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Well, it might be easiest to first talk about commodity markets because they are markets where we think price does do all the work. It takes a lot of design to make something into a commodity market.
Take wheat, for example. God makes wheat, but the Chicago Board of Trade makes #2 hard red winter wheat. It has a lot less variance than wheat. You know what youâre going to get and, therefore, you donât have to care who youâre buying it from. You donât have to inspect it. But before wheat was commodified, you had to have someone look at the wheat to see what you were buying. Similarly, before coffee was commodified in Ethiopia, you needed a man in Addis Ababa tasting the coffee; now you donât.
In those markets, you can make an offer to the entire market. I want #2 hard red winter wheat from whomever; it doesnât matter who I get it from.
But, of course, labor markets arenât like that, and many other markets arenât like that—because you care not just about the price, but also about who youâre dealing with. What that means is, if everyone has a different price—if dealing with you is so nice that Iâm willing to pay a higher price rather than deal with someone else—thereâs no longer a small-dimensional vector of prices that organizes the market, like a price for each kind of wheat.
Instead, itâs personalized prices, maybe doubly personalized prices. How much will Google pay me to work for them? How much would I need to take their offer, rather than a different salary from Facebook?
The space of prices is larger, so even if you tried to organize the market entirely through prices, you would need to see many, many more prices than you do in the market for coal, where you only need a price per ton for each grade of coal.
There isnât a sharp line between matching markets and commodity markets. I think there is sort of a continuum. There are markets where price does all the work: the New York Stock Exchange, for instance. Its job is to define at any moment the price at which supply equals demand for each of a bunch of financial commodities. The labor market is very personal, but price also matters a lot, so itâs somewhere in the middle of the continuum. For school choice and kidney exchange, we donât let prices work at all. And lots of markets fall somewhere between kidney exchange and the market for wheat.
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