苛

苛 U+82DB, 苛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82DB ← 苚 [U+82DA] CJK Unified Ideographs 苜 → [U+82DC]

Translingual

Han character

苛 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+5, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿一弓口 (TMNR), four-corner 4462₁, composition ⿱艹可)

Derived characters

• 𠶾 渮 𪻸 𦂭 𧪆 𮒠

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1022, character 33
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30785
• Dae Jaweon: page 1481, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3187, character 3
• Unihan data for U+82DB

Chinese

trad.		苛
simp. #		苛
alternative forms		荷 obsolete

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	*kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	*kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻	*kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	*kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵	*kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵	*qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	*qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	*ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	*qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴	*qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	*qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kē, hé (ke¹, he²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ, ㄏㄜˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ho¹ / ho⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ho² / ho⁴

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kho͘ / kho

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ko¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kē
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ke
    • Wade–Giles: kʻo¹
    • Yale: kē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
    • Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hé
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hé
    • Wade–Giles: ho²
    • Yale: hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
    • Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ho¹ / ho⁴
    • Yale: hō / hòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ho¹ / ho⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ho¹ / ho⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː⁵⁵/, /hɔː²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ho² / ho⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hᵘɔ⁵⁵/, /hᵘɔ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kho͘
    • Tâi-lô: khoo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qof
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kho
    • Tâi-lô: kho
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoy
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰo⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɤ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ko¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kho
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰo³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ha

Rime
Character	苛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡歌切
Baxter	ha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/ɣɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ho4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苛
Reading #	1/1
No.	7460
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	何
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːl/

Definitions

苛

1. harsh; severe; exacting

   嚴苛／严苛  ―  yánkē  ―  strict and harsh

   苛責／苛责  ―  kēzé  ―  to severely criticise

Compounds

• 嚴苛／严苛 (yánkē)
• 煩苛／烦苛
• 苛俗
• 苛切
• 苛刻 (kēkè)
• 苛吏 (kēlì)
• 苛嚴／苛严
• 苛察
• 苛性 (kēxìng)
• 苛性鹼／苛性碱 (kēxìngjiǎn)
• 苛性鹽／苛性盐
• 苛慝
• 苛捐雜稅／苛捐杂税 (kējuānzáshuì)
• 苛政 (kēzhèng)
• 苛求 (kēqiú)
• 苛濫／苛滥
• 苛留
• 苛癢／苛痒
• 苛碎
• 苛禮／苛礼
• 苛細／苛细
• 苛薄
• 苛虐
• 苛責／苛责 (kēzé)
• 苛雜／苛杂
• 蠲苛

 

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hē (he¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ho¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hē
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: he
    • Wade–Giles: ho¹
    • Yale: hē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: he
    • Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ho¹
    • Yale: hō
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ho¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ho¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔː⁵⁵/

Definitions

苛

1. (alt. form 訶／诃) to denounce; to condemn; to decry

Compounds

• 苛止
• 苛留

 

Pronunciation 3

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khô

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khô
    • Tâi-lô: khô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qooi
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɤ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰo²⁴/

Definitions

苛

1. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to put on airs; to give oneself airs
2. (Taiwanese Hokkien) supercilious; arrogant; haughty; proud

Japanese

Kanji

苛

(Jōyō kanji)

1. torment
2. (chemistry) (ateji) caustic

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
• Kun: いじめる (ijimeru, 苛める)、さいなむ (sainamu, 苛む)、こまかい (komakai)、からい (karai, 苛い)、いらだつ (iradatsu, 苛だつ)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 苛 (MC ha).

Hanja

Wikisource

苛 (eumhun 매울 가 (mae'ul ga))

1. hanja form^? of 가 (“harsh”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 가금 (苛禁, gageum, “strict”)
• 가혹 (苛酷, gahok, “severity; cruelty”)
• 가학 (苛虐, gahak, “cruelty”)
• 가책 (苛責, gachaek, “severely criticising”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

苛: Hán Nôm readings: hà

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.