粕

粕	U+7C95, 粕 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C95

Translingual

Han character

粕 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火木竹日 (FDHA), four-corner 9690₀, composition ⿰米白)

lees, dregs or sediments left after distilling liquor

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 907, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26891
Dae Jaweon: page 1333, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3145, character 7
Unihan data for U+7C95

Chinese

Characters in the same phonetic series (白) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
怕	pʰraːɡs, pʰraːɡ
帕	pʰraːɡs, mbraːd
粕	pʰaːɡ, pʰraːɡ
胉	*pʰaːɡ
泊	*baːɡ
箔	*baːɡ
魄	tʰaːɡ, pʰraːɡ
皕	*prɯɡ
伯	*praːɡ
百	*praːɡ
迫	*praːɡ
敀	praːɡ, pʰraːɡ
柏	*praːɡ
湐	*praːɡ
拍	*pʰraːɡ
珀	*pʰraːɡ
皛	pʰraːɡ, ɡeːwʔ
洦	mpʰraːɡ, mbraːɡ
白	*braːɡ
帛	*braːɡ
舶	*braːɡ
鮊	*braːɡ
陌	*mbraːɡ
帞	*mbraːɡ
袹	*mbraːɡ
蛨	*mbraːɡ
貊	*mbraːɡ
佰	*mbraːɡ
銆	*mbraːɡ
碧	praɡ, preɡ
咟	*ɦmreːɡ

trad.		粕
simp. ^#		粕

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pò (po⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pok³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phok
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): po⁵ / peh⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): phoh / phok / phek

(Teochew, Peng'im): poh⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pò
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pò
  - Wade–Giles: pʻo⁴
  - Yale: pwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: poh
  - Palladius: по (po)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: pok³
  - Yale: pok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: pog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɔːk̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phok
  - Hakka Romanization System: pog^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pog⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰok̚²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: po⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰo²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: po⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɵ²¹/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: peh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɛʔ¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: peh⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɛʔ²/

Note:

po5 - vernacular;
peh6 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phoh
  - Tâi-lô: phoh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phoiq
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /pʰoʔ³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰoʔ⁵/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phok
  - Tâi-lô: phok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: phog
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔk̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰɔk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phek
  - Tâi-lô: phik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pheg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pʰiɪk̚³²/

Note:

phoh - colloquial (“dregs; tasteless”);
phok - literary;
phek - vernacular (俗).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: poh⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phoh
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰoʔ²/

Middle Chinese: phak

Rime
Character	粕
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	滂 (2)
Final (韻)	鐸 (104)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	匹各切
Baxter	phak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pʰwɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/pʰʷɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/pʰuɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pʰwak̚/
Li Rong	/pʰuɑk̚/
Wang Li	/pʰuɑk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pʰwɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	po
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pok³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*pʰaːɡ/, /*pʰraːɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	粕	粕
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	187	205
Phonetic component	白	白
Rime group	鐸	鐸
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	𩔈	拍
Old Chinese	/*pʰaːɡ/	/*pʰraːɡ/

Definitions

粕

(Hokkien, Teochew) dregs; residue; dross
(Mainland China Hokkien) tasteless as if one is chewing dregs (often reduplicated)

Synonyms

(dregs): 渣滓 (zhāzǐ); (literary) 渣 (zhā)

Compounds

糟粕 (zāopò)
魚粕／鱼粕

References

莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “粕”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

Japanese

Kanji

粕

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Go-on: はく (haku)
Kan-on: はく (haku)
Kun: かす (kasu, 粕)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
粕
かす Hyōgai
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 粕 – see the following entry.

【かすカス】

[noun] [from 934] 粕, 糟: in sake production, the dregs or lees left over after extracting the liquid from the fermented rice mash

[noun] [from 1820] 粕, 糟: (figurative) a scolding, terrible criticism (only used in this sense in the set phrase 粕(かす)を食(く)う, 糟(かす)を食(く)う (kasu o kuu, literally “to eat the dregs”))

Alternative spelling
糟

(This term, 粕, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

粕 • (bak) (hangeul 박, revised bak, McCune–Reischauer pak, Yale pak)

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