燭

See also: 烛

燭 U+71ED, 燭 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-71ED ← 燬 [U+71EC] CJK Unified Ideographs 燮 → [U+71EE]

Translingual

Han character

燭 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 火田中戈 (FWLI), four-corner 9682₇, composition ⿰火蜀)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 685, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19480
• Dae Jaweon: page 1098, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2241, character 2
• Unihan data for U+71ED

Chinese

trad.		燭
simp.		烛*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (蜀) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
襡	*toːʔ, *toːɡs, *doːʔ, *doːɡ, *djoɡ
噣	*toːɡs, *tuɡs, *rtoːɡ, *tjoɡ
斣	*toːɡs
歜	*sdoːmʔ, *tʰjoɡ
斀	*rtoːɡ
孎	*rtoːɡ, *toɡ
濁	*rdoːɡ
鐲	*rdoːɡ, *zroːɡ, *djoɡ
鸀	*rdoːɡ, *tjoɡ
擉	*sʰroːɡ
獨	*doːɡ
髑	*doːɡ
韣	*doːɡ, *tjoɡ, *djoɡ
斸	*toɡ
钃	*toɡ
欘	*toɡ
躅	*doɡ
蠋	*doɡ, *tjoɡ
燭	*tjoɡ
囑	*tjoɡ
矚	*tjoɡ
屬	*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
属	*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
蠾	*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
觸	*tʰjoɡ
臅	*tʰjoɡ
觕	*sʰlaː, *zlaːʔ, *tʰjoɡ
蜀	*djoɡ

Etymology

Compare Tibetan དུགས་པ (dugs pa, “to make warm, to warm, to light”) and Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to shine, to illuminate, to make fire”) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhú (zhu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zuk¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chuk
• Eastern Min (BUC): ciók
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zorh⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chiak / chek / chiok

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zêg⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷tsoq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhú
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhú
    • Wade–Giles: chu²
    • Yale: jú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jwu
    • Palladius: чжу (čžu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zuk¹
    • Yale: jūk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzuk⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: zug¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chuk
    • Hakka Romanization System: zug^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zug⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡suk̚²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciók
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suɔʔ²⁴/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɒʔ¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zorh⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɒʔ²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
    • Tâi-lô: tsiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
    • Tâi-lô: tsik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiok
    • Tâi-lô: tsiok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ciog
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔk̚⁵/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɔk̚³²/

Note:

• chiak/chek - vernacular;
• chiok - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: zêg⁴
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsek
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sek̚²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁷tsoq
    • MiniDict: tsoh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴tsoq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soʔ⁵⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 燭
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʈ͡ʂu²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡su⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʈ͡ʂu²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʈ͡ʂu²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡sou²¹/
	Xining	/ʈ͡ʂv̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/ʈ͡ʂu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/p͡fu³¹/
	Ürümqi	/ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡səu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡su³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡su²¹/
	Kunming	/ʈ͡ʂu³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʈ͡ʂuʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʈ͡ʂuəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡suəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡suʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡suəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡soʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡soʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡soʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕo²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡suʔ²¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕiu⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʈ͡ʂəu²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/ʈ͡ʂəɯ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡suʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡suk̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/tʃuk̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sok̚⁵/
	Nanning	/t͡suk̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/t͡suk̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡siɔk̚³²/ /t͡sik̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡suɔʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡sy²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sek̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/t͡sok̚⁵/ /t͡siak̚⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: tsyowk

Rime
Character	燭
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	燭 (8)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之欲切
Baxter	tsyowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuawk̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiok̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭwok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zuk1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tok/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjoɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	燭
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhú
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyowk ›
Old Chinese	/*tok/
English	torch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	燭
Reading #	1/1
No.	11828
Phonetic component	蜀
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	燭
Old Chinese	/*tjoɡ/

Definitions

燭

1. candle; taper

   • 燭至起，食至起，上客起。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     烛至起，食至起，上客起。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Zhú zhì qǐ, shí zhì qǐ, shàngkè qǐ. [Pinyin]

     When the torches come, he should rise; and also when the viands come in, or a visitor of superior rank

2. to shine; to illuminate

   • 明哲煌煌，旁燭無疆，遜於不虞，以保天命，譔《問明》。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     明哲煌煌，旁烛无疆，逊于不虞，以保天命，撰《问明》。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE

     Míngzhé huáng huáng, páng zhú wújiāng, xùn yú bùyú, yǐ bǎo tiānmìng, quán “wèn míng”. [Pinyin]

     When wisdom is splendid and bright, shining everywhere without limit, one may avoid unforeseen dangers and protect his Heaven-decreed destiny. Thus, I have written "Asking about Seeing Clearly."

3. (Taiwanese Hokkien) candlepower (unit)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 蠟燭 (“candle”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		蠟燭, 蠟炬
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	蠟, 洋蠟
	Taiwan	蠟燭
	Harbin	洋蠟
	Singapore	蠟燭
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	洋蠟 dated
	Jinan	蠟燭, 蠟, 洋蠟
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	蠟
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	蠟燭, 洋蠟
	Wanrong	蠟, 洋燭
	Wanrong (Ronghe)	蠟, 洋蠟
	Xi'an	蠟, 洋蠟
	Xuzhou	蠟燭
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	蠟燈, 蠟
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	蠟燈
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	蠟, 洋蠟
	Lanzhou	蠟, 洋蠟
	Ürümqi	洋蠟, 蠟
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	蠟燭, 蠟
	Wuhan	蠟燭, 洋蠟, 洋蠟燭
	Guiyang	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 燭
	Kunming	洋燭, 洋蠟
	Guilin	蠟燭
	Liuzhou	蠟燭, 洋蠟
	Kokang	洋蠟
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Yangzhou	蠟燭
	Hefei	蠟燭
Cantonese	Guangzhou	蠟燭, 洋燭
	Hong Kong	蠟燭, 洋燭
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	蠟燭
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	蠟燭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	蠟燭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	蠟燭
	Macau	蠟燭
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	洋燭
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	洋燭
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	蠟燭, 洋燭
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	蠟燭
	Foshan	蠟燭
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	油燭
	Foshan (Shunde)	蠟燭
	Foshan (Sanshui)	蠟燭
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	蠟燭
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	洋燭
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	蠟燭
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	蠟燭
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	蠟燭
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	蠟燭
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	蠟燭
	Taishan	蠟燭
	Kaiping (Chikan)	蠟燭
	Enping (Niujiang)	蠟燭
	Heshan (Yayao)	洋燭
	Dongguan	蠟燭
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	蠟燭
	Yangjiang	蠟燭
	Nanning	蠟燭
	Wuzhou	蠟燭
	Yulin	蠟燭
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	蠟燭
	Beihai	蠟燭
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	蠟燭
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	蠟燭
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	蠟燭
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	蠟燭
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	蠟燭
	Móng Cái	蠟燭
Gan	Nanchang	蠟燭, 洋蠟, 洋蠟燭
	Lichuan	蠟燭, 燭
	Pingxiang	洋蠟燭, 礦燭
Hakka	Meixian	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	蠟燭
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	蠟燭
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	蠟燭
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	洋燭
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	火燭
	Yudu	洋燭, 洋蠟燭
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	蠟燭
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	蠟燭
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	蠟燭
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	蠟燭
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	蠟燭
	Hong Kong	蠟燭
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	蠟燭
	Senai (Huiyang)	蠟燭
Huizhou	Jixi	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
Jin	Taiyuan	蠟燭, 蠟, 洋蠟
	Xinzhou	蠟, 洋蠟
Northern Min	Jian'ou	蠟燭
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	燭, 蠟燭
	Fuqing	燭
Southern Min	Xiamen	蠟燭
	Quanzhou	蠟燭
	Zhangzhou	蠟燭
	Dongshan	蠟燭
	Tainan	蠟燭
	Penang (Hokkien)	燭仔
	Singapore (Hokkien)	蠟燭
	Manila (Hokkien)	蠟燭, 燭
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	蠟
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	蠟燭
	Guilin (Biyange)	蠟燭
	Chaozhou	蠟燭
	Shantou	蠟燭
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	燭
	Jieyang	蠟燭
	Bangkok (Teochew)	蠟燭
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	蠟燭
	Pontianak (Teochew)	蠟燭
	Leizhou	蠟燭, 燭
	Wenchang	蠟燭
	Haikou	蠟燭
Puxian Min	Putian	燭, 洋燭
	Xianyou	蠟燭, 洋燭
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	蠟燭
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	蠟燭
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	蠟燭
Wu	Shanghai	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Shanghai (Chongming)	蠟燭, 專燭, 洋蠟燭
	Suzhou	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Danyang	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Hangzhou	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Ningbo	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 洋燭
	Wenzhou	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭, 洋燭
	Jinhua	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
Xiang	Changsha	蠟燭, 洋蠟燭
	Loudi	蠟燭
	Shuangfeng	蠟燭
	Quanzhou	蠟燭

Compounds

• 火燭／火烛 (huǒzhú)
• 燭光／烛光 (zhúguāng)
• 燭架／烛架 (zhújià)
• 燭火／烛火
• 燭照／烛照 (zhúzhào)
• 燭臺／烛台 (zhútái)
• 蠟燭／蜡烛 (làzhú)
• 陰陽燭／阴阳烛 (yīnyángzhú)
• 風燭／风烛 (fēngzhú)
• 風燭殘年／风烛残年 (fēngzhúcánnián)
• 香燭／香烛 (xiāngzhú)

 

Descendants

• → Bouyei: xugt (“candle”)

References

• “燭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai (extended)	烛
Kyūjitai	燭

Kanji

燭

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: そく (soku)
• Kan-on: しょく (shoku)
• Kun: ともしび (tomoshibi, 燭)

Compounds

• 蝋(ろう)燭(そく) (rōsoku): candle

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
燭
しょく Jinmeiyō
kan'on

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しょく [shóꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɕo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

燭(しょく) • (shoku) 

1. a light (source of illumination)

   Synonyms: 明かり, ともしび

2. a candlepower

   Synonym: 燭光

Counter

燭(しょく) • (-shoku) 

1. a candlepower

   Synonym: 燭光

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
燭
ともしび Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 燭 – see the following entry.

【ともしび】 [noun] 灯, 灯火, 燭: light; lamp Alternative spellings 灯, 灯火

(This term, 燭, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʰo̞k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [촉]

Hanja

Wikisource

燭 • (chok) (hangeul 촉)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

燭: Hán Nôm readings: chúc, đuốc

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.