由

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See also: 田, 甲, 申, 甶, 甴, 曱, 𤰔, and 油
由 U+7531, 由
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7531
← 田
[U+7530] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 甲 →
[U+7532]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

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See images of
Radical 102 由

由 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 50600, composition ⿻日丨 or ⿻囗十)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+7531

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 由
alternative forms 繇

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 由
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions
Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
袖 *ljɯwɢs
岫 *ljɯwɢs
牰 *ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs
抽 *l̥ʰɯw
妯 *l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ
紬 *l'ɯw
怞 *l'ɯw
鮋 *l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw
菗 *rlɯw
宙 *l'ɯwɢs
胄 *l'ɯwɢs
冑 *l'ɯwɢs
伷 *l'ɯwɢs
駎 *l'ɯwɢs
油 *lɯw, *lɯwɢs
由 *lɯw
蚰 *lɯw
秞 *lɯw
邮 *lɯw
釉 *lɯwɢs
柚 *lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ
鼬 *lɯwɢs
苖 *l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ
笛 *l'ɯːwɢ
迪 *l'ɯːwɢ
頔 *l'ɯːwɢ
軸 *l'ɯwɢ
舳 *l'ɯwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw) : phonetic 十 (OC *ɡjub) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – a container with on top the pictogram of a needle (十, today 針), to indicate the ancient pronunciation. Compare the bottom part of the original version of 缶, an earthenware pot. In oracle bones, 由 was used as the original version of 怞 (yóu or, in the less conservative pronunciation, chóu). See also 俞.

Otherwise, according to Tang Lan (唐蘭), it's the pictogram of a helmet. If a helmet, may have been the same as or original character of 冑. However, this alternative interpretation is less likely.

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 遊?”)

Pronunciation

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Note: jau4-2 - only used for "to follow".
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 由
Mandarin Beijing /iou³⁵/
Harbin /iou²⁴/
Tianjin /iou⁴⁵/
Jinan /iou⁴²/
Qingdao /iou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /iou⁴²/
Xi'an /iou²⁴/
Xining /iɯ²⁴/
Yinchuan /iəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /iou⁵³/
Ürümqi /iɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /iəu²¹³/
Chengdu /iəu³¹/
Guiyang /iəu²¹/
Kunming /iəu³¹/
Nanjing /iəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /iɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəu¹¹/
Pingyao /iəu¹³/
Hohhot /iəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiɤ²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦiø²¹³/
Wenzhou /jau³¹/
Hui Shexian /iu⁴⁴/
Tunxi /iu⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /iəu¹³/
Xiangtan /iəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /i⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iu¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐu²¹/
Nanning /jɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /jɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ieu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iu²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /iu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ziu³¹/
Rime
Character 由
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 以周切
Baxter yuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jiu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/iəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/juw/
Li
Rong 		/iu/
Wang
Li 		/jĭəu/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 由
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yóu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yuw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*l[u]/
English follow; from

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 由
Reading # 1/1
No. 15526
Phonetic
component 		由
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		猷
Old
Chinese 		/*lɯw/

Definitions

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由

  1. cause; reason
    緣由／缘由  ―  yuányóu  ―  cause and reason
  2. from
    由北到南  ―  yóu běi dào nán  ―  from north to south
    由廣州出發／由广州出发  ―  yóu Guǎngzhōu chūfā  ―  to depart from Guangzhou
  3. by; through; via
    請由側門出入。／请由侧门出入。  ―  Qǐng yóu cèmén chūrù.  ―  Please enter and exit via the side door.
  4. (done) by
    這件事由我來處理吧。 [MSC, trad.]
    这件事由我来处理吧。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiàn shì yóu wǒ lái chùlǐ ba. [Pinyin]
    Let me handle this matter.
  5. because of; due to
  6. by means of
    由此可見／由此可见  ―  yóucǐkějiàn  ―  thus it can be seen
    本書由三部分組成。 [MSC, trad.]
    本书由三部分组成。 [MSC, simp.]
    Běn shū yóu sān bùfēn zǔchéng. [Pinyin]
    This book is composed of three parts.
  7. to pass through
    必由之路  ―  bìyóuzhīlù  ―  the path that must be taken
  8. to follow; to let one determine
    身不由己  ―  shēnbùyóujǐ  ―  to be unable to determine for oneself
    由他去吧！  ―  Yóu tā qù ba!  ―  Let him do as he pleases!
    由佢自己做啦！ [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    jau4-2 keoi5 zi6 gei2 zou6 laa1! [Jyutping]
    Let him do it by himself!

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (由):
  • → Vietnamese: do (由)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 由 – see 甴.
(This character is a variant form of 甴).

References

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  • “由”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “由”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

Japanese

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Kanji

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由

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. cause, reason
  2. from, arising from

Readings

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Compounds

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Korean

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Hanja

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由 (eumhun 말미암을 유 (malmiameul yu))

  1. hanja form? of 유 (“cause; reason”)

Okinawan

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Kanji

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由

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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由: Hán Nôm readings: do, dô, ro, yêu, sân

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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