Algebra universal
Algebra universal (kadangkala dipanggil algebra am) ialah bidang matematik yang mengkaji struktur algebra itu sendiri, bukan contoh ("model") struktur algebra. Sebagai contoh, daripada mengambil kumpulan tertentu sebagai objek kajian, dalam algebra universal seseorang mengambil kelas kumpulan sebagai objek kajian.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bergman, George M., 1998. An Invitation to General Algebra and Universal Constructions (pub. Henry Helson, 15 the Crescent, Berkeley CA, 94708) 398 pp. ISBN 0-9655211-4-1.
- Birkhoff, Garrett, 1946. Universal algebra. Comptes Rendus du Premier Congrès Canadien de Mathématiques, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 310–326.
- Burris, Stanley N., and H.P. Sankappanavar, 1981. A Course in Universal Algebra Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-90578-2 Free online edition.
- Cohn, Paul Moritz, 1981. Universal Algebra. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D.Reidel Publishing. ISBN 90-277-1213-1 (First published in 1965 by Harper & Row)
- Freese, Ralph, and Ralph McKenzie, 1987. Commutator Theory for Congruence Modular Varieties, 1st ed. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 125. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-34832-3. Free online second edition.
- Grätzer, George, 1968. Universal Algebra D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
- Higgins, P. J. Groups with multiple operators. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 6 (1956), 366–416.
- Higgins, P.J., Algebras with a scheme of operators. Mathematische Nachrichten (27) (1963) 115–132.
- Hobby, David, and Ralph McKenzie, 1988. The Structure of Finite Algebras American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-3400-2. Free online edition.
- Jipsen, Peter, and Henry Rose, 1992. Varieties of Lattices, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1533. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-56314-8. Free online edition.
- Pigozzi, Don. General Theory of Algebras. Free online edition.
- Smith, J.D.H., 1976. Mal'cev Varieties, Springer-Verlag.
- Whitehead, Alfred North, 1898. A Treatise on Universal Algebra, Cambridge. (Mainly of historical interest.)
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Algebra Universalis—a journal dedicated to Universal Algebra.