soma

See also: Appendix:Variations of "soma"

English

Pronunciation

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈsoʊmə/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈsəʊmə/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: (General American) -oʊmə, (Received Pronunciation) -əʊmə
• Hyphenation: so‧ma

Etymology 1

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Noun

soma (plural somas or somata)

1. (anatomy) The whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.
2. (biology) The body of an organism in contrast to the germ cells.
3. (cytology) The bulbous part of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus.
4. (philosophy) The corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul and the pneuma or spirit.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:body

Derived terms

• resomation
• somal
• somatic
• somite

 

Related terms

• prosoma
• somaclone
• somaesthetics
• somascope
• somato-
• -some
• somesthesis

 

Translations

axial portion of an animal

• Finnish: ruumis (fi), soma (fi), sooma (fi)
• Italian: soma (it) m
• Polish: soma (pl) f

Etymology 2

Transliteration of Sanskrit सोम (soma). Doublet of haoma.

Noun

soma (uncountable)

1. (Vedic religion) A ritual drink in ancient Vedic culture, obtained by pressing the Soma plant.
   • 2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books, published 2007, page 82:

     Once he had drunk the intoxicating soma, he experienced an ascent to the gods without having to die a violent death, as in the old ritual.

2. (by extension, science fiction) Any kind of intoxicating drug.
   • 1932, Aldous Huxley, Brave New World‎^[2], London: Chatto & Windus:

     […] there is always soma, delicious soma, half a gramme for a half-holiday, a gramme for a week-end, two grammes for a trip to the gorgeous East, three for a dark eternity on the moon […]

Alternative forms

• Soma

Related terms

• haoma

Translations

Translations

• Finnish: soma (fi)

Anagrams

• -omas, Amos, MOAS, MOAs, Samo, maos, moas, omas, soam

Dutch

Etymology

Clipping of Somaliër.

Noun

soma ? (plural soma's, diminutive somaatje n)

1. (sometimes offensive, slang) a Somalian

Fijian

Adverb

soma

1. often, frequently

   Synonym: wasoma

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *coma. Related to Karelian šoma, Livvi čoma, Ludian čoma and Veps čoma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsomɑ/, [ˈs̠o̞mɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -omɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): so‧ma

Adjective

soma (comparative somempi, superlative somin)

1. pretty, cute, sweet

Declension

Inflection of soma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		soma	somat
genitive		soman	somien
partitive		somaa	somia
illative		somaan	somiin
		singular	plural
nominative		soma	somat
accusative	nom.	soma	somat
	gen.	soman
genitive		soman	somien somain rare
partitive		somaa	somia
inessive		somassa	somissa
elative		somasta	somista
illative		somaan	somiin
adessive		somalla	somilla
ablative		somalta	somilta
allative		somalle	somille
essive		somana	somina
translative		somaksi	somiksi
abessive		somatta	somitta
instructive		—	somin
comitative		—	somine

Possessive forms of soma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative somani somani accusative nom. somani somani gen. somani genitive somani somieni somaini rare partitive somaani somiani inessive somassani somissani elative somastani somistani illative somaani somiini adessive somallani somillani ablative somaltani somiltani allative somalleni somilleni essive somanani sominani translative somakseni somikseni abessive somattani somittani instructive — — comitative — somineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative somasi somasi accusative nom. somasi somasi gen. somasi genitive somasi somiesi somaisi rare partitive somaasi somiasi inessive somassasi somissasi elative somastasi somistasi illative somaasi somiisi adessive somallasi somillasi ablative somaltasi somiltasi allative somallesi somillesi essive somanasi sominasi translative somaksesi somiksesi abessive somattasi somittasi instructive — — comitative — sominesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative somamme somamme accusative nom. somamme somamme gen. somamme genitive somamme somiemme somaimme rare partitive somaamme somiamme inessive somassamme somissamme elative somastamme somistamme illative somaamme somiimme adessive somallamme somillamme ablative somaltamme somiltamme allative somallemme somillemme essive somanamme sominamme translative somaksemme somiksemme abessive somattamme somittamme instructive — — comitative — sominemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative somanne somanne accusative nom. somanne somanne gen. somanne genitive somanne somienne somainne rare partitive somaanne somianne inessive somassanne somissanne elative somastanne somistanne illative somaanne somiinne adessive somallanne somillanne ablative somaltanne somiltanne allative somallenne somillenne essive somananne sominanne translative somaksenne somiksenne abessive somattanne somittanne instructive — — comitative — sominenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative somansa somansa accusative nom. somansa somansa gen. somansa genitive somansa somiensa somainsa rare partitive somaansa somiaan somiansa inessive somassaan somassansa somissaan somissansa elative somastaan somastansa somistaan somistansa illative somaansa somiinsa adessive somallaan somallansa somillaan somillansa ablative somaltaan somaltansa somiltaan somiltansa allative somalleen somallensa somilleen somillensa essive somanaan somanansa sominaan sominansa translative somakseen somaksensa somikseen somiksensa abessive somattaan somattansa somittaan somittansa instructive — — comitative — somineen sominensa

Derived terms

• somasti
• somentaa
• someta
• somistaa
• somuus

 

Further reading

• “soma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• Asmo, mosa, osma

French

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

soma m (plural somas)

1. (cytology) soma

Further reading

• “soma”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

furrows (gl:regos) and ridges (somas) in a ploughed field

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese soma (“top”) (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin summa (“top”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈsomɐ]

Noun

soma f (plural somas)

1. ridge (formed besides a furrow)

   Synonyms: lombeiro, márdea, mesa, sorrello

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “soma”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “soma”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “soma”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “soma”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “soma”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɔ.ma/
• Rhymes: -ɔma
• Hyphenation: sò‧ma

Etymology 1

From Late Latin sauma, from alteration of Latin sagma, from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma). Compare the doublet salma (“corpse”). Cognate to French somme (“packsaddle”).

Noun

soma f (plural some)

1. the load borne by a pack animal
2. (by extension) the measure of the capacity of a given animal to bear a load
3. (figurative, literary)
   1. burden

      Synonym: onere

   2. weight

      Synonym: peso

   3. body

      Synonym: corpo

Derived terms

• animale da soma
• bestia da soma
• someggiare

 

Further reading

• soma¹ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

Noun

soma m (plural somi)

1. (medicine) soma

Derived terms

• somatico
• somite

 

Further reading

• soma² in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 3

Transliteration of Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

Noun

soma m (plural somata)

1. (music, historical, Byzantine Greece) second interval

Further reading

• soma³ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 4

Borrowed from English soma, from Sanskrit सोम (soma), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sáwHmas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáwHmas, derived from the root *sawH- (“to press out, to extract”).

Noun

soma m (invariable) (historical)

1. name of an as yet unidentified plant
2. soma (juice extracted from the above plant, used as a ritual drink)

Further reading

• soma⁴ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

• Amos, Mosa, Samo, maso

Italiot Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

Noun

soma n

1. body

Japanese

Romanization

soma

1. Rōmaji transcription of そま

Latvian

Etymology 1

Ceļasoma

Mugursoma

Borrowed from Old East Slavic сума (suma) (compare Russian сума́ (sumá)), itself borrowed (via Polish) from Old High German soum (“burden”) (compare German Saum), from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma) (whence also Latin sagma, sauma (“burden saddle, burden”)). The borrowing happened in the 13th century, when Old East Slavic у was still pronounced as [oː]. The word soma is first attested in 17th-century dictionaries with meanings such as “bread sack”, “bag”, “travel bag”.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sūōma]

Noun

soma f (4th declension)

1. bag, pack (fabric, leather, etc. object with straps or handles, used for carrying small objects, groceries, etc.)

   pasta soma ― mail bag

   medību soma ― (hunting) game bag

   skolas soma ― satchel, school bag

   iepirkumu soma ― shopping bag

   ceļa soma, ceļasoma ― suitcase (lit. travelling bag)

   rokas soma, rokassoma ― purse (lit. hand bag)

   mugursoma ― backpack, knapsack, rucksack

2. (biology, anatomy) pouch (skin fold in marsupials to keep a newborn baby)

   ķengura soma ― kangaroo pouch

Declension

Declension of soma (4th declension)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative (nominatīvs)	soma	somas
accusative (akuzatīvs)	somu	somas
genitive (ģenitīvs)	somas	somu
dative (datīvs)	somai	somām
instrumental (instrumentālis)	somu	somām
locative (lokatīvs)	somā	somās
vocative (vokatīvs)	soma	somas

Derived terms

• ceļasoma
• mugursoma
• rokassoma

See also

• maiss

Etymology 2

See soms.

Noun

soma m

1. genitive singular of soms

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɔ.ma/
• Rhymes: -ɔma
• Syllabification: so‧ma
• Homophone: Soma

Etymology 1

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma).

Noun

soma f

1. (anatomy) soma (the whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail)
2. (anatomy) soma (the corporeal body, as distinguished from the psyche or soul)

Declension

Declension of soma

	singular	plural
nominative	soma	somy
genitive	somy	som
dative	somie	somom
accusative	somę	somy
instrumental	somą	somami
locative	somie	somach
vocative	somo	somy

Derived terms

adjectives

• asomatyczny
• somatyczny

 

Related terms

adverb

• somatycznie

 

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सोम (soma).

Noun

soma f

1. (Vedic religion) soma (ritual drink in ancient Vedic and continuing Hindu culture)

Declension

Declension of soma

	singular
nominative	soma
genitive	somy
dative	somie
accusative	somę
instrumental	somą
locative	somie
vocative	somo

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

soma m animal

1. genitive/accusative singular of som

Further reading

• soma in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

soma (1)

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese soma, from Latin summa.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈso.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈso.mɐ/, /ˈsɔ.mɐ/

• Rhymes: -ɔmɐ, -omɐ
• Hyphenation: so‧ma

Noun

soma f (plural somas)

1. (arithmetic) sum (quantity obtained by addition or aggregation)
2. sum (quantity of money)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈso.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈso.mɐ/

• Hyphenation: so‧ma

Noun

soma m (plural somas)

1. (anatomy, cytology) soma

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Sanskrit सोम (sóma), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma, from Proto-Indo-European *sew(h)-.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈso.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈso.mɐ/

• Hyphenation: so‧ma

Noun

soma m (plural somas)

1. (religion) soma

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈsõ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈso.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈsɔ.mɐ/

• Rhymes: -ɔmɐ
• Hyphenation: so‧ma

Verb

soma

1. inflection of somar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French sommer.

Verb

a soma (third-person singular present somează, past participle somat) 1st conj.

1. to summon

Conjugation

    conjugation of soma (first conjugation, -ez- infix)

infinitive			a soma
gerund			somând
past participle			somat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	somez	somezi	somează	somăm	somați	somează
	imperfect	somam	somai	soma	somam	somați	somau
	simple perfect	somai	somași	somă	somarăm	somarăți	somară
	pluperfect	somasem	somaseși	somase	somaserăm	somaserăți	somaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	să somez	să somezi	să someze	să somăm	să somați	să someze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		somează			somați
	negative		nu soma			nu somați

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-soma (infinitive gusoma, perfective -somye)

1. to read

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

soma (Cyrillic spelling сома)

1. genitive/accusative singular of som

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsoma/ [ˈso.ma]
• Rhymes: -oma
• Syllabification: so‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”).

Noun

soma m (plural somas)

1. (biology) soma

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin summa.

Noun

soma f (plural somas)

1. a kind of thick flour

Further reading

• “soma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28

Swahili

Etymology

Of Bantu origin.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-soma (infinitive kusoma)

1. to read
2. to study

Conjugation

Conjugation of -soma
Positive present -nasoma Subjunctive -some Negative -somi Imperative singular soma
Infinitives
Positive kusoma Negative kutosoma
Imperatives
Singular soma Plural someni
Tensed forms
Habitual husoma Positive past positive subject concord + -lisoma Negative past negative subject concord + -kusoma
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nasoma) Singular Plural 1st person ninasoma/nasoma tunasoma 2nd person unasoma mnasoma 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anasoma wanasoma other classes positive subject concord + -nasoma
Negative present (negative subject concord + -somi) Singular Plural 1st person sisomi hatusomi 2nd person husomi hamsomi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hasomi hawasomi other classes negative subject concord + -somi
Positive future positive subject concord + -tasoma Negative future negative subject concord + -tasoma
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -some) Singular Plural 1st person nisome tusome 2nd person usome msome 3rd person m-wa(I/II) asome wasome other classes positive subject concord + -some
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sisome Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngesoma Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singesoma Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalisoma Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalisoma
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -asoma) Singular Plural 1st person nasoma twasoma 2nd person wasoma mwasoma 3rd person m-wa(I/II) asoma wasoma m-mi(III/IV) wasoma yasoma ji-ma(V/VI) lasoma yasoma ki-vi(VII/VIII) chasoma vyasoma n(IX/X) yasoma zasoma u(XI) wasoma see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwasoma pa(XVI) pasoma mu(XVIII) mwasoma
Perfect positive subject concord + -mesoma "Already" positive subject concord + -meshasoma "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jasoma "If/When" positive subject concord + -kisoma "If not" positive subject concord + -siposoma Consecutive kasoma / positive subject concord + -kasoma Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kasome
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nisoma -tusoma 2nd person -kusoma -wasoma/-kusomeni/-wasomeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -msoma -wasoma m-mi(III/IV) -usoma -isoma ji-ma(V/VI) -lisoma -yasoma ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kisoma -visoma n(IX/X) -isoma -zisoma u(XI) -usoma see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kusoma pa(XVI) -pasoma mu(XVIII) -musoma Reflexive -jisoma
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -soma- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -somaye -somao m-mi(III/IV) -somao -somayo ji-ma(V/VI) -somalo -somayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -somacho -somavyo n(IX/X) -somayo -somazo u(XI) -somao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -somako pa(XVI) -somapo mu(XVIII) -somamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -soma) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yesoma -osoma m-mi(III/IV) -osoma -yosoma ji-ma(V/VI) -losoma -yosoma ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chosoma -vyosoma n(IX/X) -yosoma -zosoma u(XI) -osoma see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kosoma pa(XVI) -posoma mu(XVIII) -mosoma
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -somea
  • Causative: -somesha (“make read, educate”)
  • Passive: -somwa
  • Stative: -someka (“be legible”)

• Nominal derivations:
  • msoma (“reader”)
  • msomaji (“reader”)
  • somo (“lesson”)

Swazi

Verb

-sóma

1. to court, to flirt, to date

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Ternate

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈso.ma]

Noun

soma

1. dragnet, fishnet

References

• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Turkish

Noun

soma

1. dative singular of som