UNDESTANDING GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
HANDOUT
Submitted by:
Budionganon, Melanie B.
Cagadas, Christian Jay S.
Calaguan, Jorin C.
Submitted to:
Cristian John, Urtola
JANUARY 2025
What is a State?
According to Max Weber, a state is "a human community that (successfully) claims the
monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" (Weber, 1919). This
definition highlights sovereignty and the state’s control over a defined territory and its
population.
Basic Explanation: A state is essential for governance, establishing laws, and creating order
in society. For a civil engineering student, the state’s role is critical in infrastructure planning,
funding, and implementing large-scale projects like bridges, roads, and dams.
What is Interstate?
Kenneth Waltz, a prominent scholar in international relations, defines interstate systems as
"a structure formed by the interaction of sovereign states where each state pursues its
interests in an anarchic system" (Waltz, 1979). The term describes how states interact
economically, politically, or militarily.
Basic Explanation: In engineering, interstate collaborations often involve joint ventures or
shared resources for mega-projects such as cross-border railway systems or international
pipelines.
What is the Global Interstate System?
Immanuel Wallerstein, in his world-systems theory, describes the global interstate system as
"a single social system, with a division of labor and multiple political systems, united in a
global capitalist economy" (Wallerstein, 1974).
Basic Explanation: For engineering students, understanding the global interstate system is
crucial in international project collaborations, recognizing global supply chains for materials,
and adhering to international standards.
What is Neoliberalism?
David Harvey defines neoliberalism as "a theory of political economic practices proposing
that human well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial
freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private
property rights, free markets, and free trade" (Harvey, 2005).
Basic Explanation: Neoliberal policies influence engineering practices by promoting
privatization of infrastructure projects, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and competitive
markets.
What is Economic Sovereignty?
Ha-Joon Chang describes economic sovereignty as "the ability of a nation to design and
implement its own economic policies in line with its developmental needs without external
interference" (Chang, 2003).
Basic Explanation: Economic sovereignty affects civil engineering by determining how
governments allocate budgets for infrastructure and manage local versus foreign
investments in engineering projects.
How Does This Relate to Engineering?
Civil engineering, as a discipline, thrives within the framework of a state's governance, laws,
and infrastructure planning.
Interstate collaborations and global systems influence projects such as cross-border
transportation systems and international energy grids.
Neoliberalism has shaped the modern engineering industry, promoted private-sector
participation and fostering innovation through competition.
Understanding economic sovereignty allows engineers to assess local market dynamics,
resource availability, and funding mechanisms for projects.
World-Systems Theory
Proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein, in his theory, he argues that the conflicts between the
countries which determine the world order in these areas are not true conflicts because the
modern world system is built on a capitalist economic basis (Asad, 2022). Immanuel
Wallerstein, a sociologist, created the World Systems Theory, which divides the global
economic system into three categories:
1. Core Countries: Wealthy developed nations that dominate global trade, technology,
and resources. The world-system is a characteristic of capitalism and imperialism that
allows the core to obtain and amass wealth from the labor and lands of the Third
World (“World-System”, 2024).
2. Semi-Peripheral Countries: Nations in the middle, often industrializing and acting
as both exploiters and exploited. Typically, such countries are regional powers with
moderate levels of development indices and growing capitalist economies (Jean-louis,
2023).
3. Peripheral Countries: Less-developed nations reliant on core countries, providing
raw materials and cheap labor. “Poor” countries that primarily subsist by exporting
primary products such as agricultural produce and natural resources to the core
countries (Jean-louis, 2023).
Institutions Governing International Relations
A network of international institutions and organizations that set guidelines, standards, and
frameworks for state-to-state collaboration are the main tools used to facilitate the
governance of international relations.
Key institutions that foster cooperation, resolve disputes, and address global challenges:
1. United Nations (UN):
• Current have 193 Member.
• Maintains international peace and security, promotes human rights, and facilitates
cooperation on global issues.
There are currently 193 UN Member States. Each of the Member States of the United Nations
has one seat in the general Assembly (Who Are the Current Members of the UN? – Ask DAG!,
n.d.).
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed with the mission to
maintain world peace. The united Nations was formed in the hope of avoiding the possibility
of a world war such as the first world war and the second world war (Yunissa, 2022).
The UN seeks to prevent conflicts and resolve disputes through diplomacy and peacekeeping
missions (Önder, 2019).
The UN addresses global issues such as economic, social, and humanitarian challenges,
facilitating collaborative solutions (Singh, 2020).
Basic explanation:
UN uses engineering services for their worldwide operation, by promoting solutions for
global challenges.
A key pillar of the UN’s support to operations worldwide, engineering services are also at the
heart of the Solution Factory – a flagship initiative to advance innovation and ensure fit-for-
purpose solutions for clients (Engineering, n.d.).
2. World Trade Örganization (WTÖ):
• Essential organization that promotes economic cooperation and international trade
among its member nations.
• Regulates international trade, settles disputes, and promotes free trade.
Regulatory Framework: It establishes principles such as most favored nation treatment and
transparency, which guide negotiations and ensure fair competition among member states
(Kelly & Lee, 2023).
Dispute Resolution: A key function of the WTÖ is its Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM),
which resolves trade disputes and maintains the credibility of the organization (Kosimova,
2024).
DSM: It provides a structured and rules-based process for resolving conflicts that arise from
trade agreements and practices. This helps ensure that all countries follow the established
trade rules
Basic explanation:
World Trade Örganization uses engineering services for regulating international trade in
construction and architectural services (World Trade Örganization, n.d.).
3. International Monetary Fund (IMF):
• It discusses the Fund’s collaboration with other international organizations and
stakeholders.
• Ensures financial stability and provides financial assistance to countries in crisis.
It serves as a gatekeeper to the international financial system, requiring member states to
adhere to specific fiscal and monetary policies (Kelly & Lee, 2023).
The IMF provides short-term loans to member countries experiencing financial difficulties,
often with conditions aimed at promoting fiscal austerity and economic reforms (Kelly & Lee,
2023).
The IMF serves as a critical provider of financial assistance to crisis-affected countries
through an emergency lending mechanism, the IMF provides the financial support needed to
address urgent economic pressures (Asshidiqy et al., 2023).
Basic explanation:
Engineering relate to IMF through supports infrastructure development in member
countries, particularly in developing and emerging economies, as a means to stimulate
economic growth.
The engineers, who come from many countries, work closely with economists and financial
analysts in reaching judgments on the projects, the amounts of loans, the grace periods, and
the contractual arrangements to ensure successful construction and operation of the projects
recommended (Sadove, 1967).
4. World Bank:
• World Bank an financial institution that provides loans to international countries for
capital project.
• Funds development projects to reduce poverty and promote sustainable growth.
Financial Assistance: Öffers low-interest loans, grants, and technical support for
infrastructure, agriculture, and social programs (Kelly & Lee, 2023).
Poverty Reduction: The World Bank targets poverty alleviation as a core mission, recognizing
agriculture as a vital sector for achieving this goal (Hagiu & Barbulescu, 2015).
Economic Growth: It promotes sustainable economic development through investments in
infrastructure and human capital (Kelly & Lee, 2023).
Basic Explanation:
Engineering uses world bank for financial source and world bank utilities engineering
services for promote sustainable growth.
5. North Atlantic Treaty Örganization (NATÖ):
• It’s a military alliance of 32 countries in Europe and North America that was formed
in 1949.
• Article 5 of the Washington Treaty.
• Ensures collective defense among member states.
The North Atlantic Treaty Örganization (NATÖ) is a military alliance originally established in
1949 to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after
World War II. When the Cold War ended, NATÖ was reconceived as a “cooperative-security”
organization, It has 32 member states (Haglund, 2025).
Article 5
The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North
America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if
such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective
self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party
or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties,
such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain
the security of the North Atlantic area (Nato, 2022).
Political and Military Cooperation: NATÖ facilitates political dialogue and military
collaboration among member states, enhancing their ability to respond to crises collectively
(Citaristi, 2022).
Basic Explanation:
NATÖ utilize engineering services for maintaining and constructing military bases in each
nation.
6. European Union (EU):
• A political and economic alliance of 27 countries.
• Promotes regional economic and political cooperation among European nations.
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic alliance of 27 countries. It promotes
democratic values in its member nations and is one of the world’s most powerful trade blocs.
Nineteen of the countries share the euro as their official currency (Hayes, 2023).
The EU aims to reduce disparities in development and promote equality among regions,
enhancing overall economic growth (Dumciuviene & Stravinskas, 2012).
The European Union promotes regional co-operation with the aim of enhancing regional
stability and security. Regional co-operation must be a factor of integration through the
development of infrastructures and networks and the establishment of free trade areas
between neighbouring countries. Regional co-operation is an essential element of the
Stabilisation and Association process*(Glossary. European Neighbourhood Policy and
Enlargement Negotiations, n.d.).
Basic Explanation:
UE relate in engineering through infrastructure development and promote economic growth.
7. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN):
• Formed in 1967.
• ASEAN plays a crucial role in fostering economic integration, regional stability, and
strategic equilibrium among its member states and global powers.
Formed in 1967, ASEAN united Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand,
who sought to create a common front against the spread of communism. In 1976, the
members signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, which emphasizes
mutual respect and noninterference in other countries’ affairs (Council on Foreign Relations,
2025)
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC): Aims to create a single market and production base,
enhancing trade and investment among member states, and promotes trade liberalization
and investment flows, particularly with major economies like China, Japan, and South Korea
(Chukubayev et al., 2024).
Strategic Equilibrium: ASEAN plays a pivotal role in balancing relations with major powers,
ensuring sustainable stability and maritime security in the Indo-Pacific region (Sutanto &
Priyanto, 2023).
ASEAN acts as an agent for its member states in global discussions on economic issues,
human rights, and climate change, striving to maintain its centrality and positive
international image (Yang, 2023).
This regional intergovernmental organization has not only been pivotal in promoting
political and security cooperation but also in facilitating economic integration and
collaboration among its members (Department of Trade and Industry Philippines, 2025).
Basic explanation:
Engineering is crucial for ASEAN in sustaining development and minimize the natural
disasters.
8. G20:
• The group of Twenty Countries.
• The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial crisis of 1997 – 1998.
• Coordinates global economic policies among major economies.
The Group of Twenty (G20), originally a collection of twenty of the world’s largest economies,
was conceived as a bloc that would bring together the most important industrialized and
developing economies to discuss international economic and financial stability (Siripurapu
et al., 2024).
The G20 was founded In 1999 after the Asian financial crisis of 1997 – 1998 as an informal
forum for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the most important
industrialised and developing economies to discuss international economic and financial
stability (About G20, n.d.).
The members of the G-20 are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany,
India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey,
the U.K. and the U.S., as well as the European Union, represented by the rotating council
presidency and the European Central Bank (G-7 and G-20, 2021)
The G20 promotes financial stability and economic cooperation, acting as a key international
forum for dialogue among major economies (Dubey, 2023).
9. International Criminal Court (ICC):
• As established by the 1998 Rome Statute.
• Prosecutes individuals for crimes like genocide, war crimes and crime against
humanity.
Ön 17 July 1998, 120 States adopted a statute in Rome – known as the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court (“the Rome Statute”) – establishing the International Criminal
Court (ICC-CPI, n.d.).
The International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals for crimes such as genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression, as established by the 1998
Rome Statute, aiming to provide justice for victims and hold perpetrators accountable
(Wijaya et al., 2024).
War crimes
War crimes include torture, mutilation, corporal punishment, hostage taking and acts of
terrorism. This category also covers violations of human dignity such as rape and forced
prostitution, looting and execution without trial. War crimes, unlike crimes against humanity,
are always committed in times of war (Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, 2014).
Genocide
This includes all acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic or religious
group Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, 2014).
Crimes against humanity
Crimes against humanity are acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack
directed against any civilian population, such as murder, deportation, torture and rape. The
ICC prosecutes the perpetrators even if the crimes were not committed in times of war
(Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, 2014)
The ICC serves as a permanent institution to prosecute individuals responsible for grave
offenses, complementing national judicial systems (Al-Hassani, 2024).
It aims to hold accountable not only individuals but also states and organizations involved in
serious human rights violations (Al-Hassani, 2024).
Nationalism vs. Globalism
Nationalism:
Nationalism prioritizes the interests, culture, and sovereignty of one’s own nation. It focuses
on self-reliance, patriotism, and protecting national identity. Nationalists argue that the
preservation of a nation’s culture, traditions, and values is essential for the well-being of its
citizens. The main objective is to ensure a nation’s independence and self-governance,
particularly by safeguarding its economy and political autonomy from external influence.
Core Principles: Nationalism advocates for sovereignty, protecting local industries, and
cultural pride.
Advantages: Nationalism strengthens national unity, protects local jobs, and prioritizes
domestic needs over international interests.
Disadvantages: It risks isolationism, xenophobia, and reduces the potential for international
collaboration (Smith, 1991).
Globalism:
Globalism emphasizes interconnectedness and cooperation among nations to address global
challenges and promote shared prosperity. Proponents believe that addressing issues like
climate change, global health, and economic inequality requires collective effort and a
reduction in national barriers. Globalism promotes the idea that global cooperation can lead
to mutual benefits, such as improved global trade, better human rights, and a more
harmonious international system.
Core Principles: Globalism promotes free trade, multiculturalism, and international
collaboration.
Advantages: It can lead to economic growth, provide global solutions, and foster mutual
understanding.
Disadvantages: It can undermine national identity, increase inequality, and enable
exploitation by multinational corporations (Held, 2004).
Different Perspectives of authors
• Ernest Gellner (1983): In Nations and Nationalism, Gellner argues that
nationalism is a modern phenomenon that arises in response to the needs of
industrial societies. He posits that nationalism is essential for creating social
cohesion in complex modern states. This perspective can be related to civil
engineering in terms of the importance of national infrastructure projects that
serve to unify and develop a country’s economy.
• Benedict Anderson (1983): Anderson’s Imagined Communities explains that
nationalism is not just a political force but a cultural phenomenon. Nations, he
argues, are “imagined communities” because people within them don’t know
each other but still feel a sense of belonging. For civil engineering students, this
idea can relate to the creation of national infrastructure that connects people
and promotes the shared identity of a nation.
• David Held (2004): Held in Global Transformations highlights that globalism
is not a trend that erases national boundaries but a process that creates
interdependence. For an engineering perspective, this is significant because
large-scale civil engineering projects often require cross-border collaboration,
such as international transportation networks or water management systems.
• John Hobson (2004): In The Eastern Örigins of Western Civilisation, Hobson
critiques the idea of globalism by arguing that globalization often benefits
powerful nations at the expense of others. This critique could be seen in the
context of engineering practices, where powerful countries might exploit
resources in less-developed nations for large infrastructure projects.
• Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri (2000): In Empire, they discuss how
globalism has led to the creation of a “global empire,” where multinational
corporations and institutions hold significant power. This critique can be
relevant to civil engineering when considering the impact of large
corporations on local industries, particularly in construction and
infrastructure development.
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