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沈

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 沉, 瀋, and 渖
沈 U+6C88, 沈
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C88
← 沇
[U+6C87] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 沉 →
[U+6C89]
沈 U+F972, 沈
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F972
← 辰
[U+F971] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 拾 →
[U+F973]

Translingual

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Traditional 沉
Simplified 沉
Japanese 沈
Korean 沈

Han character

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沈 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水中月山 (ELBU), four-corner 34112, composition ⿰氵冘)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 610, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17189
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1002, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1572, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6C88

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 沈
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (冘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
冘 *lu, *lum
抌 *lu, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *loʔ
狖 *lus
貁 *lus
耽 *ʔl'uːm
眈 *ʔl'uːm, *ʔl'uːmʔ, *l'uːm
酖 *ʔl'uːm
妉 *ʔl'uːm
黕 *ʔl'uːmʔ
衴 *ʔl'uːmʔ
瓭 *ʔl'uːmʔ
馾 *ʔl'uːms
髧 *l'uːmʔ
紞 *ʔl'oːmʔ
鈂 *zlum, *l'um
沈 *l'um, *l'ums, *hljumʔ
沉 *l'um
枕 *l'um, *ʔljumʔ, *ʔljums
莐 *l'um
霃 *l'um
鴆 *l'ums
訦 *ɦljum, *ɦljumʔ
忱 *ɦljum
邥 *hljumʔ
魫 *hljumʔ

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 羊 (“sheep”) — to submerge a sheep into the water (as a form of sacrifice to the river god). Other forms included 牛 (“ox”) or 玉 (“jade”) instead of 羊.

Starting from the bronze inscriptions, it became a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'um, *l'ums, *hljumʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 冘 (OC *lu, *lum).

This character was later borrowed to signify the surname, and the variant 沉 (OC *l'um) was adopted for the original meaning.

Etymology 1

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For pronunciation and definitions of 沈 – see 瀋 (“liquid; juice; to pour; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 瀋).
Notes:

Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 沈
alternative forms 沉

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 沈 沈
Reading # 1/3 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 侵 (140) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 直深切 直禁切
Baxter drim drimH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖˠiɪm/ /ɖˠiɪmH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖᵚim/ /ɖᵚimH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiem/ /ȡiemH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖjim/ /ɖjimH/
Li
Rong 		/ȡjəm/ /ȡjəmH/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭĕm/ /ȡĭĕmH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯əm/ /ȡʱi̯əmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chén zhèn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cam4 zam6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 沈 沈 沈 沈
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chén chén chén chén
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drim › ‹ drim › ‹ drim › ‹ drimH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.[d]r[ə]m/ (~ *m-lr[ə]m) /*[d]r[ə]m/ (~ *m-lr[ə]m) /*[d]r[ə]m/ /*[d]r[ə]m-s/
English sink (v.t.) sink (v.i.) sacrifice in which gifts are sunk in water sacrifice in which gifts are sunk in water

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 沈 沈
Reading # 1/3 2/3
No. 15255 15261
Phonetic
component 		冘 冘
Rime
group 		侵 侵
Rime
subdivision 		3 3
Corresponding
MC rime 		沈 鴆
Old
Chinese 		/*l'um/ /*l'ums/
Notes 周國名

Definitions

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沈

  1. Alternative form of 沉 (chén)
  2. (obsolete) ritual sacrifice in which animals are submerged in water
  3. (obsolete) put poison in liquid
  4. sixty-fourth tetragram of the Taixuanjing, "sinking" (𝍅)

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.
 沈
Wikipedia has articles on:

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 沈
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 書 (26)
Final (韻) 侵 (139)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 式任切
Baxter syimX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɕiɪmX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɕimX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɕjemX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɕimX/
Li
Rong 		/ɕiəmX/
Wang
Li 		/ɕĭĕmX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɕi̯əmX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shěn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sam2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 沈
Reading # 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shěn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ syimX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s.t][ə]mʔ/
English (name of a state)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 沈
Reading # 3/3
No. 15267
Phonetic
component 		冘
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*hljumʔ/
Notes 周國名，荏由任校改同集韻

Definitions

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沈

  1. (historical) Shen, a state during the Zhou dynasty and located in modern-day Henan
  2. a surname
    沈括  ―  Shěn Kuò  ―  Shen Kuo (Song dynasty scientist)

Compounds

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Etymology 4

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simp. and trad.
 沈

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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沈

  1. Only used in 沈沈.

Japanese

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Kanji

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沈

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. sink
  2. be submerged
  3. subside
  4. be depressed
  5. aloes

Readings

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 沈 (MC drim).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

沈 (eumhun 잠길 침 (jamgil chim))

  1. hanja form? of 침 (“to sink; to submerge”)
  2. hanja form? of 침 (“to indulge in”)
  3. hanja form? of 침 (“dark; gloomy”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 沈 (MC syimX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɕʰi(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [심(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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沈 (eumhun 성씨 심 (seongssi sim))

  1. hanja form? of 심 (“a surname.”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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沈: Hán Nôm readings: trầm, đắm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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