aşağı
Azerbaijani
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From aşağa, the dative form of *aşaq, as in Karakhanid اَشَقْ (aşaq, “bottom of a mountain”), ultimately from the same etymon as aşmaq: Proto-Turkic *āš- (“to cross (a mountain), to surpass”) + -aq.
Possibly formed as an adjective from aşağa (“downwards”) with the sense "lower, the lower one; low" analogically to yuxarı (“upwards; upper; high”) and later reinterpreted as directional adverb itself. The original form aşağa is now considered colloquial or dialectal and proscribed from usage in writing; as such, it is not found in the standard Azerbaijani dictionaries, such as Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti[1] or in Azerbaijani-Russian dictionaries.[2] This is probably due to the fact that the noun *aşaq did not make it into Azerbaijani, so aşağa is not perceived as a dative case of any noun, but rather as a corruption of aşağıya. The latter must be a new dative case form that has been formed with aşağı as the base. Compare also the note on Ottoman Turkish اشغی (aşağı) as a form of Ottoman Turkish اشغه (aşağa) "used by educated people" in Meninski (1680).
The paradigm of directional/spatial adverbs of height in Azerbaijani must have undergone a morpho-semantic leveling so that senses of yuxarı / aşağı and their derived forms almost completely mirror one another:
- yuxarı 'upwards' (adv.); attested first.
- aşağa 'downwards' (adv.); attested first.
- → (analogically with yuxarı) aşağı 'lower'; 'low' (adj);
- → (analogically with yuxarı) starts being used as a directional adverb 'downwards' along with aşağa and as the noun 'lower part';
- → (analogically with yuxarı) aşağı 'lower'; 'low' (adj);
The formation of aşağı from aşağa as a paradigmatic counterpart of yuxarı may have been facilitated by the need for another, neutral concept for 'low, not high' in view of the development of a negative figurative sense in alçaq (“low; → despicable”).
Compare also reshaping of Turkish aşağı to aşarı, aşaru under the analogical influence of yukarı in Anatolian dialects.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [ɑʃɑˈɣɯ]
- IPA(key): [ɑʃːɑˈɣɯ] (especially when emphasized)
Audio (Baku): (file) - Hyphenation: a‧şa‧ğı
Adverb
[edit]aşağı
Adjective
[edit]aşağı (comparative daha aşağı, superlative ən aşağı)
- lower
- more towards the bottom than the middle of an object
- (in placenames) lower; situated on lower ground
- Aşağı Əylis ― Lower Aylis
- Aşağı Əskipara ― Lower Askipara
- (parliamentarism) lower
- aşağı palata ― lower chamber
- Antonym: yuxarı
- low
- deep (of a sound or voice, low in frequency or pitch)
Noun
[edit]aşağı (definite accusative aşağını, plural aşağılar)
- lower part
- evin aşağısı ― lower part of the house
- (colloquial) lower prise, discount
- Qiymət sondur, aşağısı yoxdur. ― The price is final, no discount on it.
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | aşağı | aşağılar |
definite accusative | aşağını | aşağıları |
dative | aşağıya | aşağılara |
locative | aşağıda | aşağılarda |
ablative | aşağıdan | aşağılardan |
definite genitive | aşağının | aşağıların |
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- ^ Orucov, Əliheydər, editor (2006), “aşağı”, in Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti [Explanatory Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language][1] (in Azerbaijani), 2nd edition, Baku: Şərq-Qərb
- ^ Əzizbəyov X. Ə. (1965) “aşağı”, in Азәрбајҹанҹа-русҹа лүғәт [Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary], Baku: Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı
- “aşağı” in Obastan.com.
Crimean Tatar
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آشاغی (aşağı, “lower”).
Adverb
[edit]aşağı
Adjective
[edit]aşağı
Related terms
[edit]Salar
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Salar aşaq (“low”). Cognate with Turkmen aşāgy.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Jiezi, Gaizi, Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Yining, Xinjiang) IPA(key): [ɑʃɑːʁɨ], [ɑʃɑʁɨ]
- (Qingshui, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA(key): [ɑːʃɑʁɨ]
Noun
[edit]aşağı
References
[edit]- Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “aşağı”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 295
Turkish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From aşağa, the dative form of aşak, as in Old Turkic [script needed] (aşak, “bottom of mountain”),[1] ultimately from the same etymon as aşmak: Proto-Turkic *āš- (“to cross (a mountain), to surpass”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]aşağı (definite accusative aşağıyı, plural aşağılar)
Declension
[edit]Adjective
[edit]aşağı
Declension
[edit]present tense | ||
---|---|---|
positive declarative | positive interrogative | |
ben (I am) | aşağıyım | aşağı mıyım? |
sen (you are) | aşağısın | aşağı mısın? |
o (he/she/it is) | aşağı / aşağıdır | aşağı mı? |
biz (we are) | aşağıyız | aşağı mıyız? |
siz (you are) | aşağısınız | aşağı mısınız? |
onlar (they are) | aşağı(lar) | aşağı(lar) mı? |
past tense | ||
positive declarative | positive interrogative | |
ben (I was) | aşağıydım | aşağı mıydım? |
sen (you were) | aşağıydın | aşağı mıydın? |
o (he/she/it was) | aşağıydı | aşağı mıydı? |
biz (we were) | aşağıydık | aşağı mıydık? |
siz (you were) | aşağıydınız | aşağı mıydınız? |
onlar (they were) | aşağıydılar | aşağı mıydılar? |
indirect past | ||
positive declarative | positive interrogative | |
ben (I was) | aşağıymışım | aşağı mıymışım? |
sen (you were) | aşağıymışsın | aşağı mıymışsın? |
o (he/she/it was) | aşağıymış | aşağı mıymış? |
biz (we were) | aşağıymışız | aşağı mıymışız? |
siz (you were) | aşağıymışsınız | aşağı mıymışsınız? |
onlar (they were) | aşağıymışlar | aşağı mıymışlar? |
conditional | ||
positive declarative | positive interrogative | |
ben (if I) | aşağıysam | aşağı mıysam? |
sen (if you) | aşağıysan | aşağı mıysan? |
o (if he/she/it) | aşağıysa | aşağı mıysa? |
biz (if we) | aşağıysak | aşağı mıysak? |
siz (if you) | aşağıysanız | aşağı mıysanız? |
onlar (if they) | aşağıysalar | aşağı mıysalar? |
For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.
Adverb
[edit]aşağı
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aşağı”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Azerbaijani terms derived from Proto-Turkic
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