Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-ELEC PHYSED 1-2NDSEM-2022-2023

College of Teacher Education

Bambang Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. ELEC PHYSED 1/EDD MUSIC

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Music in the K-12 Curriculum/Teaching music in the
Elementary Grades
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year/3rd Year TIME FRAME 10 hrs WK NO. 1-2 IM NO. 2

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Integrated music Theory

LESSON TITLE: Elements of Music

II. LESSON OVERVIEW: This lesson gives students a theoretical background of the History and Development and
Elements of Music. The knowledge taken from this module can be applied through the different learning activities.

III. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students should be able to:

1. trace the history of music;

2. enumerate the significance of Music Education;
3. classify the different elements of music and rhythm;
4. identify the different notes and rests;
5. appreciate the importance of music in our daily lives.

IV. LESSON CONTENT

Integrated Music Theory

THE BENEFITS OF MUSIC THEORY: WHY STUDY MUSIC THEORY?

Learning basic music theory is essential for enhancing creativity and developing musical awareness. It’s a challenging but
rewarding set of skills to learn. Is learning music theory required? No. However, you can benefit from learning some aspects
of music theory.

For example, learning basic music theory will:

 Improve your musical development

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 Help you understand how music works

 Help you break through creative blocks
 Make it easier to build chord progressions and melodies
 Help you make informed composition decisions
 Help you achieve expression and evoke emotion
 Improve your critical listening skills
 Speed up your workflow
 Improve your musical form skills
 Make it easy to communicate with other musicians
 Deepen your appreciation for music
 Improve your improvisation skills
 Improve your song arrangement skills
 Help you discover new creative possibilities

Note: Musical theory is not a set of rules or guidelines you must follow. It’s only a tool to help you understand and explain
how music works

What is Music?

In the Webster’s New World Dictionary (1988), music is defined as the “art and science of combining vocal or
instrumental sounds or tones in varying melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre, especially so as to form structurally
complete and emotionally expressive compositions.

Thomas A. Regelski(1981) defined as “sound and silence organized for and by human intelligence ad purposes
which consists of tones, having varying degrees of audibility or illusory motion in time’

A. THE BASIC QUALITIES OF SOUND

Music is an art of organized sounds which expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements
of rhythm, melody, form, harmony and timbre, dynamics.

Every single tone has four qualities – pitch, intensity, duration and timbre – which are perceptible to the human ear.

1. Pitch or Frequency – is the highness or lowness (or height or depth) of a musical sound.
2. Intensity or Amplitude– is concerned with the strength or weakness (or loudness or softness) of sound. It is the
musical volume.
3. Duration – covers the length of time between the beginning (attack) and the end (decay) of a sound.
4. Timbre – the distinctive quality or tone color of each instrument/voice which makes one sound different from
another even when they are both producing the same pitch with equal intensity and duration.

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B. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

What are the elements of music?

The following are elements of music:

1. Rhythm 5. Harmony
2. Tempo 6. Texture
3. Timbre 7. Dynamics
4. Melody 8. Form

A. RHYTHM – is the flow of music through time. It is the grouping of sounds and silences of varying duration, usually
controlled by a regular beat.

Beat – is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time. It is the basic rhythmic unit or the
steady pulse of music.

Beats are groups into units known as bars or measures. This unit or measure is called meter.
Meter – the organization of beats into regular groups.

1. Simple Meter/Simple time– is division of time where the fundamental pulses subdivide into groups of two,
four, etc.

2. Compound Meter/Simple Meter – is a division in which the fundamental pulses subdivide into groups of
three, six, twelve, etc.

3. Polymeter – is double meter to indicate that two meters are combined or there is constant change from one
meter to the other back and both.

 A bar line divides the staff into measures, while a double bar line indicated the end of a section or
piece.

Time Signature –consist of two numbers that are located at the beginning of the staff. The upper number indicates
the number of beats for every measure and the lower number indicates what kind of note receives one beat.

Example :

Rhythmic Pattern – is the division of beats into patterns of sound. A combination of notes and rests found in one
measure of a given time signatures.

Syncopation – is musical process that involves adding an unexpected element to the basic beat of a musical
composition. A dislocation of the strong accents within a measure.

Accent – stress or added emphasis given to a note.

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WHAT IS RHYTHM IN MUSIC?

Rhythm is an essential element of music with more than one meaning. For example:

 Rhythm is a recurring movement of notes and rests (silences) in time. It’s the human perception of time.
 Rhythm also describes a pattern of strong and weak notes or voices that repeat throughout a song. These patterns can be
created with drums, percussion, instruments, and vocals.

The basic elements that comprise musical rhythm include:

 Beat – A repeating pulse that underlies a musical pattern

 Meter – A specific pattern of strong and weak pulses
 Time Signature – The number of beats per measure
 Tempo (BPM) – Indicates how fast or slow a piece of music plays
 Strong and Weak Beats – Strong beats are the downbeats, and weak
beats are the offbeats between the downbeats
 Syncopation – Rhythms that accent or emphasize the offbeats
 Accents – Refers to the intensity or emphases placed on notes

Understanding rhythm will help you create great harmonies and melodies.

Also, the rhythm section or pulse propels a piece of music. It acts as the rhythmic backbone for other musical elements.

B. MELODY – is a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole. Melodic directions of movement are going
up, going down and repeated.

Melody is the horizontal relationship among tones or an organization of successive pitches or tones that go up and
down or remain the same.

Pitch – the highness and lowness of a sound. The pitches or tones are do, re, mi, fa, so, la, si/ti, do or in
letters: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C

Melodic Intervals – the distance between 2 pitches. It can be in half or whole steps

Scale – is a group of musical notes or pitches collected in ascending and descending order.

1. Major Scale : comprises of 8 notes that have 7 different notes (the 8 th note is the same as the
1st note) that form the pattern of whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half
2. Pentatonic Scale : is a scale of 5 different notes that agree with the black keys of the
keyboard
3. Minor Scale : comprises of 7 different notes that form a pattern of whole, half, whole, whole,
half, whole, whole

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Key Signatures – consists of sharps and flats (or none at all), arranged in a definite order placed at the
beginning of a piece to indicate the key of composition
Accidentals- is a musical symbol used to raise or lower the pitch of a note, indicating temporary departure
from the key signature.

It can be a sharp that raises the pitch by a half step.

It can be a flat that lowers the pitch by a half step
Double sharp that raises the pitch a whole step
Double flat that lowers the pitch a whole step
or natural sign that cancels the flat or sharp from either a preceding note or the key
signature.

Modulation or transition is the process of moving the melody from one key to another key within the musical
composition. Ex. It can be a change from an A- Minor Key to C Major key

C.TEMPO- The time, pace, or speed of music

A. TEMPO – rate or speed in music

• Andante – moderately slow

• Allegro – fast

• Moderato – moderately

• Lento – slow

• Vivace – lively

• Presto – very fast

• Accelerando – gradually becoming faster

• Ritardando – gradually becoming slower

Other terms :

Grave – very slow and solemn

Largo- slow and broad
Adagio- smoothly, unhurried
Allegretto-moderately fast

D. DYNAMICS – the loudness and softness in music. Dynamics are the levels of volume in music.

• Pianissimo (pp) – very soft

• Piano(p)-soft
• Mezzo Piano (mp) – medium soft
• Forte (f)-loud
• Fortissimo (ff) – very loud
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• Mezzo Forte (mf) – medium loud

• Crescendo – gradually becoming louder; slowly increasing loudness
• Decrescendo – gradually becoming softer; slowly decreasing loudness
• Sforzando(sf)- strong accent

E. FORM – the structure or framework of a composition. It is a system of organization that determines the structure
of the musical composition. It is the shape, order, or plan of music. Forms may be identified either visually or
aurally.

• Tone – smallest unit of a composition.

• Figure – smallest characteristic group of a tone
• Motive – is a tone group that may be identified with a particular com- position.
• Phrase – is a succession of tones arranged in such a way as to give a musical thought.
• Period – a complete musical thought consisting of two phrases in Question and Answer.
• Section – a combination of periods.
• Unitary – consist of one part.
• Binary – consist of two parts.
• Ternary – consist of three parts.
• Rondo – consist of more than three parts.

C. TIMBRE – is the qualifying difference between one tone and another. The color of sound produced by the voice and different
instrument.
There are 2 main sources of timbre:
1. Unconventional sound sources – can be environmental. These are all resources found in nature. They can also be man-
made. These are all manufactured resources not constructed as musical instrument (Ex. Chair)
2. Conventional sound sources- voices and musical instruments
Timbre is the tone quality or tone color of a sound. It is a unique sound of any voice or instrument.
The typical human voces are classified as follows:
• Soprano (high female voice)

• Alto (low female voice)

• Tenor (high male voice)

• Bass (low male voice)

D. TEXTURE – is the relationship of melodies (horizontal) and harmonic (vertical) elements in music. Produce qualities of lightness or
heaviness, thick- ness or thinness.
• Monophonic – single unaccompanied melodic line.

• Polyphonic – consist of two or more melodic lines.

• Homophonic – one main melody accompanied by chords.

E. HARMONY – is the simultaneous sounding of a group of tones. The vertical relationship between a melody and its accompanying
chords or between melodies simultaneously played or sung.
• Triad – consists of three notes: the root, 3rd and 5th.
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Chord – a musical sonority consisting of three or more tones sounded.

RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC
Staff

This is a musical symbol having five parallel lines and four spaces. The lines and spaces constituting the staff are
referred to as “staff degrees”. Each line and space is considered to be a degree of the staff. Pitches are represented by lines
and spaces on the staff.

Bars/Bar line

Bars are classified into two. These are:

1. Single Bar. A vertical line dividing the staff into measures.

2. Double Bar. These are two vertical lines at the end of the staff which signify the end of the music.

Ledger Lines

These are short lines drawn above and below the staff to provide for notes outside the staff for continuity in reading
music. Such notes are therefore called "ledger notes".

Clef- is a musical symbol usually placed at the beginning of every nusic system or line to indicate the pitch of the written notes
on the staff.

Notation

Notes – are symbols used to indicate pitch and time. Rests are used to indicate periodic silences.

Notes are musical characters or symbols placed on the staff to denote certain tones to be sounded. Notes may have
one, two three or more parts which are the head, stem, and hook or hooks. Notes have different shapes to determine their
exact value; i.e., their relative length or duration. The pitch of the note depends on the position of the note-head on the lines
and spaces of the staff.

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A dot (.) after a note receives one half the value of the note before it, thus:

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ELEMENTS OF RHYTHM

All movements are affected by the elements of rhythm. These elements which should be learned and understood in relation to
dance are: underlying beat; measure; rhythmic pattern; tempo; accent; phrasing; and intensity.

1. Underlying Beat or Pulse Beat

The underlying beat is the steady, continuous sound that is heard or felt throughout any rhythmical sequence. This constant
steady pulsation is sometimes called pulse beat. It exists in all movements. It is this steady sound which serves as the constant unit of
measure upon which all-rhythmic structure or relationship depends.
The underlying beat determines the time signature of a piece of music or movements. Shown below is a line representation of
constant sounds divided or grouped by vertical lines:

2
|_ _|_ _|_ _|_ _| time
4
3
|_ _ _|_ _ _|_ _ _|_ _ _| time
4
4
|_ _ _ _|_ _ _ _|_ _ _ _|_ _ _ _| time
4
Rules in Clapping:
a. Every note receives one clap.
b. For notes receiving two or more beats, clap and extend. The number of hand extensions is dependent on the number of
beats after the clap but should still be received by the same note.
c. For rests, open the hands.

2. Measure

Measure refers to the identical grouping of underlying beats. This group of notes is between two bar lines, examples of
grouping of beats are shown below.

3. Rhythmic Pattern

A rhythmic pattern is a definite grouping of sounds or beats related to the underlying beat. A particular pattern of unequal
sounds or beats must fit within a unit of underlying beats. Sometimes the rhythmic pattern is also called melodic pattern because the
rhythmic pattern follows the words or melody.
4. Phrasing
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A musical phrase is a group of measures that give the feeling of unity. It can be likened to a sentence or an idea in itself.
Learning to identify or recognize phrases is essential to learning and creating dances. The end of a phrase may suggest a change in
direction or movement.

5. Accent

Accent is the force or emphasis given to any one beat in a series of pulse beats in a measure.
Example:

6. Tempo

Tempo is the rate of speed of the movements, music, or accompaniment. It may be fast as in running; it may be moderate as
in walking; or it may be slow as in ordinary sliding.

7. Intensity

Intensity is the quality of the movement or music. It refers to dynamics or force, such as heavy and light.

SACHS-HORNBOSTEL SYSTEM

The Sachs-Hornbostel system (or H-S System) is a comprehensive, global method of classifying acoustic musical
instruments. It was developed in 1914 by two European musicologists, despite their own fears that such a
systematic system was nearly impossible.

Curt Sachs (1881–1959) was a German musicologist known for his extensive study and expertise on the history of
musical instruments. Sachs worked alongside Erich Moritz von Hornbostel (1877–1935), an Austrian musicologist
and expert on the history of non-European music. Their collaboration led to a conceptual framework based on how
musical instruments produce sound: the location of the created vibration.
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A Sound Classification

Musical instruments can be classified by the Western orchestral system into brass, percussion, strings, and
woodwinds; but the S-H system allows non-western instruments to be classified as well. Over 100 years after its
development, the H-S system is still in use in most museums and in large inventory projects. The method's
limitations were recognized by Sachs and Hornbostel: there are many instruments that have multiple vibration
sources at different times during a performance, making them difficult to classify.

The H-S system divides all musical instruments into five categories: idiophones, membranophones, chordophones,
aerophones, and electrophones.

1. Idiophones- are instruments that produce sound by vibrating themselves. Ex. Xylophone

Idiophones are musical instruments in which a vibrating solid material is used to produce sound. Examples of solid
materials used in such instruments are stone, wood, and metal. Idiophones are differentiated according to the
method used to make it vibrate.

 Concussion—A pair of similar instruments are struck together or struck against each other to create sounds, such
as cymbals and castanets.
 Friction—Instruments that produce sound when rubbed. An example of these is musical glasses in which the
musician rubs his moistened fingers on the rim of the glasses to produce sound.
 Percussion—Musical instruments that produce sound by striking or using a striker, such as xylophones, triangles,
bells, gongs, and steel drums.
 Plucked—Also known as linguaphones, these are musical instruments that need to be plucked to create sound,
such as the Jew's harp in which the player plucks the "tongue" of the instrument.
 Scraped—Instruments that are scraped to produce sound. Examples of these are cog rattles and washboards.
 Shaken—Musical instruments that need to be shaken to create sound, such as maracas , thought to have been
invented by native Indians of Puerto Rico.
 Stamping—Instruments that produce sound when stamped on a hard surface, such as the shoes used by tap
dancers or Irish clogs.
 Stamped—When sound is produced by the material itself that's being stamped on.

2. Membranophones- are instruments that produce sound by the vibration of a membrane.

Membranophones are musical instruments that use vibrating stretched membranes or skin to produce sound.
Membranophones are classified according to the shape of the instrument.

 Kettle Drums—Also known as vessel drums, these are rounded at the bottom and may be tunable or non-tunable.
The vibrating membrane is either laced, nailed, or glued to the body and the player uses his hands, a beater, or
both to strike it.
 Tubular Drums—Are further classified into shapes including barrel, cylindrical, conical, double conical, goblet,
hourglass and shallow. Tubular drums may either be tunable and non-tunable. Like the kettle drums, tubular drums
may be played by using both the hands or a striker and the vibrating membrane is either laced, nailed, or glued to
the body.
 Friction Drums—Instead of striking, the stretched membrane vibrates when there is friction across the membrane.
These are non-tunable and the player uses a cord or stick to create sound.
 Other membranophones are called frame drums in which the skin or membrane is stretched over a frame such as
tambourines. Also, pot drums and ground drums fall under the membranophone category.
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3. Chordophones- are instruments that produce sound by the vibration of strings.

Chordophones produce sound by means of a stretched vibrating string. When a string vibrates, the resonator picks
up that vibration and amplifies it giving it a more appealing sound. There are five basic types based on the strings'
relationship with the resonator.

 Musical bows—May or may not have resonators; the strings are attached and stretched over a wooden bow.
 Harps—The strings aren't parallel to the soundboard; harps are plucked or strummed.
 Lyres—The strings run through a crossbar holding it away from the resonator. Lyres may either be bowed or
plucked.
 Lutes—These instruments have necks; the strings are stretched across a resonator and travel up the neck. Lutes
may be bowed or plucked.
 Zithers—These have a board but no necks; strings are stretched from one end of the board to another end. Zithers
may be plucked or struck.

Chordophones also have subcategories depending on how the strings are played. Examples of chordophones
played by bowing are double bass, violin, and viola. Examples of chordophones that are played by plucking are
banjo, guitar, harp, mandolin, and ukulele. The piano, dulcimer, and the clavichord are examples of chordophones
that are struck.

4. Aerophones- are instruments that produce sound by vibrating air.

Aerophones produce sound by vibrating a column of air. These are commonly known as wind instruments and there
are four basic types.

 Brasswinds—Made of metal, particularly brass, these instruments create sound through the vibration of a player's
lips on the mouthpiece. The air that passes through the player's lips goes to the air column of the instrument and
thus creates sound. Examples: trombone, trumpet, tuba
 Woodwinds—These instruments were originally made only of wood but now other materials are used. On reed
instruments like the saxophone and the clarinet, a thin material is placed on the mouthpiece so that when the player
blows into it the air is forced to go to a reed and sets it to vibrate. In double-reed instruments such as bassoons and
oboes, the material placed on the opening of the mouthpiece is thicker. In woodwinds such as flutes, the player
blows air into the edge of a mouthpiece thus creating sound.

5. Electrophones- are instruments that have electric action or electrical amplification.

Electrophones are musical instruments that produce sound electronically or produce its initial sound traditionally
and then are electronically amplified. Some examples of instruments that produce sound electronically are
electronic organs, theremins, and synthesizers. Traditional instruments which are electronically amplified include
electric guitars and electric pianos.

The musical instruments can be played in many ways, such as glissando (sliding), portamento(carrying),
spiccato(separated), legato(smooth), vibrato(vibrating), staccato(detached, etc.

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VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (Template will be uploaded in Google Classroom)

Activities:

1. Draw bar lines to divide the note patterns into equal beat patterns based on the given time signature.

a.
2
4 = qqqqhqqqqqqh
b.
2
4 = qqhqqqqqqhnn
c.
3
4 = qqqhqqqnqqq
d.
3
4 = hqqqnqhqqq
e.
4
4 hhqqnnwhqqdq
=

f. 4
4
= qhqqqhdqqqqq
2. Study the note and rest patterns below. Encircle the correct time signature.

3. Create your own grouping of beats using different combinations of notes and rests. Write your answer on the space provided.

VIII. REFERENCES

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a. E-sources

http://depedbohol.org/v2/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Music-CG.pdfhttps://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/
4/47395/20190411112637185946/MusicCultEduc_31_125.pdf
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/music/history-of-music-
education-in-the-philippines/
https://study.com/academy/topic/elements-of-music-lesson-plans.html

Oliver P. 1988. Musico-Ethnological Approaches to Musical Instruments. Popular Music 7(2):216-218.

Weisser S, and Quanten M. 2011. Rethinking musical instrument classification: Towards a modular approach to the
Hornbostel-Sachs System. Yearbook for Traditional Music 43:122-146.

https://iconcollective.edu/basic-music-theory/

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