-mesha-
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Swahili
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From -me- + -isha (“to finish”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Infix
[edit]-mesha-
- counterexpectative perfect aspect marker, indicates that an action has taken place even though one might have expected otherwise
- Near-synonym: -me-
- Wameshakisoma hicho kitabu. ― They have actually read this book.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of -mesha-
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nimesha- | tumesha- | |
| 2nd person | umesha- | mmesha- | |
| 3rd person | m-wa(I/II) | amesha- | wamesha- |
| m-mi(III/IV) | umesha- | imesha- | |
| ji-ma(V/VI) | limesha- | yamesha- | |
| ki-vi(VII/VIII) | kimesha- | vimesha- | |
| n(IX/X) | imesha- | zimesha- | |
| u(XI) | umesha- | see n(X) or ma(VI) | |
| ku(XV/XVII) | kumesha- | ||
| pa(XVI) | pamesha- | ||
| mu(XVIII) | mmesha- | ||
| For more information, see Appendix:Swahili verbs. | |||
See also
[edit]| Swahili TAM markers | |
|---|---|
| Initial | |
| Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
| Negative infinitive | kuto- |
| Habitual | hu-1 |
| Telegrammic | ka-1 |
| Final | |
| General (positive indicative) | -a |
| Positive subjunctive | -e |
| Negative present | -i |
| Second person plural | -ni |
| Infix position positive subject concord | |
| Positive past | -li- |
| Positive present | -na- |
| Positive future | -ta- |
| Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
| Positive present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative present conditional | -singe- |
| Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
| Negative past conditional | -singali- |
| Gnomic | -a-1 |
| Perfect | -me- |
| "Already" past | -lisha- |
| "Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
| "If/When" | -ki-1 |
| "If not" | -sipo- |
| Consecutive | -ka-1 |
| Infix position negative subject concord | |
| Negative past | -ku-1 |
| Negative future | -ta- |
| "Not yet" | -ja-1 |
| Negative present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
| Relative | |
| Past | -li- |
| Present | -na- |
| Future | -taka- |
| Negative | -si- |
| 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. | |