Smijeh

Smijeh (ijek.) ili smeh (ek.), nevoljna reakcija na određene vanjske ili unutarnje podražaje. Smijeh mogu pobuditi aktivnosti poput škakljanja,^[1] humorističnih priča ili misli.^[2] Najčešće se smatra vizualnom ekspresijom mnogih pozitivnih emocionalnih stanja poput radosti, veselja, sreće, olakšanja itd. U nekim pak prilikama može biti uzrokovan suprotnim emocionalnim stanjima poput sramote, isprike ili zbunjenosti ("nervozni smijeh") ili udvornog smijeha. Čimbenici poput dobi, spola, obrazovanja, jezika i kulture determinantni su čimbenici^[3] za to da li će neka osoba iskusiti smijeh u određenoj situaciji.

Smijeh je dio čovječjeg ponašanja regulirana mozgom koje pomaže ljudima razjasniti njihove namjere u socijalnoj interakciji i pruža emocionalan kontekst konverzacijama. Smijeh se rabi kao signal pripadnosti nekoj grupi — on signalizira prihvaćenost i pozitivne interakcije s drugima. Smijeh se ponekad doživljava zaraznim, a smijeh neke osobe može sam izazvati smijeh u drugih kao pozitivnu povratnu spregu.^[4] Popularnost snimaka smijeha u televizijskim komedijama situacije može se dijelom pripisati ovome.

Proučavanje humora i smijeha te njihovih psiholoških i fizioloških učinaka na čovječje tijelo zove se gelotologija.

Narav

Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300 – 400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15 – 20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.^[5]

Povezano

Izvori

↑ Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. ISBN 0-398-02420-0
↑ Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.
↑ Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688
↑ Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) str. 18.
↑ „Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-06-30. Pristupljeno 9. prosinca 2012.

Literatura

Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
Bahtin, Mihail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34830-7.
Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com
Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C. i Bard K. A. (2011.) Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others. Emotion DOI:10.1037/a0022594
Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (vidi pacijent A. K.)
Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
Greig, John Young Thomson, The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
Marteinson, Peter, On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter Arhivirano 2020-07-16 na Wayback Machine-u, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.
Provine, R. R., Laughter. American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
Quentin Skinner (2004) (PDF). Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-10-18. Pristupljeno 2006-04-23. uključeno u knjigu: Sorell, Tom; Luc Foisneau (2004). „6”. Leviathan After 350 Years. Oxford University Press. str. 139–66. ISBN 0-19-926461-9. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-06-28. Pristupljeno 2014-06-27.
Raskin, Victor, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985).
MacDonald, C., "A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org
Kawakami, K., et al., Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study Arhivirano 2011-09-28 na Wayback Machine-u Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
Johnson, S., Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
Milius, S., Don't look now, but is that dog laughing? Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
Simonet, P., et al., Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
Discover Health (2004) Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources Arhivirano 2006-12-09 na Wayback Machine-u, helpguide.org
Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59800-222-5
Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. ISBN 978-3-495-48385-5

Vanjske veze

The Origins of Laughter Arhivirano 2020-07-16 na Wayback Machine-u, chass.utoronto.ca
Human laughter up to 16 million years old Arhivirano 2012-09-17 na Wayback Machine-u, cosmosmagazine.com
More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington, faculty.Washington.edu
WNYC's Radio Lab radio show: Is Laughter just a Human Thing?, wnyc.org
Transcriptions of laughter, writtensound.com
Recordings of people laughing, 99 audiozapisa čovječjeg smijeha
Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter Arhivirano 2017-12-01 na Wayback Machine-u

[1] Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. ISBN 0-398-02420-0

[2] Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.

[3] Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688

[4] Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) str. 18.

[5] „Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-06-30. Pristupljeno 9. prosinca 2012.

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