Context: To date, there are few studies investigating the impact of body changes induced by cross-sex hormonal treatment (CHT) on psychobiological well-being in gender-dysphoric persons (GDs).

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess whether CHT-related body changes affect psychobiological well-being in GDs.

Methods: A consecutive series of 359 GDs was considered for a cross-sectional section of the study. In addition, 54 GDs were studied in a 2-year follow-up. A physical examination was performed, including body mass index, waist circumference, and hair distribution. We also evaluated breast development and testis volume in male to female subjects and clitoris length in female to male. Subjects were asked to complete several psychometric measures for the assessment of body uneasiness, GD, and psychopathology levels. The evaluation was repeated 2 years prospectively.

Results: The following results were found: 1) GDs undergoing CHT reported significantly lower subjective levels of GD, body uneasiness, and depressive symptoms as compared with those without; 2) CHT-induced body modifications were significantly associated with a better psychological adjustment; 3) during CHT, GDs reported a significant reduction of general psychopathology, depressive symptoms, and subjective GD, whereas social and legal indicators of GD showed a significant increase across time; and 4) among body changes induced by CHT, only breast development and increased body mass index had a significant impact on psychopathology reduction across time in male to female subjects and female to male subjects, respectively.

Conclusions: The aforementioned results support the efficacy of CHT intervention in improving subjective perception of one's own body, which was partially associated with objective changes.