濟

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See also: 济 and 済
濟 U+6FDF, 濟
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FDF
← 濞
[U+6FDE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 濠 →
[U+6FE0]

Translingual

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Traditional 濟
Shinjitai 済
Simplified 济

Han character

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濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜難 (EYX), four-corner 30123, composition ⿰氵齊)

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 656, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18498
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1066, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1771, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+6FDF

Chinese

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trad. 濟
simp. 济
alternative forms
済
㴉
𣳵
𣸓
𣺴
済
㴉
𣳵
𣸓
𣺴
𤀮
 

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
儕 *zriːl
麡 *zriːl, *ʔsliːl, *zliːl
齋 *ʔsriːl
穧 *ʔsleds, *ʔsliːls, *zliːls
擠 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
躋 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
齏 *ʔsliːl
齎 *ʔsliːl, *ʔslil
櫅 *ʔsliːl
齌 *ʔsliːl, *sʰliːl, *zliːls
隮 *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls
賷 *ʔsliːl
虀 *ʔsliːl
濟 *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls
癠 *ʔsliːlʔ, *zliːl, *zliːlʔ, *zliːls
霽 *ʔsliːls
齊 *zliːl, *zliːls
臍 *zliːl
蠐 *zliːl, *zlil
懠 *zliːl, *zliːls
薺 *zliːlʔ, *zlil
鱭 *zliːlʔ
嚌 *zliːls
劑 *zliːls, *ʔslel
齍 *ʔslil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).

Etymology 1

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Austroasiatic. Base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 濟
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 子計切
Baxter tsejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡seiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡seiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡seiH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sieiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 濟 濟
Reading # 4/5 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jì jì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsejH › ‹ tsejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/ /*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/
English cross a stream; rescue stop

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 濟
Reading # 2/2
No. 10048
Phonetic
component 		齊
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		霽
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsliːls/

Definitions

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濟

  1. to cross a river; to ferry
  2. to help; to aid; to relieve
  3. to be of help; useful

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 濟
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 子禮切
Baxter tsejX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡seiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡seiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɛiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɛjX/
Li
Rong 		/t͡seiX/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sieiX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sieiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zai2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 濟 濟 濟
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jǐ jǐ jǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsejX › ‹ tsejX › ‹ tsejX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁ[i]jʔ/ /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/ /*[ts]ˁəjʔ/
English numerous stately [river name]

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 濟
Reading # 1/2
No. 10043
Phonetic
component 		齊
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		濟
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsliːlʔ/

Definitions

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濟

  1. (～水) Ji River
  2. Used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”).

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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trad. 濟
simp. 济
alternative forms
多
㩼 chiefly Teochew
穧／𰨦
侈
儕／侪
多
㩼 chiefly Teochew
穧／𰨦
侈
儕／侪
価
眾／众
嚌／哜
𧪇
䜞
諸／诸
 

Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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濟

  1. (Min) many; much
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 多 (“many; much”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 多, 夥
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 多
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 多
Taiwan 多
Harbin 多
Malaysia 多
Singapore 多
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 多
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 多
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 多
Wanrong 多
Xi'an 多
Xining 多
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 多
Lanzhou 多
Ürümqi 多, 托洛
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 多
Wuhan 多
Guiyang 多
Liuzhou 多
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 多, 歹
Yangzhou 多
Hefei 多
Cantonese Guangzhou 多
Hong Kong 多
Taishan 多
Dongguan 多
Yangjiang 多
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 多
Singapore (Guangfu) 多
Gan Nanchang 多
Lichuan 多
Pingxiang 多
Hakka Meixian 多
Changting 多
Wuping 多
Liancheng 多
Ninghua 多
Yudu 多
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 多
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 多
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 多
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 多
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 多
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 多
Singapore (Dabu) 多
Huizhou Jixi 多
Jin Taiyuan 多
Xinzhou 多
Northern Min Jian'ou 濟
Jian'ou (Dikou) 濟
Songxi 濟
Zhenghe 濟
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 濟
Jianyang 濟
Jianyang (Huangkeng) 夥
Wuyishan 濟
Pucheng (Shibei) 濟
Eastern Min Fuzhou 濟
Fuzhou (Changle) 濟
Fuqing 濟
Pingtan 濟
Yongtai 濟
Minqing 濟
Gutian 濟
Pingnan 濟
Luoyuan 濟
Fu'an 濟
Ningde 濟
Xiapu 濟
Zherong 濟
Shouning 濟
Zhouning 濟
Fuding 濟
Matsu 濟
Singapore (Fuqing) 濟
Southern Min Xiamen 濟, 加
Xiamen (Tong'an) 濟
Quanzhou 濟
Jinjiang 濟
Nan'an 濟
Shishi 濟
Hui'an 濟
Anxi 濟
Yongchun 濟
Dehua 濟
Zhangzhou 濟
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 濟
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 濟
Hua'an 濟
Nanjing 濟
Pinghe 濟
Zhangpu 濟
Yunxiao 濟
Zhao'an 濟
Dongshan 濟
Taipei 濟
New Taipei (Sanxia) 濟
Kaohsiung 濟
Yilan 濟
Changhua (Lukang) 濟
Taichung 濟
Tainan 濟
Hsinchu 濟
Kinmen 濟
Penghu (Magong) 濟
Penang (Hokkien) 濟
Singapore (Hokkien) 濟
Manila (Hokkien) 濟
Longyan 濟
Zhangping 濟
Datian 濟
Chaozhou 濟, 加
Shantou 濟
Shantou (Chenghai) 濟
Shantou (Chaoyang) 濟
Jieyang 濟
Haifeng 濟
Singapore (Teochew) 濟
Pontianak (Teochew) 濟
Leizhou 濟
Wenchang 濟
Haikou 濟
Qionghai 濟
Singapore (Hainanese) 濟
Puxian Min Putian 濟
Xianyou 濟
Central Min Yong'an 濟
Sanming (Sanyuan) 濟
Sanming (Shaxian) 濟
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 濟
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 多
Wu Shanghai 多
Shanghai (Chongming) 多
Suzhou 多
Danyang 多
Hangzhou 多
Ningbo 多
Wenzhou 多
Jinhua 多
Xiang Changsha 多
Loudi 多
Shuangfeng 多

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

済

Kyūjitai

濟

Kanji

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濟

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 済

Readings

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  • Go-on: さい (sai)
  • Kan-on: せい (sei)
  • Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)

Korean

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Etymology

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“to help; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯 Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 건널 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
“many”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [제(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))

  1. hanja form? of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
  2. (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“to cross a river”)
  3. (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“many”)
    제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (子(tử)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
濟: Nôm readings: tế[1][3][5]

  1. chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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