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Burger Court

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Supreme Court of the United States
Burger Court
June 23, 1969 – September 26, 1986
(17 years, 95 days)
SeatSupreme Court Building
Washington, D.C.
No. of positions9
Burger Court decisions

The Burger Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren E. Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States. Burger succeeded Earl Warren as Chief Justice after Warren's retirement, and served as Chief Justice until his retirement, when William Rehnquist was nominated and confirmed as Burger's replacement. The Burger Court is generally considered to be the last liberal court to date. It has been described as a transitional court, due to its transition from having the liberal rulings of the Warren Court to the conservative rulings of the Rehnquist Court.[1]

A symbol of the conservative "retrenchment" promised by President Richard Nixon in the 1968 election, Burger was often overshadowed by the liberal William Brennan and the more conservative William Rehnquist.[1] The Burger Court had a less generous interpretation of the protections offered by the Fourth Amendment and the Fifth Amendment than those of the Warren Court, but the Burger Court did not overrule any of the major precedents set by the Warren Court.[2]

Membership

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In 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger as the replacement for the retiring Earl Warren. Warren had attempted to retire in 1968, but President Lyndon B. Johnson's nomination of Associate Justice Abe Fortas as Chief Justice was successfully filibustered by Senate Republicans. Fortas resigned from the court in 1969 following an ethics scandal, and Burger was easily confirmed the next month.

The Burger Court thus began on June 23, 1969, with Burger and seven veterans of the Warren Court: Hugo Black, William O. Douglas, John Marshall Harlan II, William J. Brennan, Jr., Potter Stewart, Byron White, and Thurgood Marshall. Nixon attempted to fill Fortas's vacant seat, but Nixon's nominations of Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell were both voted down by the Senate. Fortas's replacement, Harry Blackmun, was finally confirmed in 1970; the 391-day vacancy was the longest since the 1860s (this was eclipsed by the 419 days between the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016 and the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in April 2017).[3]

Black and Harlan both died in 1971, and Nixon replaced them with Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and William Rehnquist. Nixon considered Mildred Lillie for nomination, but according to former White House Counsel John Dean, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger was deeply opposed to the idea of a woman on the court at the time.[4] Burger threatened to resign over the nomination,[5] and Nixon chose to nominate Lewis Powell rather than Lillie.

In November 1975, Douglas retired after 36 years of service. He suffered a debilitating stroke on the last day of 1974 and was unable to return to the Court full-time. President Gerald Ford, who had led an impeachment inquiry against Douglas in 1970 when he was the House Republican Leader, appointed John Paul Stevens to replace him.

In July 1981, Stewart retired, and President Ronald Reagan appointed Sandra Day O'Connor to replace him. O'Connor was the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

The Burger Court ended on September 26, 1986, when Chief Justice Burger retired. He was succeeded as Chief Justice by William Rehnquist, who was elevated to the position of Chief Justice by President Reagan. Rehnquist's Associate Justice seat was filled by Antonin Scalia.

Timeline

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Bar key:
  F. Roosevelt appointee   Eisenhower appointee   Kennedy appointee   L. Johnson appointee   Nixon appointee   Ford appointee   Reagan appointee
With Carter in 1977

Other branches

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Presidents during this court included Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan. Congresses during this court included 91st through the 99th United States Congresses.

Rulings of the Court

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The Burger Court issued several notable rulings touching on many aspects of American life. Landmark cases of the Burger Court include:[1][6]

Judicial philosophy

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Although Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Reagan all criticized the rulings of the Warren Court and sought to appoint conservative justices, the legacy of the Warren Court remained strong throughout the 1970s.[7] The Burger Court upheld many of the precedents of the Warren Court, even in regards to due process and criminal law.[8] The latter era of the Warren Court was dominated by liberal justices, but the court shifted to the right early in 1969, following Nixon's appointments.[9] Brennan and Marshall generally took liberal positions, while Stevens (after he replaced the liberal Douglas in 1975), Stewart, and White often took centrist positions, and Rehnquist, Burger, and (to a lesser extent) Powell made up the conservative bloc of the court.[9] During his time on the court, Blackmun shifted from the right towards the center and eventually the left, allowing liberals to claim more victories as the 1970s continued.[9] However, the conservatives on the court were strengthened in 1981 when Stewart was replaced by the more conservative O'Connor, who was also the first female justice.[9] Nonetheless, Justice Brennan was often credited for winning the votes of the more centrist judges, especially Stevens, with his intellectual leadership.[7] The large number of moderates on the court and the resulting decisions gave the court a paradoxical reputation for being both conservative and liberal.[10] Although Burger was often overshadowed by the intellectual leadership of Brennan and Rehnquist, he earned a reputation as important judicial administrator who helped to create institutions such as the National Center for State Courts.[1] Burger also often questioned the need for a judicial remedy in cases; Burger was a strong believer that courts could not cure all injustices, and Burger was not reluctant to limit the standing of plaintiffs.[1]

Appraisal

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Law professor Michael J. Graetz and court journalist Linda Greenhouse characterize the Burger Court as conservative in many respects, handing down rulings that undermined Brown v. Board of Education and other liberal precedents of the Warren Court.[11] More prosaically, publisher Larry Flynt, whose magazine Hustler was the subject of litigation in 1984, characterized the Burger Court as "nothing but eight assholes and a token cunt".[12]

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Greenhouse, Linda (26 June 1995). "Warren E. Burger Is Dead at 87; Was Chief Justice for 17 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  2. ^ Arenella, Peter (27 June 1986). "Burger Court Took a Different Road : It Let Other Goals Supplant Fairness in Individual Rights Cases". LA Times. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  3. ^ Desilver, Drew (26 February 2016). "Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common". Pew. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  4. ^ Hannah Brenner Johnson; Renee Knake Jefferson (2020-05-12). Shortlisted: Women in the Shadows of the Supreme Court. NYU Press. ISBN 9781479816019.
  5. ^ "'The Rehnquist Choice' by John Dean". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2001-12-30. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  6. ^ "The Burger Court, 1969-1986". The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  7. ^ a b Gillers, Stephen (25 September 1983). "BURGER'S WARREN COURT". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  8. ^ Alschuler, Albert (1986). "Failed Pragmatism: Reflections on the Burger Court Commentaries". Harvard Law Review. 100 (1436). Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d Galloway, Russell (1 January 1987). "The Burger Court (1969-1986)". Santa Clara Law Review. 27 (1). Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  10. ^ Sitomer, Curtis (7 July 1986). "Burger court: activism mixed with restraint. Court under Nixon appointee defied facile characterization". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  11. ^ Shesol, Jeff (June 22, 2016). "Opening the Door to a Conservative Court". New York Times. Retrieved Dec 2, 2023.
  12. ^ Bowman, David (July 8, 2004). "Citizen Flynt". Salon.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006.

Further reading

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Works centering on the Burger Court

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Works centering on Burger Court justices

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Other relevant works

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