美德

See also: 美徳

Chinese

		beautiful; beauty; America	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (美德)		美	德
simp. #(美德)		美	德

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): měidé

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mei⁵ dak¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mî-tet
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bí-tiak / bí-tek

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: měidé
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˇ ㄉㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: měidé
    • Wade–Giles: mei³-tê²
    • Yale: měi-dé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meeider
    • Palladius: мэйдэ (mɛjdɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: mei⁵ dak¹
    • Yale: méih dāk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mei⁵ dak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: méi⁵ deg¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mei̯¹³ tɐk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mî-tet
    • Hakka Romanization System: mi^ˊ ded^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mi¹ ded⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /mi²⁴ tet̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tiak
    • Tâi-lô: bí-tiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: by'diag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bí-tek
    • Tâi-lô: bí-tik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: by'deg
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /bi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiɪk̚³²/

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• Middle Chinese: mijX tok

Rime
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	無鄙切	多則切
Baxter	mijX	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪX/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚiX/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/miɪX/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mjiX/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/mjiX/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/miX/	/tək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/miX/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǐ	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mei5	dak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m]rəjʔ  tˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mriʔ  tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	měi	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ mijX ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*[m]rəjʔ/	/*tˁək/
English	beautiful	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	美	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8951	17266
Phonetic component	美	直
Rime group	脂	職
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	美	德
Old Chinese	/*mriʔ/	/*tɯːɡ/
Notes	甲文象大人首插翎羽表美觀， 取陳獨秀說

Noun

美德

1. virtue (behaviour of a high moral standard); noble attribute

   孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。 [MSC, trad.]
   孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。 [MSC, simp.]

   Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuámínzú de chuántǒng měidé. [Pinyin]

   Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.

   • 美德之光能盈滿每個靈魂。 [MSC, trad.]
     美德之光能盈满每个灵魂。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2004, 八尾半 (“Eight-and-a-Half-Tails”), in 《神河群英录》 (Chronicles of the Champions of Kamigawa), Wizards of the Coast

     Měidé zhī guāng néng yíngmǎn měi ge línghún. [Pinyin]

     Virtue is an inner light that can prevail in every soul.

Synonyms

• (literary) 俊德 (jùndé)

Antonyms

• (rare) 惡德／恶德 (èdé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (美德):

• → Japanese: 美(び)徳(とく) (bitoku)
• → Korean: 미덕(美德) (mideok)

Korean

Hanja in this term
美	德

Noun

美德 • (mideok) (hangeul 미덕)

1. hanja form^? of 미덕 (“virtue”)