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Mark Berhow

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Papers by Mark Berhow

Gastrointestinal activity of saponins from soy and tomato

The FASEB Journal

Saponins, a structurally diverse family of secondary plant metabolites, have been suggested to po... more Saponins, a structurally diverse family of secondary plant metabolites, have been suggested to possess anti‐carcinogenic, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic, and immune‐enhancing activities. We have initiated studies to compare the effects of saponins extracted from soy (soyasaponin A and B), tomato, and a commercial mixture of phytosterols (positive control) on GI absorption and metabolism of cholesterol and on interactions between microflora and the gut epithelium. During simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion, saponins from tomato and the phytosterol mix significantly inhibited micellarization of cholesterol (14 µM) from a food matrix (ratio of saponins/phytosterols to cholesterol was approximately 1:6.5). Saponins from soy and tomato, as well as phytosterols, also significantly impaired the transfer of cholesterol from Tween micelles to differentiated cultures of human intestinal Caco‐2 cells. Additionally, as saponins share structural similarity with bile salts that rep...

Biopesticide synergy when combining plant flavonoids and entomopathogenic baculovirus

Scientific Reports, Apr 22, 2020

four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cot... more four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cotton, and cabbage) were treated with the biopesticide AfMNPV baculovirus in a dosage response assay. Treated soybean had, on average, a 6-fold increase in virus activity compared with the other crops. Leaf trichomes on soybeans were not found to be responsible for the observed increase of insecticidal activity. Three flavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol) were uniquely found only in the soybean crop, and were not detected in cotton, cabbage, or green bean plant matter. The individual flavonoid compounds did not cause T ni. mortality in no-virus assays when incorporated into artificial insect diet. The combination of the three flavonoid compounds at leaf level concentrations significantly increased baculovirus activity in diet incorporation assays. When the daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were added to artificial diet, at 3.5-6.5 × leaf level concentrations, virus activity increased 1.5, 2.3, and 4.2-fold for each respective flavonoid. The soybean flavonoid compounds were found to synergistically improve baculovirus activity against T. ni.

Higher Plant Flavonoids: Biosynthesis and Chemical Ecology

CRC Press eBooks, Jul 11, 2023

Spearmint plantlet culture system as a means to study secondary metabolism in vitro

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal, Jan 28, 2007

366 Preference of carinata meal compared with other oilseed meals and distiller's dried grains by dairy heifers

Journal of Animal Science, Mar 1, 2017

Different oilseed meals contain different types and amounts of glucosinolates, which may cause bi... more Different oilseed meals contain different types and amounts of glucosinolates, which may cause bitter tastes. Our objective was to determine if the type and content of glucosinolates in carinata meal affect dairy heifer preference and intake compared with other oilseed meals. Six Holstein heifers (7.2 ± 0.3 mo old; 234.7 ± 15.7 kg BW) were used in a sequential elimination preference study to compare 5 different grain mixes containing 27.4% (DM basis) of carinata meal (CRM), camelina meal (CAM), canola meal (CAN), linseed meal (LIN), and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Glucosinolates concentrations were 6.09, 3.24, 0.23, 0, and 0 g/kg of DM for CRM, CAM, CAN, LIN, and DDGS grain mixes, respectively. Heifers were kept in individual pens (3.7 by 4.5 m) with a row of 7 feed containers. Grain mixes were offered for 30 min in the morning and evening. At each feeding, the positions of grain mixes were randomized and the 2 end containers were left empty to nullify effects of placement. Grass hay was fed at 1.6% of BW throughout the day in a separate tub. During phase 1, all 5 grain mixes were offered for 5 d and the most preferred by each heifer was removed at the end. In the subsequent phases, days and number of grain mixes were sequentially reduced until only 2 grain mixes were offered during 2 d. Preference ranking by heifer was based on intake amounts.

1431 Evaluation of the fermentation characteristicsand glucosinolate content of cold-pressed or solvent-extracted carinata meal ensiled withcorn forage

Journal of Animal Science, Oct 1, 2016

with a 12-d dietary transition protocol (2 dietary steps) to gradually adapt them to the finishin... more with a 12-d dietary transition protocol (2 dietary steps) to gradually adapt them to the finishing diet. Subsequently, a 28-d treatment period was imposed with the final 4 d used for measurement of DMI and total fecal collection. Data were analyzed using the mixed model of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment. Addition of whey permeate did not affect DMI (P = 0.96) or ADG (P = 0.43) with average values of 1.22 ± 0.148 and 0.19 ± 0.026 kg/d, respectively. Total tract digestibility of sugar in the MOD treatment was greater (95.1 vs. 69.5 ± 6.32%; P = 0.04) than for CON whereas the HIGH treatment did not differ from CON or the MOD treatment. The apparent digestibility coefficients for DM (74.7 ± 2.74%), OM (76.8 ± 2.55%), starch (98.7 ± 1.32%), CP (65.5 ± 3.47%), NDF (36.43 ± 7.07%), and ether extract (74.34 ± 3.57%) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). The results of this study indicate that liquid whey permeate can partially replace barley grain without negative effects on DMI, ADG, or digestibility. In addition, our results show that a low inclusion rate (5% DM) may improve sugar digestibility.

Application of near infrared spectroscopy for determination of relationship between crop year, maturity group, and location on carbohydrate composition in soybeans

Crop Science, Mar 19, 2021

Transgenic expression of a maize geranyl geranyl transferase gene sequence in maize callus increases resistance to ear rot pathogens

Agri Gene, Mar 1, 2018

Determining the genes responsible for pest resistance in maize can allow breeders to develop vari... more Determining the genes responsible for pest resistance in maize can allow breeders to develop varieties with lower losses and less contamination with undesirable toxins. A gene sequence coding for a geranyl geranyl transferaselike protein located in a fungal ear rot resistance quantitative trait locus was cloned from an inbred with reported resistance to Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides ear rot. Transgenic expression of the gene in maize callus reduced colonization by these two Fusarium species and also Fusarium graminearum relative to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant control. Some transformants were also more insect resistant. The more fungal resistant transformant lines produced higher levels of headspace ethanol which were significantly associated with antifungal activity, especially for F. verticillioides. Maize pyruvate decarboxylase appears to have a moiety capable of interacting with the geranyl geranyl transferase, suggesting ethanol production is enhanced due to more efficient transfer of pyruvate through the mitochondrial membrane. Other undetermined mechanisms may also be enhancing resistance of the transformants to the Fusarium fungus, however. This is the first report of the involvement of a geranyl geranyl transferase-like sequence in fungal resistance in plants, and represents a novel mechanism for producing higher yielding and better quality maize.

Analytical and biological assessment of phytochemicals in soybeans and processed soy products

Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference, IV International Soybean Processing and Utilization Conference, III Congresso Brasileiro de Soja (Brazilian Soybean Congress), Foz do Iguassu, PR, Brazil, 29 February-5 March, 2004., 2004

Isolation and Elucidation of Antiirritant and Antimicrobial Bioactives Derived From Plant Sources and From Human Sebum

Studies in natural products chemistry, 2019

Abstract This chapter will cover recent discoveries of novel bioactives derived from ripe autumn ... more Abstract This chapter will cover recent discoveries of novel bioactives derived from ripe autumn olive berries (Elaeagnus umbellata), ripened corn plant tassels, and a novel human skin fatty acid, presented in the context of both patent and research literature. Ripe autumn olive berries are edible for humans and wildlife, but they have not been commercialized. These berries are one of the richest known sources of lycopene. Aqueous alcoholic extracts, containing phenolic compounds, displayed potent antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactives. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies identified that the dominant components were cinnamic acid and two other hydroxylated cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, which were responsible for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Corn tassels are the male part of the corn plant, which at approximately 6-8 weeks after planting corn seeds in North America emit a mild fragrance during the ripening process and often coincides with a change in color from green to red. Cold aqueous alcoholic extraction of the tassel spikelets yields a straw-colored solution that retains the characteristic sweet-smelling fragrance. HPLC chromatography resolved an unusual predominant compound, later isolated and identified as 4-hydroxyl-1-oxindole-3-acetic acid. Further biochemical and biological characterization revealed that this compound displays several useful medicinal and cosmetic properties, including potent antiirritant activity and antityrosinase enzyme activity with potential usefulness as a skin whitener. It also possesses good antibacterial and antimold activity. Alcoholic extracts from human hair clippings identified a unique isomer of palmitoleic acid (C16: 1 △ 6 isomer), found only in human skin. Microbiological tests have shown that this compound is the most potent antibacterial fatty acid in human sebum directed against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and the more pathogenic MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) isolates. Further studies have demonstrated that this palmitoleic acid isomer can be made into a full-spectrum antibacterial agent by combining it with a low concentration of isopropyl alcohol. In summary, diverse natural sources yielded novel compounds with a range of commercially relevant cosmetic and medicinal properties.

Correction: Investment in Seed Physical Defence Is Associated with Species' Light Requirement for Regeneration and Seed Persistence: Evidence from Macaranga Species in Borneo

PLOS ONE, Jan 19, 2016

Ensiling carinata meal with forages to decrease glucosinolate concentrations

ABSTRACT

ミヤマシキミ(Skimmia japonica Thunb.)のリモノイド

園芸学会雑誌, Nov 15, 1998

Black and pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) unique mexican varieties exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential

Food Research International, Jul 1, 2023

US strategic and defensive missile systems 1950-2004

Osprey eBooks, 2005

MARK A BERHOW has long had an interest in the history of American missile defense systems, and is... more

Efficient bioconversion of waste bread into 2-keto-d-gluconic acid by Pseudomonas reptilivora NRRL B-6

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Mar 7, 2020

Development of bioprocess routes for production of value-added materials from food waste is very ... more Development of bioprocess routes for production of value-added materials from food waste is very attractive in terms of bioprocess economics and environmental protection. In this study, production of 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, a significant platform chemical, from food waste was performed by Pseudomonas reptilivora NRRL B-6 for the first time. The nitrogen source preference of the strain for 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production under different glucose concentrations in synthetic medium has been elucidated. At higher glucose concentrations, utilization of organic nitrogen source (yeast extract) led to higher product formation while at lower glucose concentration, utilization of inorganic nitrogen source (ammonium chloride) was also very feasible. The results indicated that favorable nitrogen source for 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production can change depending on the glucose concentration. The waste bread hydrolysate (glucose 181.43 g/L, protein 1.21% (w/v)) prepared by sequential application of α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, and protease was utilized in medium formulation at different glucose concentrations. Bread hydrolysate without additional supplements provided higher product formation than the optimum medium prepared with the hydrolysate. Utilization of 50 g/L CaCO 3 led the maximum product formation. The maximum 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production from waste bread was 142.81 g/L with the productivity of 3.02 g/L/h and molar yield of 0.95. The proposed approach in this study confirms that waste bread as a sole source of nutrients can be valorized for microbial production of various industrially relevant platform chemicals.

Fusarium head blight resistance exacerbates nutritional loss of wheat grain at elevated CO2

Scientific Reports, Jan 7, 2022

The nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (C... more The nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens. To evaluate how disease resistance traits may impact wheat climate resilience, 15 wheat cultivars with varying levels of resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) were grown at ambient and elevated CO 2. Although all wheat cultivars had increased yield when grown at elevated CO 2 , the nutritional contents of FHB moderately resistant (MR) cultivars were impacted more than susceptible cultivars. At elevated CO 2 , the MR cultivars had more significant differences in plant growth, grain protein, starch, fructan, and macro and micro-nutrient content compared with susceptible wheat. Furthermore, changes in protein, starch, phosphorus, and magnesium content were correlated with the cultivar FHB resistance rating, with more FHB resistant cultivars having greater changes in nutrient content. This is the first report of a correlation between the degree of plant pathogen resistance and grain nutritional content loss in response to elevated CO 2. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying wheat cultivars that can maintain nutritional integrity and FHB resistance in future atmospheric CO 2 conditions. Wheat is the most cultivated crop worldwide and accounts for nearly one fifth of all human dietary protein 1,2. The nutritional integrity of wheat is endangered by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens 3-5. Grain protein and mineral content decline at elevated CO 2 in major C3 photosynthetic cereal crops such as wheat, negatively impacting end-use quality and ultimately food security 5-8. Furthermore, climate change is predicted to increase the risk of mycotoxin contamination associated with fungal diseases such as Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) 9 , and elevated CO 2 may provide a strain-specific pathogenic advantage on hosts with greater losses in nutritional content 10. FHB outbreaks can substantially diminish grain yield and end-use quality due to sterile florets and withered, mycotoxin contaminated grain kernels 11. Cultivating wheat germplasm that are climate resilient and possess some resistance to FHB is a key control strategy for maintaining food safety and security. Previous studies have shown that wheat grown at elevated CO 2 , with sufficient water and fertilization, will have substantially increased yields but the grain will contain higher carbohydrate content and lower relative amounts of proteins, minerals, and lipids 12-14. This effect, often referred to as dilution, is generally caused by an excess accumulation of carbohydrates from enhanced photosynthetic carbon metabolism; however, disproportionate losses in specific nutrients indicate a more complex biological partitioning mechanism may be partially responsible 6,13,15,16. Carbohydrate dilution of grain protein results in wheat flour with reduced baking quality, limiting the end-use utility and producing less nutritious, lower value food goods 7,17,18 .

Flavonoid Accumulation in Tissue and Cell Culture

Springer eBooks, 1998

The genus Citrus provides a number of economically important horticultural crops, including the o... more The genus Citrus provides a number of economically important horticultural crops, including the orange, the lemon and the grapefruit. The flavonoid composition of these species are of interest biosynthetically, taxonomically, and because they affect the market quality of the fruit and its products. The work on flavonoid metabolism and function in citrus has been done with cell free extracts derived from whole plant tissues and some work using citrus cell cultures. This chapter will summarize some of the more important contributions of cell culture studies to the flavonoid research literature, summarizing the general work on flavonoid accumulation in plants, with a detailed overview of the work done in Citrus species.

Utilizing pretreatment and fungal incubation to enhance the nutritional value of canola meal

Journal of Applied Microbiology, Jul 12, 2017

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal pretreatment and fungal strain to ... more Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal pretreatment and fungal strain to reduce glucosinolates (GLS), fibre and residual sugars while increasing the nutritional value of canola meal. Methods and Results: Submerged incubation conditions were used to evaluate four pretreatment methods (extrusion, hot water cook, dilute acid and dilute alkali) and three fungal cultures (Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1, Fusarium venenatum NRRL-26139 and Trichoderma reesei NRRL-3653) in hexaneextracted (HE) and cold-pressed (CP) canola meal. Conclusions: The combination of extrusion pretreatment followed by incubation with T. reesei resulted in the greatest overall improvement to HE canola meal, increasing protein to 51Á5%, while reducing NDF, GLS and residual sugars to 18Á6%, 17Á2 lmol l À1 g À1 and 5% w/w, respectively. Extrusion pretreatment and incubation with F. venenatum performed the best with CP canola meal, resulting in 54Á4% protein while reducing NDF, GLS and residual sugars to 11Á6%, 6Á7 lmol l À1 g À1 and 3Á8% w/w respectively. Significance and Impact of the Study: The work is significant in that it provides a method of reducing GLS (up to 98%) and neutral detergent fibre (up to 65%) while increasing the protein content (up to 45%) of canola meal. This novel pretreatment and submerged incubation process could be used to produce a canola product with higher nutritional value for livestock consumption.

Laccase-mediator catalyzed conversion of model lignin compounds

Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 2016

Laccases play an important role in the biological break down of lignin and have great potential i... more Laccases play an important role in the biological break down of lignin and have great potential in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic feedstocks. We examined a variety of laccases, both commercially prepared and crude extracts, for their ability to oxidize three model lignol compounds (p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol). We identified both mediated and non-mediated laccasecatalyzed reactions that converted p-coumaryl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, respectively. Interestingly, the products produced by the concerted action of the laccase mediator system on lignol substrates are the same as those produced by chemical catalytic approaches. The enzymatic approach affords the opportunity for a biological approach to the conversion of lignin to valuable specialty chemicals that have use in a variety of industrial, consumer and pharmaceutical applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ☆ Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. n Corresponding author.

Gastrointestinal activity of saponins from soy and tomato

The FASEB Journal

Saponins, a structurally diverse family of secondary plant metabolites, have been suggested to po... more Saponins, a structurally diverse family of secondary plant metabolites, have been suggested to possess anti‐carcinogenic, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic, and immune‐enhancing activities. We have initiated studies to compare the effects of saponins extracted from soy (soyasaponin A and B), tomato, and a commercial mixture of phytosterols (positive control) on GI absorption and metabolism of cholesterol and on interactions between microflora and the gut epithelium. During simulated gastric and small intestinal digestion, saponins from tomato and the phytosterol mix significantly inhibited micellarization of cholesterol (14 µM) from a food matrix (ratio of saponins/phytosterols to cholesterol was approximately 1:6.5). Saponins from soy and tomato, as well as phytosterols, also significantly impaired the transfer of cholesterol from Tween micelles to differentiated cultures of human intestinal Caco‐2 cells. Additionally, as saponins share structural similarity with bile salts that rep...

Biopesticide synergy when combining plant flavonoids and entomopathogenic baculovirus

Scientific Reports, Apr 22, 2020

four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cot... more four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cotton, and cabbage) were treated with the biopesticide AfMNPV baculovirus in a dosage response assay. Treated soybean had, on average, a 6-fold increase in virus activity compared with the other crops. Leaf trichomes on soybeans were not found to be responsible for the observed increase of insecticidal activity. Three flavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol) were uniquely found only in the soybean crop, and were not detected in cotton, cabbage, or green bean plant matter. The individual flavonoid compounds did not cause T ni. mortality in no-virus assays when incorporated into artificial insect diet. The combination of the three flavonoid compounds at leaf level concentrations significantly increased baculovirus activity in diet incorporation assays. When the daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were added to artificial diet, at 3.5-6.5 × leaf level concentrations, virus activity increased 1.5, 2.3, and 4.2-fold for each respective flavonoid. The soybean flavonoid compounds were found to synergistically improve baculovirus activity against T. ni.

Higher Plant Flavonoids: Biosynthesis and Chemical Ecology

CRC Press eBooks, Jul 11, 2023

Spearmint plantlet culture system as a means to study secondary metabolism in vitro

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal, Jan 28, 2007

366 Preference of carinata meal compared with other oilseed meals and distiller's dried grains by dairy heifers

Journal of Animal Science, Mar 1, 2017

Different oilseed meals contain different types and amounts of glucosinolates, which may cause bi... more Different oilseed meals contain different types and amounts of glucosinolates, which may cause bitter tastes. Our objective was to determine if the type and content of glucosinolates in carinata meal affect dairy heifer preference and intake compared with other oilseed meals. Six Holstein heifers (7.2 ± 0.3 mo old; 234.7 ± 15.7 kg BW) were used in a sequential elimination preference study to compare 5 different grain mixes containing 27.4% (DM basis) of carinata meal (CRM), camelina meal (CAM), canola meal (CAN), linseed meal (LIN), and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Glucosinolates concentrations were 6.09, 3.24, 0.23, 0, and 0 g/kg of DM for CRM, CAM, CAN, LIN, and DDGS grain mixes, respectively. Heifers were kept in individual pens (3.7 by 4.5 m) with a row of 7 feed containers. Grain mixes were offered for 30 min in the morning and evening. At each feeding, the positions of grain mixes were randomized and the 2 end containers were left empty to nullify effects of placement. Grass hay was fed at 1.6% of BW throughout the day in a separate tub. During phase 1, all 5 grain mixes were offered for 5 d and the most preferred by each heifer was removed at the end. In the subsequent phases, days and number of grain mixes were sequentially reduced until only 2 grain mixes were offered during 2 d. Preference ranking by heifer was based on intake amounts.

1431 Evaluation of the fermentation characteristicsand glucosinolate content of cold-pressed or solvent-extracted carinata meal ensiled withcorn forage

Journal of Animal Science, Oct 1, 2016

with a 12-d dietary transition protocol (2 dietary steps) to gradually adapt them to the finishin... more with a 12-d dietary transition protocol (2 dietary steps) to gradually adapt them to the finishing diet. Subsequently, a 28-d treatment period was imposed with the final 4 d used for measurement of DMI and total fecal collection. Data were analyzed using the mixed model of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment. Addition of whey permeate did not affect DMI (P = 0.96) or ADG (P = 0.43) with average values of 1.22 ± 0.148 and 0.19 ± 0.026 kg/d, respectively. Total tract digestibility of sugar in the MOD treatment was greater (95.1 vs. 69.5 ± 6.32%; P = 0.04) than for CON whereas the HIGH treatment did not differ from CON or the MOD treatment. The apparent digestibility coefficients for DM (74.7 ± 2.74%), OM (76.8 ± 2.55%), starch (98.7 ± 1.32%), CP (65.5 ± 3.47%), NDF (36.43 ± 7.07%), and ether extract (74.34 ± 3.57%) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). The results of this study indicate that liquid whey permeate can partially replace barley grain without negative effects on DMI, ADG, or digestibility. In addition, our results show that a low inclusion rate (5% DM) may improve sugar digestibility.

Application of near infrared spectroscopy for determination of relationship between crop year, maturity group, and location on carbohydrate composition in soybeans

Crop Science, Mar 19, 2021

Transgenic expression of a maize geranyl geranyl transferase gene sequence in maize callus increases resistance to ear rot pathogens

Agri Gene, Mar 1, 2018

Determining the genes responsible for pest resistance in maize can allow breeders to develop vari... more Determining the genes responsible for pest resistance in maize can allow breeders to develop varieties with lower losses and less contamination with undesirable toxins. A gene sequence coding for a geranyl geranyl transferaselike protein located in a fungal ear rot resistance quantitative trait locus was cloned from an inbred with reported resistance to Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides ear rot. Transgenic expression of the gene in maize callus reduced colonization by these two Fusarium species and also Fusarium graminearum relative to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant control. Some transformants were also more insect resistant. The more fungal resistant transformant lines produced higher levels of headspace ethanol which were significantly associated with antifungal activity, especially for F. verticillioides. Maize pyruvate decarboxylase appears to have a moiety capable of interacting with the geranyl geranyl transferase, suggesting ethanol production is enhanced due to more efficient transfer of pyruvate through the mitochondrial membrane. Other undetermined mechanisms may also be enhancing resistance of the transformants to the Fusarium fungus, however. This is the first report of the involvement of a geranyl geranyl transferase-like sequence in fungal resistance in plants, and represents a novel mechanism for producing higher yielding and better quality maize.

Analytical and biological assessment of phytochemicals in soybeans and processed soy products

Proceedings VII World Soybean Research Conference, IV International Soybean Processing and Utilization Conference, III Congresso Brasileiro de Soja (Brazilian Soybean Congress), Foz do Iguassu, PR, Brazil, 29 February-5 March, 2004., 2004

Isolation and Elucidation of Antiirritant and Antimicrobial Bioactives Derived From Plant Sources and From Human Sebum

Studies in natural products chemistry, 2019

Abstract This chapter will cover recent discoveries of novel bioactives derived from ripe autumn ... more Abstract This chapter will cover recent discoveries of novel bioactives derived from ripe autumn olive berries (Elaeagnus umbellata), ripened corn plant tassels, and a novel human skin fatty acid, presented in the context of both patent and research literature. Ripe autumn olive berries are edible for humans and wildlife, but they have not been commercialized. These berries are one of the richest known sources of lycopene. Aqueous alcoholic extracts, containing phenolic compounds, displayed potent antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactives. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) studies identified that the dominant components were cinnamic acid and two other hydroxylated cinnamic acid derivatives, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, which were responsible for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Corn tassels are the male part of the corn plant, which at approximately 6-8 weeks after planting corn seeds in North America emit a mild fragrance during the ripening process and often coincides with a change in color from green to red. Cold aqueous alcoholic extraction of the tassel spikelets yields a straw-colored solution that retains the characteristic sweet-smelling fragrance. HPLC chromatography resolved an unusual predominant compound, later isolated and identified as 4-hydroxyl-1-oxindole-3-acetic acid. Further biochemical and biological characterization revealed that this compound displays several useful medicinal and cosmetic properties, including potent antiirritant activity and antityrosinase enzyme activity with potential usefulness as a skin whitener. It also possesses good antibacterial and antimold activity. Alcoholic extracts from human hair clippings identified a unique isomer of palmitoleic acid (C16: 1 △ 6 isomer), found only in human skin. Microbiological tests have shown that this compound is the most potent antibacterial fatty acid in human sebum directed against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and the more pathogenic MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) isolates. Further studies have demonstrated that this palmitoleic acid isomer can be made into a full-spectrum antibacterial agent by combining it with a low concentration of isopropyl alcohol. In summary, diverse natural sources yielded novel compounds with a range of commercially relevant cosmetic and medicinal properties.

Correction: Investment in Seed Physical Defence Is Associated with Species' Light Requirement for Regeneration and Seed Persistence: Evidence from Macaranga Species in Borneo

PLOS ONE, Jan 19, 2016

Ensiling carinata meal with forages to decrease glucosinolate concentrations

ABSTRACT

ミヤマシキミ(Skimmia japonica Thunb.)のリモノイド

園芸学会雑誌, Nov 15, 1998

Black and pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) unique mexican varieties exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential

Food Research International, Jul 1, 2023

US strategic and defensive missile systems 1950-2004

Osprey eBooks, 2005

MARK A BERHOW has long had an interest in the history of American missile defense systems, and is... more

Efficient bioconversion of waste bread into 2-keto-d-gluconic acid by Pseudomonas reptilivora NRRL B-6

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Mar 7, 2020

Development of bioprocess routes for production of value-added materials from food waste is very ... more Development of bioprocess routes for production of value-added materials from food waste is very attractive in terms of bioprocess economics and environmental protection. In this study, production of 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, a significant platform chemical, from food waste was performed by Pseudomonas reptilivora NRRL B-6 for the first time. The nitrogen source preference of the strain for 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production under different glucose concentrations in synthetic medium has been elucidated. At higher glucose concentrations, utilization of organic nitrogen source (yeast extract) led to higher product formation while at lower glucose concentration, utilization of inorganic nitrogen source (ammonium chloride) was also very feasible. The results indicated that favorable nitrogen source for 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production can change depending on the glucose concentration. The waste bread hydrolysate (glucose 181.43 g/L, protein 1.21% (w/v)) prepared by sequential application of α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, and protease was utilized in medium formulation at different glucose concentrations. Bread hydrolysate without additional supplements provided higher product formation than the optimum medium prepared with the hydrolysate. Utilization of 50 g/L CaCO 3 led the maximum product formation. The maximum 2-keto-D-gluconic acid production from waste bread was 142.81 g/L with the productivity of 3.02 g/L/h and molar yield of 0.95. The proposed approach in this study confirms that waste bread as a sole source of nutrients can be valorized for microbial production of various industrially relevant platform chemicals.

Fusarium head blight resistance exacerbates nutritional loss of wheat grain at elevated CO2

Scientific Reports, Jan 7, 2022

The nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (C... more The nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens. To evaluate how disease resistance traits may impact wheat climate resilience, 15 wheat cultivars with varying levels of resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) were grown at ambient and elevated CO 2. Although all wheat cultivars had increased yield when grown at elevated CO 2 , the nutritional contents of FHB moderately resistant (MR) cultivars were impacted more than susceptible cultivars. At elevated CO 2 , the MR cultivars had more significant differences in plant growth, grain protein, starch, fructan, and macro and micro-nutrient content compared with susceptible wheat. Furthermore, changes in protein, starch, phosphorus, and magnesium content were correlated with the cultivar FHB resistance rating, with more FHB resistant cultivars having greater changes in nutrient content. This is the first report of a correlation between the degree of plant pathogen resistance and grain nutritional content loss in response to elevated CO 2. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying wheat cultivars that can maintain nutritional integrity and FHB resistance in future atmospheric CO 2 conditions. Wheat is the most cultivated crop worldwide and accounts for nearly one fifth of all human dietary protein 1,2. The nutritional integrity of wheat is endangered by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens 3-5. Grain protein and mineral content decline at elevated CO 2 in major C3 photosynthetic cereal crops such as wheat, negatively impacting end-use quality and ultimately food security 5-8. Furthermore, climate change is predicted to increase the risk of mycotoxin contamination associated with fungal diseases such as Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) 9 , and elevated CO 2 may provide a strain-specific pathogenic advantage on hosts with greater losses in nutritional content 10. FHB outbreaks can substantially diminish grain yield and end-use quality due to sterile florets and withered, mycotoxin contaminated grain kernels 11. Cultivating wheat germplasm that are climate resilient and possess some resistance to FHB is a key control strategy for maintaining food safety and security. Previous studies have shown that wheat grown at elevated CO 2 , with sufficient water and fertilization, will have substantially increased yields but the grain will contain higher carbohydrate content and lower relative amounts of proteins, minerals, and lipids 12-14. This effect, often referred to as dilution, is generally caused by an excess accumulation of carbohydrates from enhanced photosynthetic carbon metabolism; however, disproportionate losses in specific nutrients indicate a more complex biological partitioning mechanism may be partially responsible 6,13,15,16. Carbohydrate dilution of grain protein results in wheat flour with reduced baking quality, limiting the end-use utility and producing less nutritious, lower value food goods 7,17,18 .

Flavonoid Accumulation in Tissue and Cell Culture

Springer eBooks, 1998

The genus Citrus provides a number of economically important horticultural crops, including the o... more The genus Citrus provides a number of economically important horticultural crops, including the orange, the lemon and the grapefruit. The flavonoid composition of these species are of interest biosynthetically, taxonomically, and because they affect the market quality of the fruit and its products. The work on flavonoid metabolism and function in citrus has been done with cell free extracts derived from whole plant tissues and some work using citrus cell cultures. This chapter will summarize some of the more important contributions of cell culture studies to the flavonoid research literature, summarizing the general work on flavonoid accumulation in plants, with a detailed overview of the work done in Citrus species.

Utilizing pretreatment and fungal incubation to enhance the nutritional value of canola meal

Journal of Applied Microbiology, Jul 12, 2017

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal pretreatment and fungal strain to ... more Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the optimal pretreatment and fungal strain to reduce glucosinolates (GLS), fibre and residual sugars while increasing the nutritional value of canola meal. Methods and Results: Submerged incubation conditions were used to evaluate four pretreatment methods (extrusion, hot water cook, dilute acid and dilute alkali) and three fungal cultures (Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1, Fusarium venenatum NRRL-26139 and Trichoderma reesei NRRL-3653) in hexaneextracted (HE) and cold-pressed (CP) canola meal. Conclusions: The combination of extrusion pretreatment followed by incubation with T. reesei resulted in the greatest overall improvement to HE canola meal, increasing protein to 51Á5%, while reducing NDF, GLS and residual sugars to 18Á6%, 17Á2 lmol l À1 g À1 and 5% w/w, respectively. Extrusion pretreatment and incubation with F. venenatum performed the best with CP canola meal, resulting in 54Á4% protein while reducing NDF, GLS and residual sugars to 11Á6%, 6Á7 lmol l À1 g À1 and 3Á8% w/w respectively. Significance and Impact of the Study: The work is significant in that it provides a method of reducing GLS (up to 98%) and neutral detergent fibre (up to 65%) while increasing the protein content (up to 45%) of canola meal. This novel pretreatment and submerged incubation process could be used to produce a canola product with higher nutritional value for livestock consumption.

Laccase-mediator catalyzed conversion of model lignin compounds

Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 2016

Laccases play an important role in the biological break down of lignin and have great potential i... more Laccases play an important role in the biological break down of lignin and have great potential in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic feedstocks. We examined a variety of laccases, both commercially prepared and crude extracts, for their ability to oxidize three model lignol compounds (p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol). We identified both mediated and non-mediated laccasecatalyzed reactions that converted p-coumaryl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, respectively. Interestingly, the products produced by the concerted action of the laccase mediator system on lignol substrates are the same as those produced by chemical catalytic approaches. The enzymatic approach affords the opportunity for a biological approach to the conversion of lignin to valuable specialty chemicals that have use in a variety of industrial, consumer and pharmaceutical applications. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ☆ Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. n Corresponding author.