Hi Moritz,
There are 7 DICOM series among your data. If you compile Dicom2Mesh with the compile option "USE_VTK_DICOM" enabled, you will see following output:

Read DICOM images located under knee/0000/
Nbr of patients = 1, Nbr of studies = 1, Nbr of series = 7
(0)  :  33 files, name = pd_tse-fs_sag_KNEE04.01
(1)  :  31 files, name = pd_tse-fs_cor_KNEE04.01
(2)  :  144 files, name = t2_de3d-we_sag_KNEE09.02
(3)  :  120 files, name = t2_de3d-we_sag_KNEE09.02_MPR_tra
(4)  :  120 files, name = t2_de3d-we_sag_KNEE09.02_MPR_cor
(5)  :  37 files, name = pd_tse-fs_tra_KNEE05.01
(6)  :  31 files, name = t1_tse_cor_KNEE06.03
Which DICOM series you wish to load? 2

However, when selecting (2) the biggest series, following error is generated by VTK:

ERROR: In /Users/eidelen/dev/libs/vtk-dicom/Source/vtkDICOMReader.cxx, line 1885
vtkDICOMReader (0x7f8749e00840): DICOM file is compressed, cannot read.

If you want still to use Dicom2Mesh, you need to uncompress the DICOM first. If you are open to use something else, I can recommend to you ITK-Snap for segmenting / viewing your DICOM.

Be aware that your DICOM dataset form medneo Diagnostikzentrum Berlin contains more than just the images. One can see your age, weight, size... and much more.

Maybe there could be an error message indicating this problem (that the DICOM needs to be uncompressed)? From the error I got I figured there was an error in the data since only image 33 was mentioned. It looked to me like 0..32 were read just fine by Dicom2mesh.

Dicom2Mesh is able to work with either the standard VTK DICOM reader or with a more sophisticated version called VTK-DICOM, another open source library. The usage of VTK-DICOM needs to be enabled when you build Dicom2Mesh USE_VTK_DICOM = ON.
I think, your Dicom2Mesh build uses the standard VTK DICOM reader, which is unable to handle a DICOM of multiple series. That's why it fails at slice 33, as it is the end of the first series.
In case you enable the more advance DICOM reader, Dicom2Mesh can handle multiple series. However, it fails because the images are compressed. So, there are actually two different issues with your data.
As the DICOM reader is not written by us, we can not solve this issue ourself. I am sorry about that.

As described in the above issue "Compressed DICOM #161", the vtk-dicom library should be build with USE_GDCM option turned on. Like that, I could open your data.

Thank you, that worked. For reference of anyone reading this and wishing to build Dicom2mesh with the aforementioned options, this is what I did (on macOS, using Homebrew):

brew install gdcm

git clone https://github.com/dgobbi/vtk-dicom.git
cd vtk-dicom
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -DUSE_GDCM=ON ..
make -j4 install
cd ..

git clone https://github.com/AOT-AG/DicomToMesh.git
cd DicomToMesh
mkdir build
cd build
cmake -DUSE_VTK_DICOM=ON  ..
make -j4

Thank you for the helpful build summary. I added a link to it in the readme.