Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gordъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gárdas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰordʰ-os, from *gʰerdʰ-.

Reconstruction notes

In the Pskov-Polotsk, North Smolensk and North Vitebsk dialects, a barytone accent paradigm is noted. In the North Pskov dialects it is noted nom.sg. горо́д (goród), gen.sg. горо́да (goróda), dat.sg. горо́ду (goródu), loc.sg. на горо́де (na goróde), instr.sg. за горо́дом (za goródom); in the Tikhvin dialects, в горо́д’е (v goród’e) is noted. In the Pskov monuments, a reflex different from the accent paradigm c is also noted gen.sg. и без Нова горо́да (i bez Nova goróda), dat.sg. к Новоу горо̀ду (k Novu goròdu), loc.sg. в Новѣ горо́дѣ (v Nově goródě).

Noun

*gõrdъ or *gȏrdъ m

1. fortification, castle
2. town, city

Inflection

Declension of *gõrdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gõrdъ	*gōrdà	*gōrdì
genitive	*gōrdà	*gōrdù	*gõrdъ
dative	*gōrdù	*gōrdòma	*gōrdòmъ
accusative	*gõrdъ	*gōrdà	*gōrdỳ
instrumental	*gōrdъ̀mь, *gōrdòmь*	*gōrdòma	*gõrdy
locative	*gōrdě̀	*gōrdù	*gõrděxъ
vocative	*gorde	*gōrdà	*gōrdì

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Declension of *gȏrdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gȏrdъ	*gȏrda	*gȏrdi
genitive	*gȏrda	*gordù	*gõrdъ
dative	*gȏrdu	*gordomà	*gordòmъ
accusative	*gȏrdъ	*gȏrda	*gȏrdy
instrumental	*gȏrdъmь, *gȏrdomь*	*gordomà	*gordý
locative	*gȏrdě	*gordù	*gordě̃xъ
vocative	*gorde	*gȏrda	*gȏrdi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Related terms

• *zerdmę
• *zordъ
• *žьrdь (“perch, pole, ricker”)

Derived terms

• *gordica
• *gordina
• *gordišče
• *gorďanъ / *gorďaninъ (“citizen”)
• *gorďь / *gorďa (“fence”)
• *gordьcь (“a small town”)
• *gordьnъ
• *gordьskъ
• *vinogordъ
• *gorditi (“to fence, enclose; to build”)
  • *gordežь (“building, construction”)
  • *gordьba
  • *Gordislavъ
  • *jьzgorda
  • *nagorditi (“to reward”)
    • *nagorda (“reward, prize”)
      • *nagordъkъ
      • *nagordьnъ
        • *nagordьňa
  • *ogorditi
    • *ogorďenьje / *ogordenьje
    • *ogordъ / *ogorda / *ogordь (“fence, enclosure”)
      • *ogordica / *ogordъka
      • *ogordina
      • *ogordišče
      • *ogorďa / *ogorďь
      • *ogordъkъ / *ogordьcь
      • *ogordьje
      • *ogordьnъ / *ogordьnь
        • *ogordьnica
        • *ogordьnikъ
  • *orzgorditi
    • *orzgorda / *orzgordъ / *orzgordь
    • *orzgorďa
  • *otъgorditi
    • *otъgorda / *otъgordъ
    • *otъgorďati / *otъgordati

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: го́родъ (górodŭ)
    • Belarusian: го́рад (hórad)
    • Russian: го́род (górod)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: город (horod)
    • Ukrainian: го́род (hórod) (rare, walled town, city, citadel)
  • Old Novgorodian: городе (gorode)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: градъ (gradŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ)

    • → Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)
      • Russian: град (grad) (archaic or poetic)
      • Ukrainian: град (hrad) (archaic or poetic)
    • → Old Novgorodian: граде (grade)
  • Bulgarian: град (grad)
  • Macedonian: град (grad)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: гра̑д

    Latin script: grȃd

    • Slavomolisano: grad
  • Slovene: grȃd (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: hrad
    • Czech: hrad
  • Kashubian: gard
  • Polabian: gord
  • Polish: gród
  • Slovak: hrad
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: grod
    • Upper Sorbian: hród

• → Romanian: gard

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “город”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gordъ / *gorda / *gordь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 37