騎

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See also: 骑
騎 U+9A0E, 騎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A0E
← 騍
[U+9A0D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 騏 →
[U+9A0F]

Translingual

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Han character

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騎 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+8, 18 strokes, cangjie input 尸火大一口 (SFKMR), four-corner 74321, composition ⿰馬奇)

Descendants

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Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1440, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44817
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1964, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4560, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+9A0E

Chinese

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trad. 騎
simp. 骑
alternative forms 𮪍

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (奇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
奇 *kral, *ɡral
畸 *kral
剞 *kral, *kralʔ
羇 *kral
掎 *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰrals
攲 *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰral
躸 *kral
踦 *kralʔ, *kʰral
寄 *krals
徛 *krals, *ɡralʔ
欹 *kʰral, *qral
崎 *kʰral, *ɡɯl
觭 *kʰral, *kʰralʔ
碕 *kʰral, *kʰralʔ, *ɡral, *ɡɯl
綺 *kʰralʔ
婍 *kʰralʔ
騎 *ɡral, *ɡrals
琦 *ɡral
鵸 *ɡral
錡 *ɡral, *ɡralʔ, *ŋɡralʔ
輢 *ɡrals, *qralʔ, *qrals
齮 *ŋɡralʔ
犄 *qral
猗 *qral, *qralʔ
椅 *qral, *qralʔ
旖 *qral, *qralʔ
陭 *qral, *qrals
檹 *qral
漪 *qral
倚 *qralʔ, *qrals

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback

Etymology

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Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎".

Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai:

... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi).

while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003):

The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504).

Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund.

Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”).

Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ke4 - vernacular;
  • kei4 - literary.
Note:
  • kiè - colloquial (“to ride”);
  • kià - colloquial (“to straddle; to bestride”).
Note:
  • khiâ/khâ - vernacular;
  • khî/kî - literary.
Rime
Character 騎
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 支 (13)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠羈切
Baxter gje
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gjiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ɡje/
Wang
Li 		/ɡǐe/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		kei4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 騎
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gje ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.ɡ(r)aj/ (~ *[Cə.ɡ](r)aj)
English straddle; ride

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 騎
Reading # 1/2
No. 9998
Phonetic
component 		奇
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		竒
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡral/

Definitions

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騎

  1. to ride (a horse, bicycle, etc.)
  2. to sit astride
  3. (vulgar) to ride; to mount (someone in sex)
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 騎 (“to ride (a bicycle)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 騎
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 騎
Malaysia 騎
Singapore 騎
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 騎
Xi'an 騎
Southwestern Mandarin Liuzhou 踩, 騎
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 騎
Cantonese Guangzhou 踩, 踹
Hong Kong 踩, 踹
Taishan 踩
Dongguan 踩
Hakka Meixian 騎, 踩
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 騎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 騎
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 騎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 騎
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 騎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 騎
Eastern Min Fuzhou 騎
Southern Min Xiamen 騎
Quanzhou 騎
Zhangzhou 騎
Tainan 騎
Penang (Hokkien) 踏
Singapore (Hokkien) 踏
Manila (Hokkien) 踏
Singapore (Teochew) 踏
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 坐
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 坐, 踩
Wu Shanghai 踏

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • kei3 - vernacular;
  • gei6 - literary.
Rime
Character 騎
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 支 (13)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 奇寄切
Baxter gjeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡˠiᴇH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡᵚiɛH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiɛH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gjiə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/ɡjeH/
Wang
Li 		/ɡǐeH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gie̯H/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gei6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 騎
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjeH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ](r)aj-s/
English rider

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 騎
Reading # 2/2
No. 10005
Phonetic
component 		奇
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		芰
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrals/

Definitions

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騎

  1. horse or vehicle that one rides on
  2. mounted soldier
  3. (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses.
  4. a surname

Compounds

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Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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騎

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. ride horseback
  2. mount
  3. cavalry

Readings

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  • Go-on: ぎ (gi)
  • Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: のる (noru, 騎る)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
騎
き
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 騎 (MC gje|gjeH). Already used phonetically in Old Japanese to spell unvoiced ki, as in the place name 阿騎・安騎 (Aki, a former hunting ground in Nara).[1]

Attested as a counter in the early 1200s, and as a standalone noun in the late 1800s.[2]

Pronunciation

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Affix

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騎(き) • (ki) 

  1. riding on horseback
  2. a horseperson

Counter

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騎(き) • (-ki) 

  1. [early 1200s] horseperson

Noun

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騎(き) • (ki) 

  1. riding on horseback
  2. [1877] (rare) a horseperson

References

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  1. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 45:
    , available online here (in Japanese)
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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騎 (eumhun 말을 탈 기 (mareul tal gi))

  1. hanja form? of 기 (“to ride (a horse)”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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騎: Hán Nôm readings: kị, kỵ, cưỡi, cỡi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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