
[change | change source]
The olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). Many tiny hair-like cilia stick out of these cells into the mucus covering the surface of the epithelium.[2] The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein.[3]
There are about 1000 different genes which code for the ORs, though only about a third are functional.[4] The rest are pseudogenes. The OR genes are the largest gene family. An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. Various odor molecules bind to various ORs. The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons.[5] Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell.
When the OR is activated, changes start in the cells. Positive ions come in and negative ions go out of the cells. This causes the neuron to fire an impulse (generate an action potential).[6][7]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "Olfactory". Essex Partnership University NHS Trust. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
- ↑ "The scent of life. The exquisite complexity of the sense of smell in animals and humans". EMBO Reports. 8 (7): 629–33. 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401029. PMC 1905909. PMID 17603536.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) See especially figure 1 in this review. - ↑ Touhara, Kazushige (2009). "Insect olfactory receptor complex functions as a ligand-gated ionotropic channel". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1170 (1): 177–80. Bibcode:2009NYASA1170..177T. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03935.x. PMID 19686133. S2CID 6336906.
- ↑ Buck L. & Axel R. 1991. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65 (1): 175–187. [1]
- ↑ "Evolution of olfactory receptor genes in the human genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (21): 12235–40. 2003. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10012235N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1635157100. PMC 218742. PMID 14507991.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ↑ Bieri, S.; Monastyrskaia, K; Schilling, B (2004). "Olfactory receptor neuron profiling using sandalwood odorants". Chemical Senses. 29 (6): 483–7. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh050. PMID 15269120.
- ↑ Fan, Jinhong; Ngai, John (2001). "Onset of odorant receptor gene expression during olfactory sensory neuron regeneration". Developmental Biology. 229 (1): 119–27. doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9972. PMID 11133158.
Other websites
[change | change source]- Smells and Odours - How Smell Works
- Olfaction
- The importance of smell, and pheromones, to Humans and other Animals
- Structure-odor relations: a modern perspective (PDF)
- Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals Archived 2006-03-26 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
| Sensory system |
|---|
| Hearing • Sight • Touch • Taste • Smell • Proprioception |