This repository contains all of the code examples that are associated with the following slide deck:

• Michael D. Adams. Lecture Slides for the Clang Libraries [LLVM/Clang 17]. Edition 0.2.0, Jan. 2024.

The slide deck is available for download at:

• https://www.ece.uvic.ca/~mdadams/cppbook/#clang_slides

The repository is organized as follows:

• slides/examples
  • This directory hierarchy contains all of the code examples from the slide deck.
  • Most of the code examples in this directory hierarchy have demo scripts that can be used to run the various example programs after they are built.
• miscellany/examples
  • This directory hierarchy contains a few slightly longer code examples that are not shown on the slides in the slide deck.

Each code example or group of code examples is structured as a separate CMake project. This allows users to experiment with an individual code example without having to build all of the code examples. For convenience, two CMakeLists.txt files are provided that build all of their subordinate projects. All of the projects can be built using a provided build script (which invokes these two CMake superbuilds).

This repository employs a CI workflow based on GitHub Actions. Each time a new commit is pushed, the code examples in the repository are built and run as a basic sanity test. This CI workflow serves as an example to show how the LLVM/Clang Ubuntu APT packages that are provided by the LLVM Project (at https://apt.llvm.org/) can be used in GitHub-hosted Linux runners. The CI workflow currently builds for a few combinations of the following:

• operating system:
  • Ubuntu 22.04
  • Ubuntu 20.04
  • macOS 13
  • macOS 12
• application programs built using:
  • Clang
  • GCC

The code examples have the following software dependencies:

• CMake
• Make
• version 15, 16, or 17 of LLVM/Clang
• GCC (if application programs are to be built with GCC)
• Boost
• Python
• numerous basic Unix utilities such as bash, awk, grep, and so on (which should be included in any reasonable Unix-based system)

These dependencies must be installed prior to building the code examples.

If the C++ standard library does not support std::format, a custom version of the fmt library can be automatically installed (as part of the build process) to provide this support. (This custom version of the fmt library provides a standard library header called "format" and places a few key declarations in the std namespace in that header.) The C++ standard library included with version 13 and above of GCC has support for std::format.

For convenience, a Dockerfile is provided in order to build a containerized environment that includes all of the necessary software dependencies. More information on this Dockerfile is provided in a later section.

The code examples employ a CMake-based build process. Each code example or group of related examples is structured as a separate CMake project. For convenience, a script is provided for building all of the code examples in one step.

Some of the code examples require std::format (introduced in C++20). If the C++ standard library implementation being used does not support std::format, a custom version of the fmt library can be automatically installed (as part of the build process) to provide this support.

To build all of the code examples (and optionally run all of the associated demos), do the following:

0. Initialize the environment such that the necessary software dependencies (e.g., executables, headers, or libraries) will be found successfully at build time. This step is typically only required if some of the software dependencies are installed in locations where they would not normally be found by the build process. When this step is required, it might look something like the following:

   # Initialize the following variables used to configure the
   # environment:
   #   cmake_dir
   #   - The directory under which CMake has been installed
   #     (e.g., /usr, /usr/local).
   #   clang_dir
   #   - The directory under which LLVM/Clang has been installed
   #     (e.g., /usr, /usr/local).
   #   gcc_dir
   #   - The directory under which GCC has been installed
   #     (e.g., /usr, /usr/local).
   #   boost_dir
   #   - The directory under which Boost has been installed
   #     (e.g., /usr, /usr/local).
   
   # Use the preceding variables to configure the environment by
   # setting several key environment variables:
   export BOOST_INCLUDEDIR=$boost_dir/include
   export BOOST_LIBRARYDIR=$boost_dir/lib
   export PATH=$cmake_dir/bin:$clang_dir/bin:$gcc_dir/bin:$PATH
   export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$BOOST_LIBRARYDIR:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
   export CPATH=$boost_dir/include:$CPATH
   

1. Set the current working directory to the top-level directory of the working tree of the cloned Git repository.

2. Invoke the build script with the appropriate options. Nominally, the script is invoked as follows:

   ./build --defaults
   

   If the C++ standard library being used happens to support std::format, the "--no-fmt" option can be added to the invocation of the build script above (so that the custom version of the fmt library is not used). That is, the following command can be used:

   ./build --defaults --no-fmt
   

   The build script supports numerous options. For detailed usage information, invoke the script with the "-h" or "--help" option. The command-line arguments are processed in left-to-right order. So, in the case where a setting is established by more than one command-line option, the setting from the rightmost option takes effect.

3. If desired, run the demo scripts (as a basic sanity test) with the command:

   ./build --demo
   

The output of the build process is placed in the directories:

• slides/examples/tmp_build
• miscellany/examples/tmp_build

The output for each CMake project is placed in a directory having the same name as that project. For example, the build output for the project called cyclomatic_complexity from the slide-deck examples is placed in the directory:

slides/examples/tmp_build/cyclomatic_complexity

Most projects have a demo script (either called "demo" or with a name containing "demo"). For example, to run the demo script for the cyclomatic_complexity project, use the command:

slides/examples/tmp_build/cyclomatic_complexity/demo

A Dockerfile is provided that can be used to create a Podman/Docker container with all of the necessary software dependencies for building and running the code examples in this repository. Instructions are given below on how to use this containerized environment. Although these instructions use (rootless) podman, the podman and docker programs have almost identical command-line interfaces. So, it should be possible to substitute "docker" for "podman" in the instructions.

Let $TOP_DIR denote the top-level directory of the working tree of the cloned Git repository (i.e., the directory that contains the file named README.md which you are currently reading). Note that $TOP_DIR should be an absolute path.

1. Set the working directory to the top-level directory of the working tree using the command:

   cd $TOP_DIR
   

2. Build the container using the command:

   podman build --tag cl-demo - < podman/Dockerfile
   

3. Create a temporary instance of the container and run a Bash shell in the container using the command:

   podman run -i -t --rm -v $TOP_DIR:$TOP_DIR:rw -w $TOP_DIR \
     --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE --security-opt label=disable \
     cl-demo /bin/bash
   

   Note that the "--cap-add" and "--security-opt" options may not be needed.

   If you do not want the container to be deleted after the Bash shell is exited, omit the "--rm" option.

4. Proceed to build and run the demo scripts as described in detail in an earlier section. For example, one might invoke the following command from the Bash shell running in the container:

   ./build --defaults
   

Sometimes the use of Address Sanitizer (ASan) can be problematic, due, for example, to quirks in the platform on which the code is being run. The runtime behavior of ASan can be controlled via the environment variable ASAN_OPTIONS, whose value is a colon-separated list of key-value pairs (e.g., "verbosity=1:detect_leaks=0").

On some platforms, some of the libraries used by the code examples have been observed to have memory leaks. If ASan complains about some libraries having memory leaks, memory leak detection can be disabled by adding "detect_leaks=0" to the list of ASan options in the ASAN_OPTIONS environment variable. For example, ASAN_OPTIONS can be set as follows:

ASAN_OPTIONS=detect_leaks=0

It appears that user poisoning of memory can sometimes result in false positives from ASan (namely, use-after-poison errors), depending on how LLVM/Clang was built. This is likely due to inconsistencies in how user poisoning is handled in the LLVM/Clang libraries and the application using these libraries. If this problem is encountered, user poisoning can be disabled by adding "allow_user_poisoning=0" to the list of ASan options in the ASAN_OPTIONS environment variable. For example, ASAN_OPTIONS can be set as follows:

ASAN_OPTIONS=allow_user_poisoning=0

This software should work with most Unix-based systems (provided that the necessary software dependencies are installed). The GitHub CI workflow (discussed above) ensures that the software should build and run reasonably reliably on Ubuntu Linux and macOS. The author's main development platform is Fedora Linux. So, the software should also work fairly reliably on this platform as well.