kuka

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "kuka"

Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *ku, from Proto-Uralic *ku- ~ *ko-. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with -ka (as with joka and mikä). Cognate with Estonian kumb (“which”), Erzya кона (kona, “which”), кода (koda, “how”), Hungarian hol (“where”), Forest Enets [script needed] (hōke, “which one”), Nganasan [script needed] (kuninu, “where”), and Kamassian [script needed] (kāmǝ̑n, “if”).

Inflected forms in modern Finnish are suppletive, deriving from a merger with ken (see the inflection section).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/, [ˈkukɑ̝]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Hyphenation(key): ku‧ka

Pronoun

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kuka

  1. (interrogative) who
    Kuka on ovella?
    Who is at the door?
  2. (relative) who (as an 'independent' relative pronoun; see the usage notes)
    En tiedä kuka sen teki.
    I don't know who did it.
  3. (relative, dialectal) who
    Synonyms: joka, mikä

Usage notes

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  • The singular forms are sometimes used colloquially instead of the actual plural forms. ketä is particularly common for keitä. In some dialects, ketä is used as the nominative singular form in place of kuka.
  • kuka is only used as an 'independent' relative pronoun in standard Finnish. It is used for persons, while mikä is used otherwise. See the usage notes of mikä for more on this usage (#4). Outside of this usage, kuka is used as a relative pronoun only in dialects, and joka or mikä is used instead.
  • kuka may behave as an indefinite pronoun with an additional word like ikinä, hyvänsä, tahansa (after kuka), or vaikka (before kuka). Some relative uses may also be indefinite:
    Oli kuka oli. (dismissive nuance)
    Whoever it was.
    (literally, “[It] was who [it] was.”)

Inflection

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  • In modern Finnish, forms based on the stem form ke- or kene- are the usual inflected forms of the interrogative personal pronoun. Inflected forms based on the stem ku- are now archaic and somewhat poetic, even though the nominative singular kuka is modern. Conversely, the alternative nominative form ken is now archaic or poetic.
  • The illative, adessive, ablative and allative singular cases have alternative forms of equal value; both forms are commonly used. Thus, keneen ~ kehen, kenellä ~ kellä, kenelle ~ kelle and keneltä ~ keltä exist in free variation. Some speakers may consider the former forms to be somewhat more formal, but no such prescription exists.
  • Like personal pronouns, a special accusative form exists: kenet (compare minut, sinut, etc.).
  • Some cases of kuka/ken are hardly used at all. The inflection table below shows the archaic or otherwise rarely used forms in brackets.
  • The instructive plural kuin(ka)*, the instructive singular kun* and the causative singular kuten* (with the dated, archaic form kutenka*) are used as adverbs with completely different meanings from “who”.
  • In the inflection table below, poetic and/or archaic forms are shown in brackets and modern usage without brackets.
Declension of kuka
noun case singular pluraladverbial form singular plural
nominative kuka (ken) (kutka) ketkäsuperessive – –
genitive (kunka) kenen (kuiden) keiden
(kuitten) keitten		delative – –
partitive (kuta) ketä (kuita) keitäsublative – –
accusative (kunka) kenet (kutka) ketkälative – –
inessive (kussa) kenessä (kuissa) keissätemporal (kulloin) –
elative (kusta) kenestä (kuista) keistäcausative (kuten*, kutenka*) –
illative (kuhun) keneen, kehen (kuihin) keihinmultiplicative – –
adessive (kulla) kenellä, kellä (kuilla) keillädistributive – –
ablative (kulta) keneltä, keltä (kuilta) keiltätemp. dist. – –
allative (kulle) kenelle, kelle (kuille) keilleprolative – –
essive (kuna) kenenä, kenä (kuina) keinäsituative – –
translative (kuksi) keneksi (kuiksi) keiksioppositive – –
abessive (kutta) kenettä (kuitta) keittä
instructive (kun*) (kuin, kuinka*) (—)
comitative – –

Synonyms

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  • ken (see the inflection section above)

Derived terms

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compounds
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See also

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Further reading

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Anagrams

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Hawaiian

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Etymology

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From English coat.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈku.ka/, [ˈku.kə]

Noun

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kuka

  1. coat

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Uncertain; perhaps an Italian loan word, compare Northern Italian cuco (“goofy”).

Adjective

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kuka

  2. dumb (as a fish), tongue-tied (not saying a word)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Via Czech, from German KUKA, short for Keller und Knappich Augsburg, a German firm which manufactured and supplied orange refuse collection vehicles. Today the company KUKA produces industrial robots and automation technologies.

Noun

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kuka (plural kukák)

  2. garbage can, trash can, refuse bin (especially an outdoor container)
    Coordinate terms: szemetes, szemetesvödör, szemétkosár, szemetesláda, szemétláda
Declension
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Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative kuka kukák
accusative kukát kukákat
dative kukának kukáknak
instrumental kukával kukákkal
causal-final kukáért kukákért
translative kukává kukákká
terminative kukáig kukákig
essive-formal kukaként kukákként
essive-modal — —
inessive kukában kukákban
superessive kukán kukákon
adessive kukánál kukáknál
illative kukába kukákba
sublative kukára kukákra
allative kukához kukákhoz
elative kukából kukákból
delative kukáról kukákról
ablative kukától kukáktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		kukáé kukáké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		kukáéi kukákéi
Possessive forms of kuka
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. kukám kukáim
2nd person sing. kukád kukáid
3rd person sing. kukája kukái
1st person plural kukánk kukáink
2nd person plural kukátok kukáitok
3rd person plural kukájuk kukáik

Further reading

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  • (dumb): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (garbage can): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (wooden hook used for drying tobacco): kuka in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ingrian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *kuka, from Proto-Uralic *ku-. Cognates with Finnish kuka (“who”).

The inflected forms derive from Proto-Finnic *ku.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kuka

  1. which? (of many)

Declension

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Declension of kuka
singular plural
nominative kuka kut
genitive kunen
partitive kuta
illative kuhu
inessive kus
elative kust
allative kulle
adessive kul
ablative kult
translative kuks
essive kunenna
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)

Derived terms

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References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 212

Pitjantjatjara

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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kuka

  1. edible animal
  2. meat

Derived terms

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Polish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈku.ka/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -uka
  • Syllabification: ku‧ka

Verb

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kuka

  1. third-person singular present of kukać

Quechua

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Etymology

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Perhaps from Aymara.

Noun

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kuka

  1. coca

Declension

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declension of kuka
singular plural
nominative kuka kukakuna
accusative kukata kukakunata
dative kukaman kukakunaman
genitive kukap kukakunap
locative kukapi kukakunapi
terminative kukakama kukakunakama
ablative kukamanta kukakunamanta
instrumental kukawan kukakunawan
comitative kukantin kukakunantin
abessive kukannaq kukakunannaq
comparative kukahina kukakunahina
causative kukarayku kukakunarayku
benefactive kukapaq kukakunapaq
associative kukapura kukakunapura
distributive kukanka kukakunanka
exclusive kukalla kukakunalla
possessive forms of kuka
ñuqap - first-person singular
ñuqap (my) singular plural
nominative kukay kukaykuna
accusative kukayta kukaykunata
dative kukayman kukaykunaman
genitive kukaypa kukaykunap
locative kukaypi kukaykunapi
terminative kukaykama kukaykunakama
ablative kukaymanta kukaykunamanta
instrumental kukaywan kukaykunawan
comitative kukaynintin kukaykunantin
abessive kukayninnaq kukaykunannaq
comparative kukayhina kukaykunahina
causative kukayrayku kukaykunarayku
benefactive kukaypaq kukaykunapaq
associative kukaypura kukaykunapura
distributive kukayninka kukaykunanka
exclusive kukaylla kukaykunalla
qampa - second-person singular
qampa (your) singular plural
nominative kukayki kukaykikuna
accusative kukaykita kukaykikunata
dative kukaykiman kukaykikunaman
genitive kukaykipa kukaykikunap
locative kukaykipi kukaykikunapi
terminative kukaykikama kukaykikunakama
ablative kukaykimanta kukaykikunamanta
instrumental kukaykiwan kukaykikunawan
comitative kukaykintin kukaykikunantin
abessive kukaykinnaq kukaykikunannaq
comparative kukaykihina kukaykikunahina
causative kukaykirayku kukaykikunarayku
benefactive kukaykipaq kukaykikunapaq
associative kukaykipura kukaykikunapura
distributive kukaykinka kukaykikunanka
exclusive kukaykilla kukaykikunalla
paypa - third-person singular
paypa (his/her/its) singular plural
nominative kukan kukankuna
accusative kukanta kukankunata
dative kukanman kukankunaman
genitive kukanpa kukankunap
locative kukanpi kukankunapi
terminative kukankama kukankunakama
ablative kukanmanta kukankunamanta
instrumental kukanwan kukankunawan
comitative kukanintin kukankunantin
abessive kukanninnaq kukankunannaq
comparative kukanhina kukankunahina
causative kukanrayku kukankunarayku
benefactive kukanpaq kukankunapaq
associative kukanpura kukankunapura
distributive kukaninka kukankunanka
exclusive kukanlla kukankunalla
ñuqanchikpa - first-person inclusive plural
ñuqanchikpa (our(incl)) singular plural
nominative kukanchik kukanchikkuna
accusative kukanchikta kukanchikkunata
dative kukanchikman kukanchikkunaman
genitive kukanchikpa kukanchikkunap
locative kukanchikpi kukanchikkunapi
terminative kukanchikkama kukanchikkunakama
ablative kukanchikmanta kukanchikkunamanta
instrumental kukanchikwan kukanchikkunawan
comitative kukanchiknintin kukanchikkunantin
abessive kukanchikninnaq kukanchikkunannaq
comparative kukanchikhina kukanchikkunahina
causative kukanchikrayku kukanchikkunarayku
benefactive kukanchikpaq kukanchikkunapaq
associative kukanchikpura kukanchikkunapura
distributive kukanchikninka kukanchikkunanka
exclusive kukanchiklla kukanchikkunalla
ñuqaykup - first-person exclusive plural
ñuqaykup (our(excl)) singular plural
nominative kukayku kukaykukuna
accusative kukaykuta kukaykukunata
dative kukaykuman kukaykukunaman
genitive kukaykupa kukaykukunap
locative kukaykupi kukaykukunapi
terminative kukaykukama kukaykukunakama
ablative kukaykumanta kukaykukunamanta
instrumental kukaykuwan kukaykukunawan
comitative kukaykuntin kukaykukunantin
abessive kukaykunnaq kukaykukunannaq
comparative kukaykuhina kukaykukunahina
causative kukaykurayku kukaykukunarayku
benefactive kukaykupaq kukaykukunapaq
associative kukaykupura kukaykukunapura
distributive kukaykunka kukaykukunanka
exclusive kukaykulla kukaykukunalla
qamkunap - second-person plural
qamkunap (your(pl)) singular plural
nominative kukaykichik kukaykichikkuna
accusative kukaykichikta kukaykichikkunata
dative kukaykichikman kukaykichikkunaman
genitive kukaykichikpa kukaykichikkunap
locative kukaykichikpi kukaykichikkunapi
terminative kukaykichikkama kukaykichikkunakama
ablative kukaykichikmanta kukaykichikkunamanta
instrumental kukaykichikwan kukaykichikkunawan
comitative kukaykichiknintin kukaykichikkunantin
abessive kukaykichikninnaq kukaykichikkunannaq
comparative kukaykichikhina kukaykichikkunahina
causative kukaykichikrayku kukaykichikkunarayku
benefactive kukaykichikpaq kukaykichikkunapaq
associative kukaykichikpura kukaykichikkunapura
distributive kukaykichikninka kukaykichikkunanka
exclusive kukaykichiklla kukaykichikkunalla
paykunap - third-person plural
paykunap (their) singular plural
nominative kukanku kukankukuna
accusative kukankuta kukankukunata
dative kukankuman kukankukunaman
genitive kukankupa kukankukunap
locative kukankupi kukankukunapi
terminative kukankukama kukankukunakama
ablative kukankumanta kukankukunamanta
instrumental kukankuwan kukankukunawan
comitative kukankuntin kukankukunantin
abessive kukankunnaq kukankukunannaq
comparative kukankuhina kukankukunahina
causative kukankurayku kukankukunarayku
benefactive kukankupaq kukankukunapaq
associative kukankupura kukankukunapura
distributive kukankunka kukankukunanka
exclusive kukankulla kukankukunalla

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • → Spanish: coca
    • → English: coca
      • → Chinese: 古柯 (gǔkē)

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology 1

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kuka (“hook, hook-shaped”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kûka/
  • Hyphenation: ku‧ka

Noun

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kȕka f (Cyrillic spelling ку̏ка)

  1. hook
Declension
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Declension of kuka
singular plural
nominative kȕka kȕke
genitive kuke kȗkā
dative kuki kukama
accusative kuku kuke
vocative kuko kuke
locative kuki kukama
instrumental kukom kukama

Further reading

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  • “kuka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kûka/
  • Hyphenation: ku‧ka

Noun

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kȕka f (Cyrillic spelling ку̏ка)

  1. Mediterranean slipper lobster (Scyllarides latus)
Declension
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Declension of kuka
singular plural
nominative kȕka kȕke
genitive kuke kȗkā
dative kuki kukama
accusative kuku kuke
vocative kuko kuke
locative kuki kukama
instrumental kukom kukama

Further reading

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  • “kuka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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kuka (Cyrillic spelling кука)

  1. genitive singular of kuk

Swedish

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Verb

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kuka (present kukar, preterite kukade, supine kukat, imperative kuka)

  1. Only used in kuka ur

Tok Pisin

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Noun

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kuka

  1. crab

Tokelauan

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Etymology

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Borrowed from English cook.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈku.ka]
  • Hyphenation: ku‧ka

Noun

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kuka

  1. cook, chef
  2. cooked food

Verb

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kuka

  1. (transitive) to cook

Derived terms

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References

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  • R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎[2], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 168

Yosondúa Mixtec

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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kuka

  1. comb

Derived terms

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References

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  • Beaty de Farris, Kathryn, et al. (2012) Diccionario básico del mixteco de Yosondúa, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”; 46)‎[3] (in Spanish), third edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 40
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