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軍

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 军
軍 U+8ECD, 軍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8ECD
← 軌
[U+8ECC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 軎 →
[U+8ECE]

Translingual

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Han character

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軍 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 月十田十 (BJWJ), four-corner 37506, composition ⿱冖車)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1239, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38179
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1713, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3513, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8ECD

Chinese

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trad. 軍
simp. 军
alternative forms 𠣞
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 軍 (Cantonese)
  • 軍 (Written Standard Chinese?)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 軍
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (軍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
揮 *qʰul
輝 *qʰul
翬 *qʰul
暉 *qʰul
煇 *qʰul, *ɡuːn, *ɡuːnʔ
楎 *qʰul, *ɡuːn
瀈 *qʰul
韗 *qʰons, *ɢuns
褌 *kuːn
鶤 *kuːn, *ɢuns
緷 *kuːnʔ, *ɡuːnʔ, *ɢuns
睴 *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ
璭 *kuːns
瘒 *ŋɡuːn
顐 *ŋɡuːn, *ŋɡuːns, *ɡuːn
諢 *ŋɡuːns
餫 *ɡuːn, *ɢuns
渾 *ɡuːn, *ɡuːnʔ
琿 *ɡuːn
鼲 *ɡuːn
堚 *ɡuːn
鯶 *ɡuːnʔ
軍 *kun
皸 *kun, *kuns
齳 *ŋɡunʔ
喗 *ŋɡunʔ
葷 *qʰun
惲 *qunʔ
賱 *qunʔ
運 *ɢuns
暈 *ɢuns
鄆 *ɢuns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 勹. The phonetic component here is not 勹 (OC *pruː), but the original form of 螾 (OC *lin, *linʔ), which also acts as the phonetic component of 旬 (OC *sɢʷin), 勻 (OC *ɢʷin) and 云 (OC *ɢun).

The Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 車 (“cart; chariot”) + 勹 (“to surround”).

Etymology

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Etymology not clear. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan གཡུལ (g.yul, “army; battle”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Alternatively, it is a derivation from 運 (OC *ɢuns, “to move”), or related to 群 (OC *ɡlun).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 軍
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 文 (59)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉云切
Baxter kjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨun/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiun/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiuən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kun/
Li
Rong 		/kiuən/
Wang
Li 		/kĭuən/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯uən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jūn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 軍
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jūn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjun ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ʷər/
English army; camp

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 軍
Reading # 1/1
No. 7333
Phonetic
component 		軍
Rime
group 		文
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		君
Old
Chinese 		/*kun/

Definitions

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軍

  1. armed forces; army; troops
    美軍／美军  ―  měijūn  ―  United States Armed Forces
    參軍／参军  ―  cānjūn  ―  to join the army
    海軍／海军  ―  hǎijūn  ―  navy
  2. corps; army (consisting of two or more divisions) (Classifier: 個／个)
    關東軍／关东军  ―  guāndōng jūn  ―  Kwantung Army
    Synonym: 軍團／军团 (jūntuán)
  3. soldiers
  4. (literary) to station
  5. (historical) the punishment of being transported to a remote location for penal servitude
  6. (historical) a kind of first-level administrative division during the Song Dynasty
    興化軍／兴化军  ―  Xīnghuà jūn  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (軍):
  • → Japanese: 軍(ぐん) (gun)
  • → Korean: 군(軍) (gun)
  • → Vietnamese: quân (軍)

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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軍

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
軍
ぐん
Grade: 4
kan'yōon

/kʲun/ → /ɡun/

From Middle Chinese 軍 (MC kjun).

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “explain shift from /k-/ → /ɡ-/”)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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軍(ぐん) • (gun) 

  1. an army, corps
    Synonyms: 軍隊 (guntai), 軍団 (gundan)
  2. the armed forces, military
    Synonym: 軍部 (gunbu)
    Hyponyms: 海軍 (kaigun), 空軍 (kūgun), 陸軍 (rikugun)
  3. (military) forces
  4. (historical, military) during the Zhou dynasty, an army of five 師 (shi, “divisions of 2500 soldiers”) totaling 12500 soldiers
  5. (especially in sports) a team
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Affix

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軍(ぐん) • (gun) 

  1. army, soldiers
  2. battle, conflict, fighting, war
  3. team
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
軍
いくさ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

The iku part is possibly derived from either 射くう (ikuu, “to shoot (an arrow)”, obsolete), 的 (ikuha, “target”, archaic), or classical verb 生く (iku, “to exist, live; bring to life”). The iku- in the first and second etyma appear to be cognate.

The final sa is likely from 矢 (sa, “arrow”, obsolete) or さ (-sa, suffix attached to verbs to refer to the time that the activity is done, or to nouns indicating direction).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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軍(いくさ) • (ikusa) 

  1. (archaic) a soldier, warrior; an army
  2. (archaic) archery
Derived terms
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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 軍 (MC kjun).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

軍 (eumhun 군사 군 (gunsa gun))

  1. hanja form? of 군 (“army; soldier”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Old Japanese

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Etymology

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The iku part is possibly derived from either 射くふ (ikupu, “to shoot (an arrow)”), 的 (ikupa, “target”), or verb 生く (iku, “to exist, live; bring to life”). The iku- in the first and second etyma appear to be cognate.

The final sa is likely from 矢 (sa, “arrow”) or さ (-sa, suffix attached to verbs to refer to the time that the activity is done, or to nouns indicating direction).

Noun

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軍 (ikusa) (kana いくさ)

  1. archery
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jitō, entry 36: third year, seventh month in autumn:
      丙寅、詔左右京職及諸國司、築習射所。
      On the fifteenth day (hinoetora), by decree [of the Empress] the political sector of the imperial government and all provincial governors were to build archery ranges.
  2. a soldier, troop, warrior; an army
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Yūryaku, entry 19: eighth year, second month in spring:
      高麗王即發軍兵、屯聚筑足流城〈或本云、都久斯岐城〉。
      The King of Gorguryeo dispatched his army, assembling at Tukusököru nö Sasi (another record reads Tukïsiki nö Sasi).
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 6, poem 972:
      , text here
      千萬乃軍奈利友言擧不為取而可來男常曾念
      tiyo2ro2du no2 ikusa narito2mo ko2to2age sezu to2rite ki1nubeki1 ono2ko1 to2 so2 omopu
      Though ten million warriors threaten, he will not utter kotoage, but go off to subjugate the horde―this man for whom I yearn.[1]

Derived terms

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Derived terms

Descendants

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References

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  1. ^ Jin'ichi Konishi, Nicholas Teele, translator (2017) Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library)‎[1], Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 104

Vietnamese

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Han character

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軍: Hán Nôm readings: quân

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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