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Comparative Study
. 2024 Sep 18;24(18):6024.
doi: 10.3390/s24186024.

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) for Assessment of Hydration Status: A Comparison between Endurance and Strength University Athletes

Maria Abdelnour  1 , Rédina Berkachy  2 , Lara Nasreddine  1 , Elie-Jacques Fares  1
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) for Assessment of Hydration Status: A Comparison between Endurance and Strength University Athletes

Maria Abdelnour et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Introduction: Athletic performance is greatly impacted by hydration status. The combination of several techniques is recommended to accurately measure water losses and gains.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the validity of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) as a tool for measuring hydration status in endurance and strength athletes.

Methods: A total of 148 athletes were evaluated on one experimental day, pre- and post-training. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for color and specific gravity. Body weight changes were measured, sweat rate was calculated, and BIVA was performed. Reference ellipses were plotted using data of 200 healthy non-athletic individuals.

Results: A moderate significant agreement was noted between raw bioelectrical values and urine specific gravity (USG) (p > 0.05). The sensitivity of classic BIVA in detecting minor changes in hydration status is confirmed both graphically and statistically. R/h and Z statistically significantly decreased post-training. Male athletes exhibited a specific BIA vector distribution compared to the reference population and were slightly more hydrated than female athletes.

Conclusions: BIVA validation may be an essential step to allow its use among university students to assess dehydration in a non-invasive, practical, and inexpensive way.

Keywords: athletes; bioelectrical impedance vector analysis; hydration; phase angle; reactance; resistance; urine specific gravity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of urine specific gravity before training (USG PRE), and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis values using Bland–Altman plots. (A) USG and Z, (B) USG and R, (C) USG and Xc, and (D) USG and PA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparison of sweat rate (SR) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis values using Bland–Altman plots. (A) SR and Z, (B) SR and R, (C) SR and Xc, and (D) SR and PA.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of the experimental procedure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Point graphs of individual and mean impedance vectors of athletes before and after training plotted on the 50%, 75%, and 95% tolerance ellipses of the healthy Lebanese reference populations. (a) Endurance male athletes before training, (b) endurance male athletes after training, (c) strength male athletes before training, (d) strength male athletes after training, (e) endurance female athletes before training, (f) endurance female athletes after training, (g) strength female athletes before training, and (h) strength female athletes after training.
Figure 5
Figure 5
R-Xc mean graph showing the 95% confidence ellipses for the mean impedance vectors of endurance and strength athletes before training and the healthy reference populations. (a) Females before training and (b) males before training.
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