C4/Charset.pm

package C4::Charset;

# Copyright (C) 2008 LibLime
#
# This file is part of Koha.
#
# Koha is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Koha is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with Koha; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.

use Modern::Perl;

use MARC::Charset;
use Text::Iconv;
use Unicode::Normalize qw( NFC NFD );
use Encode;

use Koha::Logger;

our (@ISA, @EXPORT_OK);
BEGIN {
    require Exporter;
    @ISA    = qw(Exporter);
    @EXPORT_OK = qw(
        NormalizeString
        IsStringUTF8ish
        MarcToUTF8Record
        SetUTF8Flag
        SetMarcUnicodeFlag
        StripNonXmlChars
        nsb_clean
        SanitizeRecord
    );
}

=encoding UTF-8

=head1 NAME

C4::Charset - utilities for handling character set conversions.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use C4::Charset;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module contains routines for dealing with character set
conversions, particularly for MARC records.

A variety of character encodings are in use by various MARC
standards, and even more character encodings are used by
non-standard MARC records.  The various MARC formats generally
do not do a good job of advertising a given record's character
encoding, and even when a record does advertise its encoding,
e.g., via the Leader/09, experience has shown that one cannot
trust it.

Ultimately, all MARC records are stored in Koha in UTF-8 and
must be converted from whatever the source character encoding is.
The goal of this module is to ensure that these conversions
take place accurately.  When a character conversion cannot take
place, or at least not accurately, the module was provide
enough information to allow user-facing code to inform the user
on how to deal with the situation.

=cut

=head1 FUNCTIONS

=head2 IsStringUTF8ish

  my $is_utf8 = IsStringUTF8ish($str);

Determines if C<$str> is valid UTF-8.  This can mean
one of two things:

=over

=item *

The Perl UTF-8 flag is set and the string contains valid UTF-8.

=item *

The Perl UTF-8 flag is B<not> set, but the octets contain
valid UTF-8.

=back

The function is named C<IsStringUTF8ish> instead of C<IsStringUTF8> 
because in one could be presented with a MARC blob that is
not actually in UTF-8 but whose sequence of octets appears to be
valid UTF-8.  The rest of the MARC character conversion functions 
will assume that this situation occur does not very often.

=cut

sub IsStringUTF8ish {
    my $str = shift;

    return 1 if Encode::is_utf8($str);
    return utf8::decode( $str );
}

=head2 SetUTF8Flag

  my $marc_record = SetUTF8Flag($marc_record, $nfd);

This function sets the PERL UTF8 flag for data.
It is required when using new_from_usmarc 
since MARC::File::USMARC does not handle PERL UTF8 setting.
When editing unicode marc records fields and subfields, you
would end up in double encoding without using this function. 

If $nfd is set, string normalization will use NFD instead of NFC

FIXME
In my opinion, this function belongs to MARC::Record and not
to this package.
But since it handles charset, and MARC::Record, it finds its way in that package

=cut

sub SetUTF8Flag{
    my ($record, $nfd)=@_;
    return unless ($record && $record->fields());
    foreach my $field ($record->fields()){
        if ($field->tag()>=10){
            my @subfields;
            foreach my $subfield ($field->subfields()){
                push @subfields,($$subfield[0],NormalizeString($$subfield[1],$nfd));
            }
            eval {
                my $newfield=MARC::Field->new(
                            $field->tag(),
                            $field->indicator(1),
                            $field->indicator(2),
                            @subfields
                        );
                $field->replace_with($newfield);
            };
            warn "ERROR occurred in SetUTF8Flag $@" if $@;
        }
    }
}

=head2 NormalizeString

    my $normalized_string=NormalizeString($string,$nfd,$transform);

Given a string
nfd : If you want to set NFD and not NFC
transform : If you expect all the signs to be removed

Sets the PERL UTF8 Flag on your initial data if need be
and applies cleaning if required

Returns a utf8 NFC normalized string

Sample code :
   my $string=NormalizeString ("l'ornithopt&egrave;re");
   #results into ornithopt&egrave;re in NFC form and sets UTF8 Flag

=cut


sub NormalizeString{
	my ($string,$nfd,$transform)=@_;
    return $string unless defined($string); # force scalar context return.
    $string = Encode::decode('UTF-8', $string) unless (Encode::is_utf8($string));
	if ($nfd){
		$string= NFD($string);
	}
	else {
		$string=NFC($string);
	}
	if ($transform){
    $string=~s/\<|\>|\^|\;|\.|\?|,|\-|\(|\)|\[|\]|\{|\}|\$|\%|\!|\*|\:|\\|\/|\&|\"|\'/ /g;
	#removing one letter words "d'" "l'"  was changed into "d " "l " 
    $string=~s/\b\S\b//g;
    $string=~s/\s+$//g;
	}
    return $string; 
}

=head2 MarcToUTF8Record

  ($marc_record, $converted_from, $errors_arrayref) = MarcToUTF8Record($marc_blob, 
					$marc_flavour, [, $source_encoding]);

Given a MARC blob or a C<MARC::Record>, the MARC flavour, and an 
optional source encoding, return a C<MARC::Record> that is 
converted to UTF-8.

The returned C<$marc_record> is guaranteed to be in valid UTF-8, but
is not guaranteed to have been converted correctly.  Specifically,
if C<$converted_from> is 'failed', the MARC record returned failed
character conversion and had each of its non-ASCII octets changed
to the Unicode replacement character.

If the source encoding was not specified, this routine will 
try to guess it; the character encoding used for a successful
conversion is returned in C<$converted_from>.

=cut

sub MarcToUTF8Record {
    my $marc = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;
    my $source_encoding = shift;
    my $marc_record;
    my $marc_blob_is_utf8 = 0;
    if (ref($marc) eq 'MARC::Record') {
        my $marc_blob = $marc->as_usmarc();
        $marc_blob_is_utf8 = IsStringUTF8ish($marc_blob);
        $marc_record = $marc;
    } else {
        # dealing with a MARC blob
       
        # remove any ersatz whitespace from the beginning and
        # end of the MARC blob -- these can creep into MARC
        # files produced by several sources -- caller really
        # should be doing this, however
        $marc =~ s/^\s+//;
        $marc =~ s/\s+$//;
        $marc_blob_is_utf8 = IsStringUTF8ish($marc);
        eval {
            $marc_record = MARC::Record->new_from_usmarc($marc);
        };
        if ($@) {
            # if we fail the first time, one likely problem
            # is that we have a MARC21 record that says that it's
            # UTF-8 (Leader/09 = 'a') but contains non-UTF-8 characters.
            # We'll try parsing it again.
            substr($marc, 9, 1) = ' ';
            eval {
                $marc_record = MARC::Record->new_from_usmarc($marc);
            };
            if ($@) {
                # it's hopeless; return an empty MARC::Record
                return MARC::Record->new(), 'failed', ['could not parse MARC blob'];
            }
        }
    }

    # If we do not know the source encoding, try some guesses
    # as follows:
    #   1. Record is UTF-8 already.
    #   2. If MARC flavor is MARC21, then
    #      a. record is MARC-8
    #      b. record is ISO-8859-1
    #   3. If MARC flavor is UNIMARC, then
    if (not defined $source_encoding) {
        if ($marc_blob_is_utf8) {
            # note that for MARC21 we are not bothering to check
            # if the Leader/09 is set to 'a' or not -- because
            # of problems with various ILSs (including Koha in the
            # past, alas), this just is not trustworthy.
            SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
            return $marc_record, 'UTF-8', [];
        } else {
            if ($marc_flavour eq 'MARC21') {
                return _default_marc21_charconv_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
            } elsif ($marc_flavour =~/UNIMARC/) {
                return _default_unimarc_charconv_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
            } else {
                return _default_marc21_charconv_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
            }
        }
    } else {
        # caller knows the character encoding
        my $original_marc_record = $marc_record->clone();
        my @errors;
        if ($source_encoding =~ /utf-?8/i) {
            if ($marc_blob_is_utf8) {
                SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
                return $marc_record, 'UTF-8', [];
            } else {
                push @errors, 'specified UTF-8 => UTF-8 conversion, but record is not in UTF-8';
            }
        } elsif ($source_encoding =~ /marc-?8/i) {
            @errors = _marc_marc8_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
        } elsif ($source_encoding =~ /5426/) {
            @errors = _marc_iso5426_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
        } else {
            # assume any other character encoding is for Text::Iconv
            @errors = _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv($marc_record, $marc_flavour, $source_encoding);
        }

        if (@errors) {
            _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char($original_marc_record, $marc_flavour);
            return $original_marc_record, 'failed', \@errors;
        } else {
            return $marc_record, $source_encoding, [];
        }
    }

}

=head2 SetMarcUnicodeFlag

  SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);

Set both the internal MARC::Record encoding flag
and the appropriate Leader/09 (MARC21) or 
100/26-29 (UNIMARC) to indicate that the record
is in UTF-8.  Note that this does B<not> do
any actual character conversion.

=cut

sub SetMarcUnicodeFlag {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift; # || C4::Context->preference("marcflavour");

    $marc_record->encoding('UTF-8');
    if ($marc_flavour eq 'MARC21') {
        my $leader = $marc_record->leader();
        substr($leader, 9, 1) = 'a';
        $marc_record->leader($leader); 
    } elsif ($marc_flavour =~/UNIMARC/) {
        require C4::Context;
	my $defaultlanguage = C4::Context->preference("UNIMARCField100Language");
        $defaultlanguage = "fre" if (!$defaultlanguage || length($defaultlanguage) != 3);
        my $string; 
		my ($subflength,$encodingposition)=($marc_flavour=~/AUTH/?(21,12):(36,25));
		$string=$marc_record->subfield( 100, "a" );
        if (defined $string && length($string)==$subflength) { 
			$string = substr $string, 0,$subflength if (length($string)>$subflength);
        } 
        else { 
            $string = POSIX::strftime( "%Y%m%d", localtime ); 
            $string =~ s/\-//g; 
            $string = sprintf( "%-*s", $subflength, $string );
	    substr ( $string, ($encodingposition - 3), 3, $defaultlanguage);
        } 
        substr( $string, $encodingposition, 3, "y50" );
        if ( $marc_record->subfield( 100, "a" ) ) { 
			$marc_record->field('100')->update(a=>$string);
		}
		else {
            $marc_record->insert_grouped_field( 
                MARC::Field->new( 100, '', '', "a" => $string ) ); 
        }
        Koha::Logger->get->debug("encodage: ", substr( $marc_record->subfield(100, 'a'), $encodingposition, 3 ));
    } else {
        warn "Unrecognized marcflavour: $marc_flavour";
    }
}

=head2 StripNonXmlChars

  my $new_str = StripNonXmlChars($old_str);

Given a string, return a copy with the
characters that are illegal in XML 
removed.

This function exists to work around a problem
that can occur with badly-encoded MARC records.
Specifically, if a UTF-8 MARC record also
has excape (\x1b) characters, MARC::File::XML
will let the escape characters pass through
when as_xml() or as_xml_record() is called.  The
problem is that the escape character is not
legal in well-formed XML documents, so when
MARC::File::XML attempts to parse such a record,
the XML parser will fail.

Stripping such characters will allow a 
MARC::Record->new_from_xml()
to work, at the possible risk of some data loss.

=cut

sub StripNonXmlChars {
    my $str = shift;
    if (!defined($str) || $str eq ""){
        return "";
    }
    $str =~ s/[^\x09\x0A\x0D\x{0020}-\x{D7FF}\x{E000}-\x{FFFD}\x{10000}-\x{10FFFF}]//g;
    return $str;
}


=head2 nsb_clean

=over 4

nsb_clean($string);

=back

Removes Non Sorting Block characters

=cut
sub nsb_clean {
    my $NSB  = '\x88' ;        # NSB : begin Non Sorting Block
    my $NSE  = '\x89' ;        # NSE : Non Sorting Block end
    my $NSB2 = '\x98' ;        # NSB : begin Non Sorting Block
    my $NSE2 = '\x9C' ;        # NSE : Non Sorting Block end
    my $C2   = '\xC2' ;        # What is this char ? It is sometimes left by the regexp after removing NSB / NSE

    # handles non sorting blocks
    my ($string) = @_ ;
    $_ = $string ;
    s/($C2){0,1}($NSB|$NSB2)//g ;
    s/($C2){0,1}($NSE|$NSE2)//g ;
    $string = $_ ;

    return($string) ;
}


=head2 SanitizeRecord

SanitizeRecord($marcrecord);

Sanitize a record
This routine is called in the maintenance script misc/maintenance/sanitize_records.pl.
It cleans any string with '&amp;amp;...', replacing it by '&'

=cut

sub SanitizeRecord {
    my ( $record, $biblionumber ) = @_;
    my $string;
    my $record_modified = 0;
    my $frameworkcode   = C4::Biblio::GetFrameworkCode($biblionumber);
    my ( $url_field, $url_subfield ) =
      C4::Biblio::GetMarcFromKohaField( 'biblioitems.url' );
    foreach my $field ( $record->fields() ) {
        if ( $field->is_control_field() ) {
            my $value           = $field->data();
            my $sanitized_value = _clean_ampersand($value);
            $record_modified = 1 if $sanitized_value ne $value;
            $field->update($sanitized_value);
        }
        else {
            my @subfields = $field->subfields();
            my @new_subfields;
            foreach my $subfield (@subfields) {
                next
                  if $url_field eq $field->tag()
                      and $url_subfield eq $subfield->[0];
                my $value           = $subfield->[1];
                my $sanitized_value = _clean_ampersand($value);
                push @new_subfields, $subfield->[0] => $sanitized_value;
                $record_modified = 1 if $sanitized_value ne $value;
            }
            if ( scalar(@new_subfields) > 0 ) {
                my $new_field = eval {
                    MARC::Field->new(
                        $field->tag(),        $field->indicator(1),
                        $field->indicator(2), @new_subfields
                    );
                };
                if ($@) {
                    warn "error : $@";
                }
                else {
                    $field->replace_with($new_field);
                }

            }
        }
    }

    return $record, $record_modified;
}

sub _clean_ampersand {
    my ($string) = @_;
    $string =~ s/(&)(amp;)+/$1/g;
    return $string;
}

=head1 INTERNAL FUNCTIONS

=head2 _default_marc21_charconv_to_utf8

  my ($new_marc_record, $guessed_charset) = _default_marc21_charconv_to_utf8($marc_record);

Converts a C<MARC::Record> of unknown character set to UTF-8,
first by trying a MARC-8 to UTF-8 conversion, then ISO-8859-1
to UTF-8, then a default conversion that replaces each non-ASCII
character with the replacement character.

The C<$guessed_charset> return value contains the character set
that resulted in a conversion to valid UTF-8; note that
if the MARC-8 and ISO-8859-1 conversions failed, the value of
this is 'failed'. 

=cut

sub _default_marc21_charconv_to_utf8 {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;

    my $trial_marc8 = $marc_record->clone();
    my @all_errors = ();
    my @errors = _marc_marc8_to_utf8($trial_marc8, $marc_flavour);
    unless (@errors) {
        return $trial_marc8, 'MARC-8', [];
    }
    push @all_errors, @errors;
    
    my $trial_8859_1 = $marc_record->clone();
    @errors = _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv($trial_8859_1, $marc_flavour, 'iso-8859-1');
    unless (@errors) {
        return $trial_8859_1, 'iso-8859-1', []; # note -- we could return \@all_errors
                                                # instead if we wanted to report details
                                                # of the failed attempt at MARC-8 => UTF-8
    }
    push @all_errors, @errors;
    
    my $default_converted = $marc_record->clone();
    _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char($default_converted, $marc_flavour);
    return $default_converted, 'failed', \@all_errors;
}

=head2 _default_unimarc_charconv_to_utf8

  my ($new_marc_record, $guessed_charset) = _default_unimarc_charconv_to_utf8($marc_record);

Converts a C<MARC::Record> of unknown character set to UTF-8,
first by trying a ISO-5426 to UTF-8 conversion, then ISO-8859-1
to UTF-8, then a default conversion that replaces each non-ASCII
character with the replacement character.

The C<$guessed_charset> return value contains the character set
that resulted in a conversion to valid UTF-8; note that
if the MARC-8 and ISO-8859-1 conversions failed, the value of
this is 'failed'. 

=cut

sub _default_unimarc_charconv_to_utf8 {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;

    my $trial_marc8 = $marc_record->clone();
    my @all_errors = ();
    my @errors = _marc_iso5426_to_utf8($trial_marc8, $marc_flavour);
    unless (@errors) {
        return $trial_marc8, 'iso-5426';
    }
    push @all_errors, @errors;
    
    my $trial_8859_1 = $marc_record->clone();
    @errors = _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv($trial_8859_1, $marc_flavour, 'iso-8859-1');
    unless (@errors) {
        return $trial_8859_1, 'iso-8859-1';
    }
    push @all_errors, @errors;
    
    my $default_converted = $marc_record->clone();
    _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char($default_converted, $marc_flavour);
    return $default_converted, 'failed', \@all_errors;
}

=head2 _marc_marc8_to_utf8

  my @errors = _marc_marc8_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour, $source_encoding);

Convert a C<MARC::Record> to UTF-8 in-place from MARC-8.
If the conversion fails for some reason, an
appropriate messages will be placed in the returned
C<@errors> array.

=cut

sub _marc_marc8_to_utf8 {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;

    my $prev_ignore = MARC::Charset->ignore_errors(); 
    MARC::Charset->ignore_errors(1);

    # trap warnings raised by MARC::Charset
    my @errors = ();
    local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {
        my $msg = $_[0];
        if ($msg =~ /MARC.Charset/) {
            # FIXME - purpose of this regexp is to strip out the
            # line reference to MARC/Charset.pm, but as it
            # exists probably won't work quite on Windows --
            # some sort of minimal-bunch back-tracking RE
            # would be helpful here
            $msg =~ s/at [\/].*?.MARC.Charset\.pm line \d+\.\n$//;
            push @errors, $msg;
        } else {
            # if warning doesn't come from MARC::Charset, just
            # pass it on
            warn $msg;
        }
    };

    foreach my $field ($marc_record->fields()) {
        if ($field->is_control_field()) {
            ; # do nothing -- control fields should not contain non-ASCII characters
        } else {
            my @converted_subfields;
            foreach my $subfield ($field->subfields()) {
                my $utf8sf = MARC::Charset::marc8_to_utf8($subfield->[1]);
                unless (IsStringUTF8ish($utf8sf)) {
                    # Because of a bug in MARC::Charset 0.98, if the string
                    # has (a) one or more diacritics that (b) are only in character positions
                    # 128 to 255 inclusive, the resulting converted string is not in
                    # UTF-8, but the legacy 8-bit encoding (e.g., ISO-8859-1).  If that
                    # occurs, upgrade the string in place.  Moral of the story seems to be
                    # that pack("U", ...) is better than chr(...) if you need to guarantee
                    # that the resulting string is UTF-8.
                    $utf8sf = Encode::encode('UTF-8', $utf8sf);
                }
                push @converted_subfields, $subfield->[0], $utf8sf;
            }

            $field->replace_with(MARC::Field->new(
                $field->tag(), $field->indicator(1), $field->indicator(2),
                @converted_subfields)
            ); 
        }
    }

    MARC::Charset->ignore_errors($prev_ignore);

    SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);

    return @errors;
}

=head2 _marc_iso5426_to_utf8

  my @errors = _marc_iso5426_to_utf8($marc_record, $marc_flavour, $source_encoding);

Convert a C<MARC::Record> to UTF-8 in-place from ISO-5426.
If the conversion fails for some reason, an
appropriate messages will be placed in the returned
C<@errors> array.

FIXME - is ISO-5426 equivalent enough to MARC-8
that C<MARC::Charset> can be used instead?

=cut

sub _marc_iso5426_to_utf8 {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;

    my @errors = ();

    foreach my $field ($marc_record->fields()) {
        if ($field->is_control_field()) {
            ; # do nothing -- control fields should not contain non-ASCII characters
        } else {
            my @converted_subfields;
            foreach my $subfield ($field->subfields()) {
                my $utf8sf = char_decode5426($subfield->[1]);
                push @converted_subfields, $subfield->[0], $utf8sf;
            }

            $field->replace_with(MARC::Field->new(
                $field->tag(), $field->indicator(1), $field->indicator(2),
                @converted_subfields)
            ); 
        }
    }

    SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);

    return @errors;
}

=head2 _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv 

  my @errors = _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv($marc_record, $marc_flavour, $source_encoding);

Convert a C<MARC::Record> to UTF-8 in-place using the
C<Text::Iconv> CPAN module.  Any source encoding accepted
by the user's iconv installation should work.  If
the source encoding is not recognized on the user's 
server or the conversion fails for some reason,
appropriate messages will be placed in the returned
C<@errors> array.

=cut

sub _marc_to_utf8_via_text_iconv {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;
    my $source_encoding = shift;

    my @errors = ();
    my $decoder;
    eval { $decoder = Text::Iconv->new($source_encoding, 'utf8'); };
    if ($@) {
        push @errors, "Could not initialze $source_encoding => utf8 converter: $@";
        return @errors;
    }

    my $prev_raise_error = Text::Iconv->raise_error();
    Text::Iconv->raise_error(1);

    foreach my $field ($marc_record->fields()) {
        if ($field->is_control_field()) {
            ; # do nothing -- control fields should not contain non-ASCII characters
        } else {
            my @converted_subfields;
            foreach my $subfield ($field->subfields()) {
                my $converted_value;
                my $conversion_ok = 1;
                eval { $converted_value = $decoder->convert($subfield->[1]); };
                if ($@) {
                    $conversion_ok = 0;
                    push @errors, $@;
                } elsif (not defined $converted_value) {
                    $conversion_ok = 0;
                    push @errors, "Text::Iconv conversion failed - retval is " . $decoder->retval();
                }

                if ($conversion_ok) {
                    push @converted_subfields, $subfield->[0], $converted_value;
                } else {
                    $converted_value = $subfield->[1];
                    $converted_value =~ s/[\200-\377]/\xef\xbf\xbd/g;
                    push @converted_subfields, $subfield->[0], $converted_value;
                }
            }

            $field->replace_with(MARC::Field->new(
                $field->tag(), $field->indicator(1), $field->indicator(2),
                @converted_subfields)
            ); 
        }
    }

    SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
    Text::Iconv->raise_error($prev_raise_error);

    return @errors;
}

=head2 _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char 

  _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char($marc_record, $marc_flavour);

Convert a C<MARC::Record> to UTF-8 in-place, adopting the 
unsatisfactory method of replacing all non-ASCII (e.g.,
where the eight bit is set) octet with the Unicode
replacement character.  This is meant as a last-ditch
method, and would be best used as part of a UI that
lets a cataloguer pick various character conversions
until they find the right one.

=cut

sub _marc_to_utf8_replacement_char {
    my $marc_record = shift;
    my $marc_flavour = shift;

    foreach my $field ($marc_record->fields()) {
        if ($field->is_control_field()) {
            ; # do nothing -- control fields should not contain non-ASCII characters
        } else {
            my @converted_subfields;
            foreach my $subfield ($field->subfields()) {
                my $value = $subfield->[1];
                $value =~ s/[\200-\377]/\xef\xbf\xbd/g;
                push @converted_subfields, $subfield->[0], $value;
            }

            $field->replace_with(MARC::Field->new(
                $field->tag(), $field->indicator(1), $field->indicator(2),
                @converted_subfields)
            ); 
        }
    }

    SetMarcUnicodeFlag($marc_record, $marc_flavour);
}

=head2 char_decode5426

  my $utf8string = char_decode5426($iso_5426_string);

Converts a string from ISO-5426 to UTF-8.

=cut


my %chars;

####
## 0xb
$chars{0xb0}=0x0101;#3/0ayn[ain]
$chars{0xb1}=0x0623;#3/1alif/hamzah[alefwithhamzaabove]
#$chars{0xb2}=0x00e0;#'&agrave;';
$chars{0xb2}=0x00e0;#3/2leftlowsinglequotationmark
#$chars{0xb3}=0x00e7;#'&ccedil;';
$chars{0xb3}=0x00e7;#3/2leftlowsinglequotationmark
# $chars{0xb4}='&egrave;';
$chars{0xb4}=0x00e8;
# $chars{0xb5}='&eacute;';
$chars{0xb5}=0x00e9;
$chars{0xb6}=0x2021; # double dagger
$chars{0xb7}=0x00b7; # middle dot
$chars{0xb8}=0x2033; # double prime
$chars{0xb9}=0x2019; # right single quotation mark
$chars{0xba}=0x201d; # right double quotation mark
$chars{0xbb}=0x00bb; # right-pointing double angle quotation mark
$chars{0xbc}=0x266f; # music sharp sign
$chars{0xbd}=0x02b9; # modifier letter prime
$chars{0xbe}=0x02ba; # modifier letter double prime
$chars{0xbf}=0x00bf; # inverted question mark

####
## 0xe
$chars{0xe1}=0x00c6; # latin capital letter ae
$chars{0xe2}=0x0110; # latin capital letter d with stroke
$chars{0xe6}=0x0132; # latin capital ligature ij
$chars{0xe8}=0x0141; # latin capital letter l with stroke
$chars{0xe9}=0x00d8; # latin capital letter o with stroke
$chars{0xea}=0x0152; # latin capital ligature oe
$chars{0xec}=0x00de; # latin capital letter thorn

####
## 0xf
$chars{0xf1}=0x00e6; # latin small letter ae
$chars{0xf2}=0x0111; # latin small letter d with stroke
$chars{0xf3}=0x00f0; # latin small letter eth
$chars{0xf5}=0x0131; # latin small letter dotless i
$chars{0xf6}=0x0133; # latin small ligature ij
$chars{0xf8}=0x0142; # latin small letter l with stroke
$chars{0xf9}=0x00f8; # latin small letter o with stroke
$chars{0xfa}=0x0153; # latin small ligature oe
$chars{0xfb}=0x00df; # latin small letter sharp s
$chars{0xfc}=0x00fe; # latin small letter thorn

####
## Others
$chars{0x97}=0x003c;#3/2leftlowsinglequotationmark
$chars{0x98}=0x003e;#3/2leftlowsinglequotationmark
#$chars{0x81d1}=0x00b0; # FIXME useless

####
## combined characters iso5426

$chars{0xc041}=0x1ea2; # capital a with hook above
$chars{0xc045}=0x1eba; # capital e with hook above
$chars{0xc049}=0x1ec8; # capital i with hook above
$chars{0xc04f}=0x1ece; # capital o with hook above
$chars{0xc055}=0x1ee6; # capital u with hook above
$chars{0xc059}=0x1ef6; # capital y with hook above
$chars{0xc061}=0x1ea3; # small a with hook above
$chars{0xc065}=0x1ebb; # small e with hook above
$chars{0xc069}=0x1ec9; # small i with hook above
$chars{0xc06f}=0x1ecf; # small o with hook above
$chars{0xc075}=0x1ee7; # small u with hook above
$chars{0xc079}=0x1ef7; # small y with hook above
    
        # 4/1 grave accent
$chars{0xc141}=0x00c0; # capital a with grave accent
$chars{0xc145}=0x00c8; # capital e with grave accent
$chars{0xc149}=0x00cc; # capital i with grave accent
$chars{0xc14f}=0x00d2; # capital o with grave accent
$chars{0xc155}=0x00d9; # capital u with grave accent
$chars{0xc157}=0x1e80; # capital w with grave
$chars{0xc159}=0x1ef2; # capital y with grave
$chars{0xc161}=0x00e0; # small a with grave accent
$chars{0xc165}=0x00e8; # small e with grave accent
$chars{0xc169}=0x00ec; # small i with grave accent
$chars{0xc16f}=0x00f2; # small o with grave accent
$chars{0xc175}=0x00f9; # small u with grave accent
$chars{0xc177}=0x1e81; # small w with grave
$chars{0xc179}=0x1ef3; # small y with grave
        # 4/2 acute accent
$chars{0xc241}=0x00c1; # capital a with acute accent
$chars{0xc243}=0x0106; # capital c with acute accent
$chars{0xc245}=0x00c9; # capital e with acute accent
$chars{0xc247}=0x01f4; # capital g with acute
$chars{0xc249}=0x00cd; # capital i with acute accent
$chars{0xc24b}=0x1e30; # capital k with acute
$chars{0xc24c}=0x0139; # capital l with acute accent
$chars{0xc24d}=0x1e3e; # capital m with acute
$chars{0xc24e}=0x0143; # capital n with acute accent
$chars{0xc24f}=0x00d3; # capital o with acute accent
$chars{0xc250}=0x1e54; # capital p with acute
$chars{0xc252}=0x0154; # capital r with acute accent
$chars{0xc253}=0x015a; # capital s with acute accent
$chars{0xc255}=0x00da; # capital u with acute accent
$chars{0xc257}=0x1e82; # capital w with acute
$chars{0xc259}=0x00dd; # capital y with acute accent
$chars{0xc25a}=0x0179; # capital z with acute accent
$chars{0xc261}=0x00e1; # small a with acute accent
$chars{0xc263}=0x0107; # small c with acute accent
$chars{0xc265}=0x00e9; # small e with acute accent
$chars{0xc267}=0x01f5; # small g with acute
$chars{0xc269}=0x00ed; # small i with acute accent
$chars{0xc26b}=0x1e31; # small k with acute
$chars{0xc26c}=0x013a; # small l with acute accent
$chars{0xc26d}=0x1e3f; # small m with acute
$chars{0xc26e}=0x0144; # small n with acute accent
$chars{0xc26f}=0x00f3; # small o with acute accent
$chars{0xc270}=0x1e55; # small p with acute
$chars{0xc272}=0x0155; # small r with acute accent
$chars{0xc273}=0x015b; # small s with acute accent
$chars{0xc275}=0x00fa; # small u with acute accent
$chars{0xc277}=0x1e83; # small w with acute
$chars{0xc279}=0x00fd; # small y with acute accent
$chars{0xc27a}=0x017a; # small z with acute accent
$chars{0xc2e1}=0x01fc; # capital ae with acute
$chars{0xc2f1}=0x01fd; # small ae with acute
       # 4/3 circumflex accent
$chars{0xc341}=0x00c2; # capital a with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc343}=0x0108; # capital c with circumflex
$chars{0xc345}=0x00ca; # capital e with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc347}=0x011c; # capital g with circumflex
$chars{0xc348}=0x0124; # capital h with circumflex
$chars{0xc349}=0x00ce; # capital i with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc34a}=0x0134; # capital j with circumflex
$chars{0xc34f}=0x00d4; # capital o with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc353}=0x015c; # capital s with circumflex
$chars{0xc355}=0x00db; # capital u with circumflex
$chars{0xc357}=0x0174; # capital w with circumflex
$chars{0xc359}=0x0176; # capital y with circumflex
$chars{0xc35a}=0x1e90; # capital z with circumflex
$chars{0xc361}=0x00e2; # small a with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc363}=0x0109; # small c with circumflex
$chars{0xc365}=0x00ea; # small e with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc367}=0x011d; # small g with circumflex
$chars{0xc368}=0x0125; # small h with circumflex
$chars{0xc369}=0x00ee; # small i with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc36a}=0x0135; # small j with circumflex
$chars{0xc36e}=0x00f1; # small n with tilde
$chars{0xc36f}=0x00f4; # small o with circumflex accent
$chars{0xc373}=0x015d; # small s with circumflex
$chars{0xc375}=0x00fb; # small u with circumflex
$chars{0xc377}=0x0175; # small w with circumflex
$chars{0xc379}=0x0177; # small y with circumflex
$chars{0xc37a}=0x1e91; # small z with circumflex
        # 4/4 tilde
$chars{0xc441}=0x00c3; # capital a with tilde
$chars{0xc445}=0x1ebc; # capital e with tilde
$chars{0xc449}=0x0128; # capital i with tilde
$chars{0xc44e}=0x00d1; # capital n with tilde
$chars{0xc44f}=0x00d5; # capital o with tilde
$chars{0xc455}=0x0168; # capital u with tilde
$chars{0xc456}=0x1e7c; # capital v with tilde
$chars{0xc459}=0x1ef8; # capital y with tilde
$chars{0xc461}=0x00e3; # small a with tilde
$chars{0xc465}=0x1ebd; # small e with tilde
$chars{0xc469}=0x0129; # small i with tilde
$chars{0xc46e}=0x00f1; # small n with tilde
$chars{0xc46f}=0x00f5; # small o with tilde
$chars{0xc475}=0x0169; # small u with tilde
$chars{0xc476}=0x1e7d; # small v with tilde
$chars{0xc479}=0x1ef9; # small y with tilde
    # 4/5 macron
$chars{0xc541}=0x0100; # capital a with macron
$chars{0xc545}=0x0112; # capital e with macron
$chars{0xc547}=0x1e20; # capital g with macron
$chars{0xc549}=0x012a; # capital i with macron
$chars{0xc54f}=0x014c; # capital o with macron
$chars{0xc555}=0x016a; # capital u with macron
$chars{0xc561}=0x0101; # small a with macron
$chars{0xc565}=0x0113; # small e with macron
$chars{0xc567}=0x1e21; # small g with macron
$chars{0xc569}=0x012b; # small i with macron
$chars{0xc56f}=0x014d; # small o with macron
$chars{0xc575}=0x016b; # small u with macron
$chars{0xc572}=0x0159; # small r with macron
$chars{0xc5e1}=0x01e2; # capital ae with macron
$chars{0xc5f1}=0x01e3; # small ae with macron
        # 4/6 breve
$chars{0xc641}=0x0102; # capital a with breve
$chars{0xc645}=0x0114; # capital e with breve
$chars{0xc647}=0x011e; # capital g with breve
$chars{0xc649}=0x012c; # capital i with breve
$chars{0xc64f}=0x014e; # capital o with breve
$chars{0xc655}=0x016c; # capital u with breve
$chars{0xc661}=0x0103; # small a with breve
$chars{0xc665}=0x0115; # small e with breve
$chars{0xc667}=0x011f; # small g with breve
$chars{0xc669}=0x012d; # small i with breve
$chars{0xc66f}=0x014f; # small o with breve
$chars{0xc675}=0x016d; # small u with breve
        # 4/7 dot above
$chars{0xc7b0}=0x01e1; # Ain with dot above
$chars{0xc742}=0x1e02; # capital b with dot above
$chars{0xc743}=0x010a; # capital c with dot above
$chars{0xc744}=0x1e0a; # capital d with dot above
$chars{0xc745}=0x0116; # capital e with dot above
$chars{0xc746}=0x1e1e; # capital f with dot above
$chars{0xc747}=0x0120; # capital g with dot above
$chars{0xc748}=0x1e22; # capital h with dot above
$chars{0xc749}=0x0130; # capital i with dot above
$chars{0xc74d}=0x1e40; # capital m with dot above
$chars{0xc74e}=0x1e44; # capital n with dot above
$chars{0xc750}=0x1e56; # capital p with dot above
$chars{0xc752}=0x1e58; # capital r with dot above
$chars{0xc753}=0x1e60; # capital s with dot above
$chars{0xc754}=0x1e6a; # capital t with dot above
$chars{0xc757}=0x1e86; # capital w with dot above
$chars{0xc758}=0x1e8a; # capital x with dot above
$chars{0xc759}=0x1e8e; # capital y with dot above
$chars{0xc75a}=0x017b; # capital z with dot above
$chars{0xc761}=0x0227; # small b with dot above
$chars{0xc762}=0x1e03; # small b with dot above
$chars{0xc763}=0x010b; # small c with dot above
$chars{0xc764}=0x1e0b; # small d with dot above
$chars{0xc765}=0x0117; # small e with dot above
$chars{0xc766}=0x1e1f; # small f with dot above
$chars{0xc767}=0x0121; # small g with dot above
$chars{0xc768}=0x1e23; # small h with dot above
$chars{0xc76d}=0x1e41; # small m with dot above
$chars{0xc76e}=0x1e45; # small n with dot above
$chars{0xc770}=0x1e57; # small p with dot above
$chars{0xc772}=0x1e59; # small r with dot above
$chars{0xc773}=0x1e61; # small s with dot above
$chars{0xc774}=0x1e6b; # small t with dot above
$chars{0xc777}=0x1e87; # small w with dot above
$chars{0xc778}=0x1e8b; # small x with dot above
$chars{0xc779}=0x1e8f; # small y with dot above
$chars{0xc77a}=0x017c; # small z with dot above
        # 4/8 trema, diaresis
$chars{0xc820}=0x00a8; # diaeresis
$chars{0xc841}=0x00c4; # capital a with diaeresis
$chars{0xc845}=0x00cb; # capital e with diaeresis
$chars{0xc848}=0x1e26; # capital h with diaeresis
$chars{0xc849}=0x00cf; # capital i with diaeresis
$chars{0xc84f}=0x00d6; # capital o with diaeresis
$chars{0xc855}=0x00dc; # capital u with diaeresis
$chars{0xc857}=0x1e84; # capital w with diaeresis
$chars{0xc858}=0x1e8c; # capital x with diaeresis
$chars{0xc859}=0x0178; # capital y with diaeresis
$chars{0xc861}=0x00e4; # small a with diaeresis
$chars{0xc865}=0x00eb; # small e with diaeresis
$chars{0xc868}=0x1e27; # small h with diaeresis
$chars{0xc869}=0x00ef; # small i with diaeresis
$chars{0xc86f}=0x00f6; # small o with diaeresis
$chars{0xc874}=0x1e97; # small t with diaeresis
$chars{0xc875}=0x00fc; # small u with diaeresis
$chars{0xc877}=0x1e85; # small w with diaeresis
$chars{0xc878}=0x1e8d; # small x with diaeresis
$chars{0xc879}=0x00ff; # small y with diaeresis
        # 4/9 umlaut
$chars{0xc920}=0x00a8; # [diaeresis]
$chars{0xc961}=0x00e4; # a with umlaut 
$chars{0xc965}=0x00eb; # e with umlaut
$chars{0xc969}=0x00ef; # i with umlaut
$chars{0xc96f}=0x00f6; # o with umlaut
$chars{0xc975}=0x00fc; # u with umlaut
        # 4/10 circle above 
$chars{0xca41}=0x00c5; # capital a with ring above
$chars{0xcaad}=0x016e; # capital u with ring above
$chars{0xca61}=0x00e5; # small a with ring above
$chars{0xca75}=0x016f; # small u with ring above
$chars{0xca77}=0x1e98; # small w with ring above
$chars{0xca79}=0x1e99; # small y with ring above
        # 4/11 high comma off centre
        # 4/12 inverted high comma centred
        # 4/13 double acute accent
$chars{0xcd4f}=0x0150; # capital o with double acute
$chars{0xcd55}=0x0170; # capital u with double acute
$chars{0xcd6f}=0x0151; # small o with double acute
$chars{0xcd75}=0x0171; # small u with double acute
        # 4/14 horn
$chars{0xce54}=0x01a0; # latin capital letter o with horn
$chars{0xce55}=0x01af; # latin capital letter u with horn
$chars{0xce74}=0x01a1; # latin small letter o with horn
$chars{0xce75}=0x01b0; # latin small letter u with horn
        # 4/15 caron (hacek
$chars{0xcf41}=0x01cd; # capital a with caron
$chars{0xcf43}=0x010c; # capital c with caron
$chars{0xcf44}=0x010e; # capital d with caron
$chars{0xcf45}=0x011a; # capital e with caron
$chars{0xcf47}=0x01e6; # capital g with caron
$chars{0xcf49}=0x01cf; # capital i with caron
$chars{0xcf4b}=0x01e8; # capital k with caron
$chars{0xcf4c}=0x013d; # capital l with caron
$chars{0xcf4e}=0x0147; # capital n with caron
$chars{0xcf4f}=0x01d1; # capital o with caron
$chars{0xcf52}=0x0158; # capital r with caron
$chars{0xcf53}=0x0160; # capital s with caron
$chars{0xcf54}=0x0164; # capital t with caron
$chars{0xcf55}=0x01d3; # capital u with caron
$chars{0xcf5a}=0x017d; # capital z with caron
$chars{0xcf61}=0x01ce; # small a with caron
$chars{0xcf63}=0x010d; # small c with caron
$chars{0xcf64}=0x010f; # small d with caron
$chars{0xcf65}=0x011b; # small e with caron
$chars{0xcf67}=0x01e7; # small g with caron
$chars{0xcf69}=0x01d0; # small i with caron
$chars{0xcf6a}=0x01f0; # small j with caron
$chars{0xcf6b}=0x01e9; # small k with caron
$chars{0xcf6c}=0x013e; # small l with caron
$chars{0xcf6e}=0x0148; # small n with caron
$chars{0xcf6f}=0x01d2; # small o with caron
$chars{0xcf72}=0x0159; # small r with caron
$chars{0xcf73}=0x0161; # small s with caron
$chars{0xcf74}=0x0165; # small t with caron
$chars{0xcf75}=0x01d4; # small u with caron
$chars{0xcf7a}=0x017e; # small z with caron
        # 5/0 cedilla
$chars{0xd020}=0x00b8; # cedilla
$chars{0xd043}=0x00c7; # capital c with cedilla
$chars{0xd044}=0x1e10; # capital d with cedilla
$chars{0xd047}=0x0122; # capital g with cedilla
$chars{0xd048}=0x1e28; # capital h with cedilla
$chars{0xd04b}=0x0136; # capital k with cedilla
$chars{0xd04c}=0x013b; # capital l with cedilla
$chars{0xd04e}=0x0145; # capital n with cedilla
$chars{0xd052}=0x0156; # capital r with cedilla
$chars{0xd053}=0x015e; # capital s with cedilla
$chars{0xd054}=0x0162; # capital t with cedilla
$chars{0xd063}=0x00e7; # small c with cedilla
$chars{0xd064}=0x1e11; # small d with cedilla
$chars{0xd065}=0x0119; # small e with cedilla
$chars{0xd067}=0x0123; # small g with cedilla
$chars{0xd068}=0x1e29; # small h with cedilla
$chars{0xd06b}=0x0137; # small k with cedilla
$chars{0xd06c}=0x013c; # small l with cedilla
$chars{0xd06e}=0x0146; # small n with cedilla
$chars{0xd072}=0x0157; # small r with cedilla
$chars{0xd073}=0x015f; # small s with cedilla
$chars{0xd074}=0x0163; # small t with cedilla
        # 5/1 rude
        # 5/2 hook to left
        # 5/3 ogonek (hook to right
$chars{0xd320}=0x02db; # ogonek
$chars{0xd341}=0x0104; # capital a with ogonek
$chars{0xd345}=0x0118; # capital e with ogonek
$chars{0xd349}=0x012e; # capital i with ogonek
$chars{0xd34f}=0x01ea; # capital o with ogonek
$chars{0xd355}=0x0172; # capital u with ogonek
$chars{0xd361}=0x0105; # small a with ogonek
$chars{0xd365}=0x0119; # small e with ogonek
$chars{0xd369}=0x012f; # small i with ogonek
$chars{0xd36f}=0x01eb; # small o with ogonek
$chars{0xd375}=0x0173; # small u with ogonek
        # 5/4 circle below
$chars{0xd441}=0x1e00; # capital a with ring below
$chars{0xd461}=0x1e01; # small a with ring below
        # 5/5 half circle below
$chars{0xd548}=0x1e2a; # capital h with breve below
$chars{0xd568}=0x1e2b; # small h with breve below
        # 5/6 dot below
$chars{0xd641}=0x1ea0; # capital a with dot below
$chars{0xd642}=0x1e04; # capital b with dot below
$chars{0xd644}=0x1e0c; # capital d with dot below
$chars{0xd645}=0x1eb8; # capital e with dot below
$chars{0xd648}=0x1e24; # capital h with dot below
$chars{0xd649}=0x1eca; # capital i with dot below
$chars{0xd64b}=0x1e32; # capital k with dot below
$chars{0xd64c}=0x1e36; # capital l with dot below
$chars{0xd64d}=0x1e42; # capital m with dot below
$chars{0xd64e}=0x1e46; # capital n with dot below
$chars{0xd64f}=0x1ecc; # capital o with dot below
$chars{0xd652}=0x1e5a; # capital r with dot below
$chars{0xd653}=0x1e62; # capital s with dot below
$chars{0xd654}=0x1e6c; # capital t with dot below
$chars{0xd655}=0x1ee4; # capital u with dot below
$chars{0xd656}=0x1e7e; # capital v with dot below
$chars{0xd657}=0x1e88; # capital w with dot below
$chars{0xd659}=0x1ef4; # capital y with dot below
$chars{0xd65a}=0x1e92; # capital z with dot below
$chars{0xd661}=0x1ea1; # small a with dot below
$chars{0xd662}=0x1e05; # small b with dot below
$chars{0xd664}=0x1e0d; # small d with dot below
$chars{0xd665}=0x1eb9; # small e with dot below
$chars{0xd668}=0x1e25; # small h with dot below
$chars{0xd669}=0x1ecb; # small i with dot below
$chars{0xd66b}=0x1e33; # small k with dot below
$chars{0xd66c}=0x1e37; # small l with dot below
$chars{0xd66d}=0x1e43; # small m with dot below
$chars{0xd66e}=0x1e47; # small n with dot below
$chars{0xd66f}=0x1ecd; # small o with dot below
$chars{0xd672}=0x1e5b; # small r with dot below
$chars{0xd673}=0x1e63; # small s with dot below
$chars{0xd674}=0x1e6d; # small t with dot below
$chars{0xd675}=0x1ee5; # small u with dot below
$chars{0xd676}=0x1e7f; # small v with dot below
$chars{0xd677}=0x1e89; # small w with dot below
$chars{0xd679}=0x1ef5; # small y with dot below
$chars{0xd67a}=0x1e93; # small z with dot below
        # 5/7 double dot below
$chars{0xd755}=0x1e72; # capital u with diaeresis below
$chars{0xd775}=0x1e73; # small u with diaeresis below
        # 5/8 underline
$chars{0xd820}=0x005f; # underline
        # 5/9 double underline
$chars{0xd920}=0x2017; # double underline
        # 5/10 small low vertical bar
$chars{0xda20}=0x02cc; # 
        # 5/11 circumflex below
        # 5/12 (this position shall not be used)
        # 5/13 left half of ligature sign and of double tilde
        # 5/14 right half of ligature sign
        # 5/15 right half of double tilde
#     map {printf "%x :%x\n",$_,$chars{$_};}keys %chars;

sub char_decode5426 {
    my ( $string) = @_;
    my $result;

    my @data = unpack("C*", $string);
    my @characters;
    my $length=scalar(@data);
    for (my $i = 0; $i < scalar(@data); $i++) {
      my $char= $data[$i];
      if ($char >= 0x00 && $char <= 0x7F){
        #IsAscii
              
          push @characters,$char unless ($char<0x02 ||$char== 0x0F);
      }elsif (($char >= 0xC0 && $char <= 0xDF)) {
        #Combined Char
        my $convchar ;
        if ($chars{$char*256+$data[$i+1]}) {
          $convchar= $chars{$char * 256 + $data[$i+1]};
          $i++;     
#           printf "char %x $char, char to convert %x , converted %x\n",$char,$char * 256 + $data[$i - 1],$convchar;       
        } elsif ($chars{$char})  {
          $convchar= $chars{$char};
#           printf "0xC char %x, converted %x\n",$char,$chars{$char};       
        }else {
          $convchar=$char;
        }     
        push @characters,$convchar;
      } else {
        my $convchar;    
        if ($chars{$char})  {
          $convchar= $chars{$char};
#            printf "char %x,  converted %x\n",$char,$chars{$char};   
        }else {
#            printf "char %x $char\n",$char;   
          $convchar=$char;    
        }  
        push @characters,$convchar;    
      }        
    }
    $result=pack "U*",@characters; 
#     $result=~s/\x01//;  
#     $result=~s/\x00//;  
     $result=~s/\x0f//;  
     $result=~s/\x1b.//;  
     $result=~s/\x0e//;  
     $result=~s/\x1b\x5b//;  
#   map{printf "%x",$_} @characters;  
#   printf "\n"; 
  return $result;
}

1;


=head1 AUTHOR

Koha Development Team <http://koha-community.org/>

Galen Charlton <galen.charlton@liblime.com>

=cut