靉靆

See also: 曖曃

Chinese

		cloudy; shady
trad. (靉靆)		靉	靆
simp. (叆叇)		叆	叇

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): àidài

  (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ ㄉㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): oi² doi⁶ / oi³ doi⁶
• Eastern Min (BUC): ái-dâi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: àidài
    • Zhuyin: ㄞˋ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: àidài
    • Wade–Giles: ai⁴-tai⁴
    • Yale: ài-dài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ayday
    • Palladius: айдай (ajdaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 愛戴／爱戴 靉靆／叆叇

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: oi² doi⁶ / oi³ doi⁶
    • Yale: ói doih / oi doih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: oi² doi⁶ / oi³ doi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: oi² doi⁶ / oi³ doi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːi̯³⁵ tɔːi̯²²/, /ɔːi̯³³ tɔːi̯²²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ái-dâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ai²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(t-)lɑi²⁴²/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'ojH dojH

Rime
Character	靉	靆
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	烏代切	徒耐切
Baxter	'ojH	dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔʌiH/	/dʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔəiH/	/dəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɒiH/	/dɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəjH/	/dəjH/
Li Rong	/ʔᴀiH/	/dᴀiH/
Wang Li	/ɒiH/	/dɒiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔɑ̆iH/	/dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ài	dài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	oi3	doi6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qɯːds  l'ɯːds/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	靉	靆
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	4	7956
Phonetic component	愛	隶
Rime group	隊	隊
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	愛	代
Old Chinese	/*qɯːds/	/*l'ɯːds/
Notes		見楚辭遠遊

Etymology 1

Native reduplicative ideophone.

Adjective

靉靆

1. (literary, ideophonic, of clouds) thick
2. (literary, ideophonic, of the sky) gloomy; dark; cloudy

Derived terms

• 氤氳靉靆／氤氲叆叇

 

Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of a word from an unidentified foreign language (pronounced ai-dai, ai-na, etc.), since the 15^th century CE (Chiu, 1936). Frequently cited etymons are Arabic عُوَيْنات (ʕuwaynāt), الْعُوَيْنات (al-ʕuwaynāt, “spectacles”, literally “little eyes”) and Persian عینک ('eynak, “spectacles”), both derived from Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn, “eye”) (Chiu, 1936; Needham, 1962: 118–121; Hong, 1994; Chiu, 2015).

Semantically, the sense “eyeglasses” was associated with Etymology 1, the interpretation being that eyeglasses are what cover the eyes to allow one to see more clearly, akin to the way clouds cover the sky, according to Liuqing rizha (《留青日札》, 1573 CE) by Ming-dynasty scholar Tian Yiheng.

Noun

靉靆

1. (literary, obsolete) eyeglasses; spectacles

   • 靉靆如大錢……色如雲母。老人目力昏倦，不辨細書，以此掩目。精神不散，筆畫倍明。……出於西域滿利國。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     叆叇如大钱……色如云母。老人目力昏倦，不辨细书，以此掩目。精神不散，笔画倍明。……出于西域满利国。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 16th century, Tian Yiheng (田藝蘅), 《留青日札》

     Àidài rú dàqián...... Sè rú yúnmǔ. Lǎorén mùlì hūnjuàn, bù biàn xìshū, yǐ cǐ yǎn mù. Jīngshén bù sàn, bǐhuà bèi míng....... Chū yú Xīyù Mǎnlìguó. [Pinyin]

     Ai-tai resemble big coins […] and their color is like talc. When eyes of old people are dizzy and tired, and cannot read fine print, they put ai-tai over their eyes, then their concentration will not be dispersed and the strokes of the characters will appear doubly clear. […] Ai-tai come from Malacca in the West [sic].

   alt. forms: 僾逮／𫣊逮, 矮納／矮纳

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 眼鏡 (“eyeglasses”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		靉靆, 眼鏡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		眼鏡
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子
	Taiwan	眼鏡
	Chengde	眼鏡兒
	Chifeng	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	眼鏡
	Heihe	眼鏡兒
	Qiqihar	眼鏡, 鏡子
	Harbin	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Jiamusi	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Baicheng	眼鏡兒
	Changchun	眼鏡兒
	Tonghua	眼鏡兒
	Shenyang	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Jinzhou	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Malaysia	眼鏡
	Singapore	眼鏡
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	眼鏡兒
	Tangshan	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子
	Cangzhou	眼鏡兒
	Baoding	眼鏡兒
	Shijiazhuang	眼鏡兒
	Lijin	眼鏡, 鏡子
	Jinan	眼鏡子, 鏡子
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	眼鏡兒
	Dandong	眼鏡兒
	Yantai	眼鏡
	Yantai (Muping)	眼鏡
	Qingdao	眼鏡
	Zhucheng	眼鏡
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	眼鏡兒, 二餅兒 derogatory
	Lingbao	眼鏡
	Jining	眼鏡
	Wanrong	眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 二柄子 derogatory
	Linfen	眼鏡兒
	Shangqiu	眼鏡兒
	Yuanyang	眼鏡
	Zhengzhou	眼鏡
	Xinyang	眼鏡兒
	Baihe	眼鏡, 眼鏡子
	Xi'an	眼鏡, 眼鏡兒
	Baoji	眼鏡
	Tianshui	眼鏡
	Xining	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子, 眼鏡兒子
	Xuzhou	眼鏡, 二餅 humorous
	Fuyang	眼鏡, 鏡子
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	眼鏡子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	眼鏡, 眼鏡兒
	Lanzhou	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子, 鏡子, 二軲轆 humorous
	Dunhuang	眼鏡子
	Hami	眼鏡
	Ürümqi	眼鏡子, 鏡子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡
	Nanchong	眼鏡兒
	Dazhou	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Hanyuan	眼鏡, 眼鏡子
	Xichang	眼鏡
	Zigong	眼鏡兒
	Chongqing	眼鏡兒
	Wuhan	眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 玻璃 humorous
	Yichang	眼鏡
	Xiangyang	眼鏡, 鏡子
	Tianmen	眼鏡
	Guiyang	眼鏡
	Zunyi	眼鏡
	Bijie	眼鏡
	Liping	眼鏡
	Zhaotong	眼鏡
	Dali	眼鏡
	Kunming	眼鏡
	Mengzi	眼鏡
	Guilin	眼鏡
	Liuzhou	眼鏡
	Jishou	眼鏡
	Changde	眼鏡
	Hanzhong	眼鏡子
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	眼鏡, 二餅 humorous
	Yangzhou	眼鏡子
	Lianyungang	眼鏡
	Lianshui	眼鏡子
	Nantong	眼鏡
	Anqing	眼鏡, 眼睛罩 dated
	Wuhu	眼鏡子
	Hefei	眼鏡子
	Huanggang	眼鏡兒
	Hong'an	眼鏡, 鏡子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	眼鏡, 眼枷
	Hong Kong	眼鏡
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	眼鏡
	Macau	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	眼鏡
	Foshan	眼鏡
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Shunde)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Sanshui)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	眼鏡
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	眼鏡
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	眼鏡
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	眼鏡
	Taishan	眼鏡
	Kaiping (Chikan)	眼鏡
	Enping (Niujiang)	眼鏡
	Heshan (Yayao)	眼鏡
	Dongguan	眼鏡, 二文錢 dated
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	眼鏡
	Qingyuan	眼鏡
	Fogang	眼鏡
	Yingde (Hanguang)	眼鏡
	Yangshan	眼鏡
	Lianshan (Butian)	眼鏡
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	眼鏡
	Shaoguan	眼鏡
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	眼鏡
	Renhua	眼鏡
	Lechang	眼鏡
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	眼鏡
	Sihui	眼鏡
	Guangning	眼鏡
	Deqing	眼鏡
	Huaiji	眼鏡
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	眼鏡
	Yunfu	眼鏡
	Xinxing	眼鏡
	Luoding	眼鏡
	Yunan (Pingtai)	眼鏡
	Xinyi	眼鏡
	Lianjiang	眼鏡
	Nanning	眼鏡
	Wuzhou	眼鏡
	Yulin	眼鏡
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	眼鏡
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	眼鏡
	Singapore (Guangfu)	眼鏡
Gan	Nanchang	眼鏡子
	Lichuan	眼鏡
	Pingxiang	眼鏡
Hakka	Meixian	目鏡, 眼鏡
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	眼鏡
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	眼鏡
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Changbu)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	眼鏡
	Jiexi	目鏡
	Luhe	目鏡
	Changting	眼鏡
	Longyan (Yongding)	眼鏡
	Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding)	目鏡, 眼鏡
	Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding)	眼鏡
	Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding)	目鏡
	Wuping (Zhongshan)	目鏡
	Liancheng (Peitian)	眼鏡
	Liancheng (Zhongbao)	眼鏡
	Liancheng (Laiyuan)	目鏡
	Yudu	眼鏡
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Zaoqiao; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Touwu; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Nanzhuang; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Shitan; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Sanwan; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	眼鏡
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	眼枷仔
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	眼枷仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	目鏡
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	目鏡
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	目鏡
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	目鏡
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	目鏡
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	眼鏡
	Sabah (Longchuan)	眼鏡
	Kuching (Hepo)	目鏡
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	目鏡
	Singkawang	目鏡
	Bangkok (Meixian)	眼鏡
	Bangkok (Fengshun)	目鏡
Huizhou	Jixi	眼鏡
	Shexian	眼鏡
Jin	Taiyuan	眼鏡
	Yangyuan	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Datong	眼鏡兒
	Xinzhou	眼鏡, 二餅子 derogatory
	Lüliang (Lishi)	眼鏡兒
	Changzhi	眼鏡兒
	Linhe	眼鏡
	Jining	眼鏡兒
	Hohhot	眼鏡
	Erenhot	眼鏡兒
	Pingshan	眼鏡子, 鏡子
	Zhangjiakou	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Handan	眼鏡
	Linzhou	眼鏡
	Suide	眼鏡
Northern Min	Jian'ou	眼鏡
	Songxi	眼鏡
	Jianyang	眼鏡
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	眼鏡
	Fuqing	眼鏡
	Gutian	眼鏡
	Ningde	眼鏡
	Zhouning	眼鏡
	Fuding	眼鏡
	Youxi	眼鏡
	Matsu	眼鏡
Southern Min	Xiamen	目鏡
	Quanzhou	目鏡
	Jinjiang	目鏡
	Yongchun	目鏡
	Zhangzhou	目鏡
	Zhao'an	目鏡
	Taipei	目鏡
	Taipei (Wanhua)	目鏡
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	目鏡
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	目鏡
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	目鏡
	Yilan	目鏡
	Yilan (Luodong)	目鏡
	Yilan (Toucheng)	目鏡
	Changhua (Lukang)	目鏡
	Taichung	目鏡
	Taichung (Wuqi)	目鏡
	Tainan	目鏡
	Tainan (Anping)	目鏡
	Taitung	目鏡
	Hsinchu	目鏡
	Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng)	目鏡
	Penghu (Magong)	目鏡
	Penghu (Xiyu)	目鏡
	Penang (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Singapore (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Manila (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Longyan	目鏡
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	目鏡
	Datian	眼鏡
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	眼鏡
	Chaozhou	目鏡
	Shantou	目鏡
	Shantou (Chenghai)	目鏡
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	目鏡
	Jieyang	目鏡
	Haifeng	目鏡
	Phnom Penh (Teochew)	目鏡
	Singapore (Teochew)	目鏡
	Leizhou	目鏡
	Wenchang	目鏡
	Haikou	目鏡
Puxian Min	Putian	目鏡
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	目鏡
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	目鏡
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	目鏡
	Xianyou	目鏡
	Xianyou (Fengting)	目鏡
	Xianyou (Youyang)	目鏡
Central Min	Yong'an	眼鏡, 目鏡
	Sanming (Shaxian)	目鏡
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	眼鏡
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	眼鏡
	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	目鏡
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	眼鏡, 眼枷
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	眼鏡子
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	眼鏡
Wu	Shanghai	眼鏡, 托力克
	Shanghai (Chongming)	眼鏡
	Suzhou	眼鏡
	Danyang	眼鏡子
	Hangzhou	眼鏡兒
	Ningbo	蔡眼
	Wenzhou	眼鏡, 眼視鏡
	Jinhua	眼鏡
Xiang	Changsha	眼鏡
	Loudi	眼鏡
	Quanzhou	眼鏡
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	眼鏡

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (靉靆):

• → Japanese: 靉靆(あいたい) (aitai)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
靉	靆
あい Hyōgai	たい Hyōgai
kan'on

Alternative spelling
靄靆

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 靉靆 (MC 'ojH dojH).

The “eyeglasses” sense is a borrowing of Mandarin 靉靆／叆叇 (àidài).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) あいたい [àítáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [a̠ita̠i]

Adjective

靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) ^†-tari (adnominal 靉(あい)靆(たい)とした (aitai to shita) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)たる (aitai taru), adverbial 靉(あい)靆(たい)と (aitai to) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)として (aitai to shite))

1. (of clouds) cloudy, dark
2. (of feelings) dark, gloomy

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "靉靆たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	靉靆たら	あいたいたら	aitaitara
Continuative (連用形)	靉靆と[1] 靉靆たり[2]	あいたいと あいたいたり	aitaito aitaitari
Terminal (終止形)	靉靆たり	あいたいたり	aitaitari
Attributive (連体形)	靉靆たる	あいたいたる	aitaitaru
Realis (已然形)	靉靆たれ	あいたいたれ	aitaitare
Imperative (命令形)	靉靆たれ	あいたいたれ	aitaitare
Key constructions
Negative	靉靆たらず	あいたいたらず	aitaitarazu
Contrasting conjunction	靉靆たれど	あいたいたれど	aitaitaredo
Causal conjunction	靉靆たれば	あいたいたれば	aitaitareba
Conditional conjunction	靉靆たらば	あいたいたらば	aitaitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	靉靆たりき	あいたいたりき	aitaitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	靉靆たりけり	あいたいたりけり	aitaitarikeri
Adverbial	靉靆と	あいたいと	aitaito
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) 

1. eyeglasses, spectacles

   Synonym: 眼鏡 (megane)