å¹æ«è½æ¶å²å¥è ã¡ã½ã¡ã½ããå ¬å®¶ã¨å·æ³£ããèä¸
ãåæ天çã¨ãä¸ä¼æ¡ã å¹æ«ã»ç¶æ°ã®æ°è¦ç¹ããèªãã ã
ææ²»ç¶æ°ããç´150å¹´ã®ææ¥ãçµéãã¦ä»ãããã150å¹´ãçµã£ãã¨è¦ããã150å¹´ããçµã£ã¦ããªãã¨è¦ãããç¾å¨ã®ç¤¾ä¼ã¨150å¹´åã®ç¤¾ä¼ã¨ãã©ããããé¡ä¼¼ãã¦ããã®ããããå°ã欲ãåºãã¨ãããäºä»¶ã客観çã«è¨è¿°ã§ããã¨ãã¦ããã®è¨è¿°ãèªãã§ãã¿ããã¦ããææ ã¯ãç¾å¨ã®æã ããã¨150å¹´åã®äººã ã®ããã¨ã§ã©ããããç°ãªã£ã¦ããã®ãããããªãã¨ãç¥ãããã¨æããã¨ãããã
ãåæ天çã¨ãä¸ä¼æ¡ã ãã®ç¬¬ä¸ç« ã§ç´¹ä»ããã¦ããããã¨ãã½ã¼ããèªãã§ããã¨ãããæã¯å¹æ«æã®æ¥æ¬ãéå½ä½å¶ä¸ã§å¾³å·ã®å¹³åã謳æãã¦ããããå½ããããªã¼ãã¯ããã¨ãã¦å¼·é¢ã®ãå ããéãæ¥æ¬ã®å¨ããã¦ãã¦ãããããã«ãªãã¨ãé端ã«ãããã¯ã«é¥ããããã¾ã§ä½ããä½ã¾ã§å¹åºä¸»å°ã§è¡ã£ã¦ããã®ã ã£ããããããã«ããªã¼æ¥èªç´å¾ãããå¹åºã¯å¤©çã«å¯¾ãã¦ããè¦è«ãããããã«ãªã£ãã¨ããããã¦ããã®æå¹åºãä½ã天çã«ãé¡ãããã®ããããã¨æãã¤ãã ããããé常ã®æ´å²æè²ãåãã¦ãã人ã§ããã®çããããã¨æãæµ®ãã¶äººã¯ãã®ãããå°ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ããæ°ãããã®ã ãã©ãã ãããç§ã¯ãã®ã¨ãã½ã¼ããèªãã§ã150å¹´åã®äººã ã®å¿æ ãç解ããã®ã¯ç¸å½å¤§å¤ã ãªã¨æ¹ãã¦æã£ãããåæ天çã¨ãä¸ä¼æ¡ã ãã¯ãå¹æ«ããææ²»ç¶æ°ã¾ã§ã®æ´å²ããæè ãã®è¦ç¹ãåãè¾¼ãã æ´å²ããæããã¨ãã¦ãããããããæå³ã§ã¯å ã®ã¨ãã½ã¼ãã¯æ¬çã¨ã¯é¢ä¿ãªãã®ã ããæ¬çã¨é¢ä¿ã®ãªãå°è©±ãé¢ç½ãæ¬ã¯æ¬çãé¢ç½ãã¨ããæ³åã«ãè¦äºã«åè´ããã¨ãã½ã¼ãã ã¨æã£ããã¨ããã£ã¦ããã¦ç´¹ä»ãã¦ã¿ãã
æ°ãåãç´ãã¦æ¬æ¸ã®æ¦è¦ã説æããã¨ãæ¬æ¸ã¯ãææ²»ç¶æ°æã«ãå¾³å·å¹åºã«ããæ¯é ããããã«ãã¦æåãããã®ãã¨ããåé¡ãã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ã¦ãããèè ã®å®¶è¿è¯æ¨¹ããã®ä¸»å¼µã¯ãæ治以å¾ã®æ¥æ¬äººã®ãããã誰ããæ³åãã¦ããã»ã©ãè©é·ä¸¡è©ã®ãåå¹èå± ãã«ãããå½¹å²ã¯ãå§åçãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã¨ãããã¨ã«ã¤ãããã®ã ã¨ããã¨ãããããã¦ããããããæªãããããæ´å²èªèï¼ï¼è¥¿åéè©è¨å¹æ´¾å²è¦³ï¼ãæç«ããã®ã¯ãè©é·ãªã©ããã¦è©é¥æ¿æ²»ãç¯ãå´ã®æ¿æ²»å¢åããèªãã®å½å®¶éå¶ã«é½åãè¯ãããã«ç¶æ°ã®éç¨ã«ãä¸å½ã«è¦ããããããããã ã¨ä¸»å¼µãã¦ãã¾ãããã®ãè¦ãããåãæãããè©é·ã®ç¶æ°ããä¹ãè¶ãã¦ç·åçã«ææ²»ç¶æ°ãè¦ã¤ããã¨ããã®ãæ¬æ¸ã®çããªããã§ããããã®ãããããã¿ã¼ï¼80年代ã®ãªã¼ã¯ã©ã³ãã»ã¢ã¹ã¬ããã¯ã¹ã§è¨ãã¨ããã®ãªããã¼ã»ãã³ãã¼ã½ã³ã«å½ããï¼ãåæ天çã¨ãããã¨ã«ãªãã¾ãã
åæ天çã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã主役ã®ç¶¾ç¬ã¯ããã®ããããããããè¿ãï¼è¦è´ççã£å¹³æ¸ çã®åè¿ãã ï¼ãã¨ãã決ãå°è©ã§ã馴æã¿ã®å¤§æ²³ãã©ããå «éã®æ¡ããã覧ã«ãªã£ã¦ããæ¹ã§ãããªãã°ãã¾ã è¨æ¶ã«æ°ããã¨ããã§ããããç°ç¿ã§ããã¼ã©ã飲ã¾ããªãã»ãã®å¸å·æäºéãããæ¼ãã¦ãã¾ãããæ治天çã®ãç¶ããã§ããå¸å·æäºéã¯æ治天çã®ãç¶ããã§ã¯ãªããæ¾ããåããã®ãå ããã§ãããããããã§ããããã®å¼·çãªæ夷ææã示ãåæ§çãªå¤©çã®åºç¾ã«å¹åºãå³å¾å·¦å¾ããæ§åããå¹è£ãå ¬å®¶ãã¡ã®æç´ãå ±åæ¸ãªã©ããã¨ã«ãã¦çã ããæããã¦ããã
ä¾ãã°ãããªã¼æ¥èªããã£ã¦ã1854å¹´ã«ã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®è¦æã«æ²¿ã£ã¦æ¥ç±³å親æ¡ç´ãçµã°ãã¾ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã¯ã¤ã±ã¤ã±ãã³ãã³ã§éåæ¡ç´ç· çµãè¦æ±ãã¦ãã¾ããããã«å¯¾ãã¦ãæ±æ¸ã®å¹é£ã¯éå½ãããªãã¨å¤æããããã§ãããåæ天çã¯éåæ¡ç´æ絶ã®ææã示ãã¾ããããã§å¹åºã¨ãã¦ã¯èä¸å ç°æ£ç¦ã天çã説å¾ããããã«äº¬é½ã«ä¹ãè¾¼ã¿ã¾ããæ¬æ¸ã§ã¯ãå ç°ãæ±æ¸ã«éã£ãå ±åæ¸ã«ãã¨ã¥ãã¦ã天çå´è¿ã®ä¸éå°è·¯æ£æ¿åã³è£æ¾æå ã¨ãå ç°æ£ç¦ã¨ã®ä¼è«ã®æ¨¡æ§ãç´¹ä»ããã¦ããã®ã ããããã¾ãåããããæå³åããããã«ããã¨ãå ç°ãããã§ç´é¢ããã®ã¯ãæ¡çã®éç¨ããªãä¸çãã ã£ãã¨ããã
ä¸éå°è·¯æ£æ¿ã¨è£æ¾æå ã®ä¸¡åã¯ãåæ天çã®è¿æ³ããç ãããé£äºãåãéããªããªã©ããã ãªããªããã¨ãä¼ãããã¨ãå ç°ã«ããã°ããçå±ãä½ãå·®ãç½®ãããã ã²ãããè½æ¶ããã¦ãï¼ä¸ç¥ï¼æå»·ã®è¦æ±ï¼ä¸ç¥ï¼ãå諾ãããã¨ãæ±ããã
ãå®åã¯å
¬å®¶ã®æ¶ã«å¼±ããã¨ããæ ¼è¨ãæå»·ã«ä¼ãã£ã¦ããã®ãã©ããã¯ä¸æã§ããããã¾ããã®æ³£ãè½ã¨ãã§ãããããããå¹æ«çãæ¶ã®ãªã¯ã¨ã¹ããã¯ããã§ã¯çµãããªãã
éåæ¡ç´ç· çµã®èª¬å¾ã試ã¿ãå ç°ã«å¯¾ãã¦ãæå»·å´ã¯å親æ¡ç´ã®ç·ã«ç«ã¡æ»ã£ã¦ããä¸åº¦æåããåè°ããã¨ã®ä¸æ¹çãªéåãè¡ããã¨ããã®ã ããå ç°ã¯ããã«ã¯æµæãããã®å æ¸ã®åãåããæå¦ãããããã¨ãã®ç¿ã æ¥ã«æ¹ãã¦æå»·ãã使è ããã¦æå»·å´ã®æåãçªãã¤ããã®ã ããããã«ã¯é©æã®å 容ãå«ã¾ãã¦ããã¨ãããéåæ¡ç´ç· çµã«é¢ãã¦è«¸å¤§åã®æè¦ãè´åããä¸ã§ããªã天çã決æããã ããªãå ´åã¯ãä¼å¢ç¥å®®ã®ãã¿ããã«é ¼ãï¼ç¥æ ®ã伺ãï¼ãã¨ãããããã¨ããã®ã ãããã«å¯¾ããå ç°ã®åå¿ãæ¬æ¸ã§ç´¹ä»ããã¦ãããå ¬å®¶ã®æ³£ãè½ãä½æ¦ã«è§¦çºããããã©ããã¯å®ãã§ã¯ãªããå ç°ã®åæï¼ï¼ï¼ãæå¤ãªãã®ã§ãã£ãã
ããã«ã¯ããããã«å ç°ãã大ãã«é©ããããã御ã¿ããã«ãæ¦ãã¨åºãã大å¤ãªãã¨ã«ãªãã¨ããç¥æ ®å¾¡ä¼ºã®å¦ãã¯ãããã¦ããã ãããã¨æé¡ããããªããé·å·è©ã®åç°ç¨éº¿ãä»å ¥ããæ å ±ã«ããã¨ããã®æãå ç°ã¯é¢ç½ã®é¢åã§æ³£ããã¨ããã
欧é½è²è²ãªããæ³£ããªç·ã ãï¼ãã¨ä¸åããã¬ãã«ã§ãããã幸ãä¸å¹¸ã欧é½è²è²ã¯ãã®æã¾ã èªçãã¦ããªãã
ããããã¨ãã½ã¼ããæ¬æ¸ã®æ¬çããã¯è±ç·ãã¦ããã®ã ããããå½æã®çã ããããåããæ³åã§ããã®ã§é常ã«é¢ç½ããæ¬æ¸ã«ã¯ãã®æã®ã¨ãã½ã¼ããç²æ®µã«çãè¾¼ã¾ãã¦ãããåæ天çã«é¢ãã¦è¨ãã°ãèªèº«ã«ã¤ãã¦ãç§ãããã¦å¾¡æ¿ç¥ã®éãã®ææ§çæã®è³ªãã¨è©ãã¦ããæç´ãç´¹ä»ããã¦ããããããæ¬æ¸ã®ååã§ã¯ããããããè声ãã交ããªãããåæ天çã®ååã軸ã«ãã¦ãæµ·å¤åå¼·ã®è¦æ±ã«å¯¾ãã対å¿ããããæå»·ã¨å¹åºã¨ã®ç¶±å¼ããæ¦èª¬ãããã
ããã¦ãæ¬æ¸ã®å¾åã§ã¯ãä¸ä¼æ¡æ¿æ¨©ãã®æç«ã¨å´©å£ã®éç¨ã軸ã«ãã¦ãå¹åºã®å´©å£ã®éç¨ãæãããããã®ãä¸ä¼æ¡ãã¨ããã®ã¯ãä¸æ©æ ¶åï¼å¾³å·æ ¶åï¼ã®ãä¸ããæ¾å¹³å®¹ä¿ãè©ä¸»ã§ãã£ãä¼æ´¥è©ã®ãä¼ãã容ä¿ã®å®å¼ã§ããå®æ¬ãè©ä¸»ãã¤ã¨ããæ¡åè©ã®ãæ¡ããåããããã®ã§ããã¾ãããã®ä¸ä¼æ¡æ¿æ¨©ã¯ãåæ天çã®æãåãã¦ããããã¯ãå¨å ãèã«ãã¦ãå¹æ«ã®æ¿å±ã主å°ãã¦ããã¾ãããã®è©³ç´°ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯æ¬æ¸ãç´æ¥åç §ãã¦ããã ãããã®ã§ãããç¹ã«æ¬æ¸ã®å¾åãèªã¿çµããã¨ãææ²»ç¶æ°ããè¤ç¼çããªããã¯ãç·åçãã«æããã¨ã®éè¦æ§ã説ãèè ã®å®¶è¿ããã®æå³ãç解ã§ãããããªæ°ããã¦ãããå°ãªãã¨ãã次ã®ç®æãèªãã ãã§ãè©é·vså¹åºãã¨ããæ§å³ã§ã¯åç´ã«éããã¨ãããã¨ãç解ã§ããã
ããããä¸ä¼æ¡ä¸è ã®ããæ¹ã¯ãåæ天çã®åº¦éãªãç£ä¿ã«ãããããããæ夷ãäºå®ä¸æå¦ãããªãå´©ãçã«éå½è·¯ç·ãæ¨ãé²ãããã¨ããæ±æ¸ã®èä¸ã諸役人ã¨ã®å¯¾ç«ãããã¦æããã¨ã«ããªããã¾ããéå½ä½å¶ã®æç ´ã決æããè¶åè©ãè©æ©è©ãªã©ã®éè©ã¨ã®è¡çªããæ·±å»ãªãã®ã¨ãããããã¦ãå ¬ç¶ã¨æ夷主義ãæ²ãã¦ä¸å¤®æ¿çã«ä¹ãã ãã¦ããé·å·è©ã¨ã¯ã©ã¤ãã«çãªé¢ä¿ã¨ãªãã
å¹åºå´ã«ã¯ãå°ãªãã¨ãæ±æ¸ã«ããå¹é£ã¨äº¬é½ã«ããä¸ä¼æ¡å¢åã¨ã®å¯¾ç«ããããè©æ©ã«æ³¨ç®ããã°ãæ¬æ¸ã§ãå¨äº¬è©è©æå°è
ãã¨å¼ã°ãã西é·ã大ä¹
ä¿ãªã©ãä¸å¿ã¨ãã強硬路ç·ã主張ããã°ã«ã¼ãã¨ãããã«åçºããå¢åã¨ã®è·¯ç·å¯¾ç«ããããããããè¤æ°ã®è¦ç¹ãæãã¦ä¸å¯§ã«å¹æ«å²ã追ããã¨ãéãã¦ãä¾ãã°ãçæ¿å¾©å¤ã®ã¯ã¼ãã¿ã¼ã¯æ¦åè¨å¹ãæå³ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã¨ããçµè«ãå°ãããããããæ¬æ¸ã®èã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã§ããããã
ã§ã¯è¥¿é·ããããã¦ã¯ã¼ãã¿ã¼æ¹å¼ã«ãã ãã£ãçãã¯ä½ãªã®ãããã®åãã«å¯¾ããçããæ¬æ¸ã«ã¯ç¨æããã¦ãããããã¦ãå®ã¯ãã®çãããã¾ãããããããã¨ã§ã西é·ãå¤§ä¹ ä¿ãã¯çª®å°ã«é¥ãã®ã ããããã§ãçª®é¼ ç«ããããæãã§åæã«è»¢ããçµæãã®ãªã®ãªã®ã¨ããã§åå¹ãéæãããã¨ããã®ãæ¬æ¸ãæãåºãå¹æ«å²ã§ããããã®å¹æ«æã®æçµæ®µéã§ã®æ»é²ã¯é常ã«ã¹ãªãªã³ã°ã§ããæããå¼ãè¾¼ã¾ãããããã¦ä¸æ°ã«èªã¿çµãã¦ã¿ãã¨ãèè ã®ãæ¦ååå¹æ´¾ãªãè¨èã使ã£ã¦å¹æ«å²ã説æããå¿ è¦ã¯ãªãï¼å¯¾å¹å¼·ç¡¬æ´¾ãããã¯æå¹æ´¾ã¨ãã£ãè¨èã§ååã ï¼ãã¨ãã主張ããã£ã¨ç解ã§ãããããªæ°ããã¦ããã
ãããããããæ¬æ¸ã®çããè±ç·ãã¦ãã¾ããããããªãããæ¬æ¸ãèªã¿çµãã¦ã¿ãã¨ãæ¹ãã¦æ´å²ã«ããããå ´ãã®æ義ã«ã¤ãã¦èããããããªããæ±æ¸ã¨ããå ´ãä¸å¿ã«æ§ç¯ããã権åæ§é ãæç ´ããå¢åãä¾ãã°è©é·åè¥ãªã©ãå ¸åã§ãããããã®å¤ãã¯æ¨©åã®ä¸å¿ãã空éçã«å¤§ããéã¦ãããå ´ã«ä½ç½®ãã¦ãããããã¯æ¨©åã®ç£è¦ãè¡ãå±ããªãå ´æã§ã®ã¿æ°ããåãé¤ãããã¨ãããã¨ã示åãã¦ããã®ã ããããããèããã¨ãITã®ä¸å¿å°ã§ããã·ãªã³ã³ãã¬ã¼ããé ãé¢ããæ¥æ¬ã§ããããã³ã³ã¯ãªã¼ãã¸ã£ã³ã°ã«å¤§æ±äº¬ãããé¥ãé ãé¢ãã京é½ã«æ ç¹ãæ§ããã¯ã¦ãªããGoogleãFacebookã®ãã²ã¢ãã¼ãæç ´ããå¢åã¨ãªãã¨ããæªæ¥ã示åããã¦ããã¨ããçµè«ã«è½ã¡çããããå¾ãªãã
ãã®ããã«ã権åããé ããããã¨ã®æå³ãèããä¸æ¹ã§ãåãå ´ãå ±æãããã¨ã®æ義ã¨ãããã¨ãæ¹ãã¦èãããããããåæ天çãã¯ããã¨ãã¦ãä¸ä¼æ¡ã¨ããä¸è ãããã¦æ¬æ¸ã§ãå¨äº¬è©è©æå°è ãã¨å¼ã°ãã西é·ãå¤§ä¹ ä¿ã¨ãã£ã大æ¿æ²»å®¶ã京é½ã¨ããå ´ã«éçµãããããããã¤ãã¤è¨ããã¦ãããã¨ã§æ´å²ããã£ã¡ã«è¡ãããã«ãã£ã¡ã«è¡ãããã«ãªã£ãããããã¨ãæ¬æ¸ãèªãã¨ããåãããé ãã«ãããã¨ã§åãèããè¿ãã«ãããã¨ã§æ¥æãç確ã«æãããã¨ãåºæ¥ãã®ã ã¨ããã¨ããã£ã³ã¹ãæ´ãããã«ã¯ã©ãããç«ã¡ä½ç½®ãæã¾ããã®ãããåã¯ãããªãã¨ã¾ã§èããªãã¦ãããããã¯ãåããã¾ããã
以ä¸ãããããå¹æ«å¹´è¡¨
1846å¹´ åæ天çå³ä½
1853å¹´ ããªã¼æ¥èª
1854å¹´ æ¥ç±³å親æ¡ç´
1858å¹´ æ¥ç±³ä¿®å¥½éåæ¡ç´ãå®æ¿ã®å¤§ç
1860å¹´ æ¡ç°éå¤ã®å¤
1862å¹´ æ¾å¹³å®¹ä¿äº¬é½å®è·è·å°±ä»»
1866å¹´ è©é·åç
1867å¹´ å¾³å·æ
¶åå°è»å°±ä»»ãåæ天ç崩御ã大æ¿å¥éã
1868å¹´ çæ¿å¾©å¤ã®å¤§å·ä»¤ãæè¾°æ¦äºã