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Review
. 2022 Jul 13:13:946995.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946995. eCollection 2022.

Mycobiota and C-Type Lectin Receptors in Cancers: Know thy Neighbors

Lilong Zhang  1   2 , Dongqi Chai  1   2 , Chen Chen  1 , Chunlei Li  1   2 , Zhendong Qiu  1   2 , Tianrui Kuang  1   2 , Mungur Parveena  1   2 , Keshuai Dong  1 , Jia Yu  1 , Wenhong Deng  1 , Weixing Wang  1
Affiliations
Review

Mycobiota and C-Type Lectin Receptors in Cancers: Know thy Neighbors

Lilong Zhang et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of gut bacteria in the development of malignancy, while relatively little research has been done on gut mycobiota. As a part of the gut microbiome, the percentage of gut mycobiota is negligible compared to gut bacteria. However, the effect of gut fungi on human health and disease is significant. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on mycobiota, especially gut fungi, in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung carcinoma-induced cachexia. Moreover, we also describe, for the first time in detail, the role of the fungal recognition receptors, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3, and Mincle) and their downstream effector caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), in tumors to provide a reference for further research on intestinal fungi in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.

Keywords: CARD9; Dectin-1; Dectin-2; Dectin-3; Mincle; cancer; dysbiosis; gut mycobiota.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Analysis of the differences in gut mycobiota. (A) Shay et al. (2020) demonstrated the differences of the mycobiome in the oral washings from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) compared to matched control participants; Mukherjee et al. (2017) revealed the differences of the mycobiome in the tumor tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma OSCC (mobile) in the tongue. (B) Zhong et al. (2021) and Zhang et al. (2022) revealed the differences of the mycobiome in the tumor tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues from patients with gastric cancer; Yang et al. (2022) revealed the differences of the mycobiome in the tumor tissues from patients with gastric cancer compared to normal tissue from healthy controls. (C) Coker et al. (2019) and Gao et al. (2022) revealed the differences of the mycobiome in the stool samples from patients with colorectal cancer compared to healthy controls. (D) Aykut et al. (2019) revealed the differences of the mycobiome in the tumor specimens compared to gut specimens from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A–F) Analysis of the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) in gut mycobiota between cancer patients and healthy controls.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
The anti-cancer of Dectin-1 in cancers. Pathways of action of Dectin-1 in macrophages (A). Pathways of action of Dectin-1 in dendritic cells (B). DC, dendritic cells; AA, arachidonic acid; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; P47phox, neutrophil cytosolic factor 1; HETE, the 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; IRF5, interferon regulatory factor 5; INAM, family with sequence similarity 26 member F; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; Raf1, raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase; IRF4, interferon regulatory factor 4; IL, interleukin; TNFSF15, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15; TNFSF4, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 4; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta 1. αvβ8, αvβ8 integrin pSTAT4, phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; pSTAT6, phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. This figure was created using Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
The pro-cancer and anti-cancer roles of CARD9 in CRC. BMC, bone marrow cell; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; ILC3, group 3 innate lymphoid cell; CRC, colorectal cancer; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; BCL10, B-cell leukemia-lymphoma 10; MALT1, mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1; Syk, Spleen Tyrosine Kinase; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; CARD9, caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9; M1/M2, M1 macrophage/M2 macrophage; IL, Interleukin. This figure was created using Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).
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